BSI PD CEN/TR 16514:2013
$198.66
Automotive fuels. Unleaded petrol containing more than 3,7 % (m/m) oxygen. Roadmap, test methods, and requirements for E10+ petrol
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| BSI | 2013 | 62 |
This Technical Report presents an overview and time plan for test methods and requirements that could be expected for future unleaded petrol and petrol blends in Europe. This means unleaded petrol with an ethanol/oxygenates level higher than allowed in the Fuels Quality Directive, Annex I [4], which is petrol containing up to 3,7 % (m/m) of oxygen, more familiarly known as E10.
Specific issues that may apply for certain levels or types of oxygenates are highlighted where appropriate in the appropriate sections of this report. This report does not take into account all issues related to vehicles that are specially designed to run on a much wider range of oxygenate contents above E10+, for example up to E85.
The report covers fuels and vehicle concepts for both E10+-capable (without engine efficiency gains) and E10+-optimised (with engine efficiency gains).
NOTE 1 Following the large possible combinations and levels of oxygenates, the work focuses on unleaded petrol with a nominal ethanol content between 10 % (V/V) and 25 % (V/V). Once the ethanol is higher than approximately 20 % to 25 % (depending on the vehicle) more engine and vehicle measures would likely be needed.
NOTE 2 For the purposes of this document, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent the mass fraction, μ, and the volume fraction, φ, respectively.
NOTE 3 Although EN 228 speaks about and defines “unleaded petrol”, the wording “petrol” is used throughout this document for the sake of readability.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 4 | Contents Page |
| 6 | Foreword |
| 7 | 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Summary |
| 9 | 4 Context 5 CEN/TC 19/WG 38 6 External drivers 6.1 Introduction |
| 10 | 6.2 Renewable Energy Directive (RED, 2009/28/EC) 6.3 Fuel Quality Directive (FQD, 2009/30/EC) 6.4 Vehicle CO2 (Regulations 443/2009 and 510/2011) 6.5 Today’s situation |
| 12 | 6.6 Factors to be considered |
| 13 | 6.7 Final remarks on external drivers |
| 14 | 7 Engine and vehicle concepts and techniques 7.1 Summary points |
| 15 | 7.2 Current and future constraints for an E10+ petrol 7.2.1 Existing Euro 6 and CO2 legislative roadmap 7.2.2 Recommendations for new vehicle concepts |
| 16 | 7.2.3 Engine calibration potential 7.2.4 Potential for new pollutants in legislation 7.2.5 Impact on vehicle and fuel system components |
| 17 | 7.2.6 Higher consumption Figure 1 — Example of ethanol effect on NBR/PVC elastomer permeability 7.3 Opportunities for an E10+ petrol 7.3.1 Helping reduce pollutant emissions and CO2 |
| 18 | 7.3.2 Current cars 7.4 High oxygenate fuel combustibility determination (RON/MON) for an E10+ petrol 7.4.1 RON-MON relationship |
| 19 | Figure 2 — Ethanol boosting effects |
| 20 | Figure 3 — RON test sensitivity Figure 4 — Correlation of RON-MON with 50 % heat release at borderline detonation operation |
| 21 | Figure 5 — Correlation of RON-MON with enrichment demand at the exhaust gas temperature limit and borderline detonation operation 7.4.2 RON-MON impact with higher oxygenates |
| 22 | 7.4.3 RON-MON needs for higher oxygenate-containing fuels 7.5 Driveability (volatility descriptors) for an E10+ petrol 7.5.1 General 7.5.2 Vapour pressure |
| 23 | 7.5.3 Distillation Figure 6 — Effect of T50/T90 on exhaust emissions comparison of LEV and TLEV 7.5.4 Other parameters/tests |
| 24 | Figure 7 — Effect of Driveability Index on driveability Figure 8 — Oxygen corrected effect of Driveability Index on driveability |
| 25 | 7.6 Oxygenate compounds for an E10+ petrol 7.7 Other factors 7.8 Possible studies |
| 26 | 8 Refinery, blender and logistics 8.1 Scope of current and future constraints and opportunities 8.2 Refining related matters 8.2.1 Ethanol 8.2.1.1 General |
| 27 | 8.2.1.2 Vapour pressure Figure 9 — DVPE of mixtures of petrol (95 MON) and ethanol 8.2.1.3 Distillation |
| 28 | Figure 10 — Change in the % evaporated versus temperature for mogas as a function of the added ethanol content 8.2.1.4 Octane requirements |
| 29 | 8.2.1.5 Blend stock for Oxygenate Blending (BOB) 8.2.2 Ethers (ETBE and MTBE) 8.2.2.1 Vapour pressure Figure 11 — Vapour pressure of ETBE |
| 30 | 8.2.2.2 Distillation Figure 12 — Distillation of ETBE/mogas blends 8.2.2.3 Octane 8.3 Blending ethanol and ethers 8.3.1 General |
| 31 | 8.3.2 Refinery blending of ethanol 8.3.3 Terminal blending of ethanol 8.4 Distribution and service station issues 8.4.1 Climatic conditions, seasonal grade management/changeover processes 8.4.2 Water handling 8.4.2.1 Ethanol |
| 32 | Figure 13 — Water tolerance of methanol and ethanol blends in petrol 8.4.2.2 Ethers |
| 33 | 8.4.3 Housekeeping – Water management, tank draining, disposal of water drains and microbiological growth 8.4.4 Materials compatibility 8.4.4.1 Materials compatibility of ethanol 8.4.4.1.1 General |
| 35 | 8.4.4.1.2 Tanks 8.4.4.1.3 Gaskets 8.4.4.1.4 Pumps 8.4.4.1.5 Pipes |
| 36 | Table 1 — Recommendations for materials in fuel distribution systems considered for use in ethanol and blend applications with petrol 8.4.4.1.6 Pipe sealants 8.4.4.1.7 Metres 8.4.4.1.8 Filters 8.4.4.1.9 Dispensers |
| 37 | 8.4.4.1.10 Hoses Table 2 — Compatibility of ethanol with materials commonly used in fuel distribution systems 8.4.4.1.11 Nozzles |
| 38 | 8.4.4.1.12 Separators 8.4.4.1.13 Temperature probes 8.4.4.1.14 Fittings and connectors 8.4.4.1.15 Other issues on materials compatibility of ethanol 8.4.4.2 Materials compatibility for ethers 8.4.4.2.1 General 8.4.4.2.2 Swell tests |
| 39 | Figure 14 — Fluoroelastomer in petrol and neat oxygenates volume swell after 168 h at 23 C 8.4.4.2.3 Permeability tests |
| 40 | 8.4.5 Vapour recovery systems 8.5 Logistics 8.5.1 Transport of ethanol and oxygenate blends 8.5.1.1 General 8.5.1.2 Transport via multi-product pipelines 8.5.1.3 Transport by road and rail |
| 41 | 8.5.1.4 Transport by barge 8.5.2 Co-mingling of different grades in terminals, service stations and vehicles 8.5.3 Management of off-grade product 8.5.4 Number of Mogas grades 8.6 Safety and fire fighting measures 8.6.1 Safe handling 8.6.2 Surface spills and leaks 8.6.3 Fire protection and fire-fighting agents for fires involving ethanol/petrol blends |
| 42 | 8.6.4 Storage 8.6.5 Sources of ignition 8.7 Regulatory requirements |
| 43 | 9 Test methods 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Current petrol fuel requirements 9.2.1 General 9.2.2 Sulfur 9.2.2.1 General |
| 44 | 9.2.2.2 EN ISO 20846 9.2.2.3 EN ISO 20884 9.2.2.4 ICP-AES 9.2.3 Manganese 9.2.4 Lead |
| 45 | 9.2.5 RON/MON 9.2.6 Density 9.2.7 Oxidation stability 9.2.8 Gum |
| 46 | 9.2.9 Copper strip corrosion 9.2.10 Hydrocarbons (olefins and aromatics) 9.2.11 Oxygen and oxygenates |
| 47 | 9.2.12 Benzene 9.2.13 Vapour pressure 9.2.13.1 DVPE 9.2.13.2 Triple expansion method |
| 48 | 9.2.14 Distillation 9.2.15 Sampling 9.3 Potential new petrol fuel requirements 9.3.1 Sulfate 9.3.2 Chlorides 9.3.3 Iron |
| 49 | 9.3.4 Ash forming components 9.3.5 Silver strip corrosion 9.3.6 High boiling components 9.4 Summary |
| 50 | Table 4 — Assessment of the applicability of test methods for E10+ fuels |
| 51 | 10 Conclusions |
| 52 | Figure 15 — Estimated minimal time path for E10+ introduction 11 Acknowledgement |
| 53 | Annex A (informative) Abbreviations |
| 56 | Bibliography |
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