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BSI PD CEN/TR 17608:2022

BSI PD CEN/TR 17608:2022

$215.11

State of the art on the use of flammable refrigerant alternatives, in particular from class A3, in refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump equipment

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BSI 2022 166
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This document provides the results of a comprehensive assessment of the state of the art on the use of flammable refrigerants, in particular from class A3. Refrigerants from class B (toxic) are excluded from this scope. This document includes the following elements: • A segmentation of the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump market, making use of existing studies and research, including an assessment of safety-related barriers to the uptake of flammable refrigerants in particular from class A3 across all relevant applications; • An assessment of the way risk assessments is used in existing standards for refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump equipment and in other standards and a review of available risk assessment research to be taken into account including identification of potential needs for additional research; • Analysis of: • the relationship between risk and increased charge; • the acceptability of increased risk compared to the risk presented by other technologies; • the options for additional mitigation methods if the risk increase is unacceptable; • Review of existing standards and work programmes and identification of standards that should be further updated under existing or future standardisation requests based on relevant product safety legislation, in particular with regard to allowable charge sizes of flammable refrigerants, taking into account available technology as well as emerging research and development; • Identification of options for performance based requirements that result from risk assessments to enable the use of all flammable substances; • Identification of options for risk minimisation and for offering flexibility in application of mitigation measures. eptable.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
8 1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
9 4 Segmentation of the Industry Sector
4.1 General
4.2 Commercial applications
4.2.1 Commercial Refrigeration
4.2.2 Professional Refrigerated Products
10 4.2.3 Commercial versus professional cabinets
4.3 Industrial applications
11 4.4 Chillers and heat pumps with water heat sink, indirect systems
4.5 Air to air air conditioning and heat pumps
12 4.6 Transport applications
5 Current practice in the sector
14 6 Design measures for flammable refrigerants
6.1 General
15 6.2 Design measures
19 7 Assessment of the way risk analysis is used
7.1 General
7.2 Risk assessment techniques
20 7.3 Risk acceptance criteria
21 7.4 Assessment of the use of risk-analysis in existing standards
22 7.5 Review of available risk assessment and potential additional research needs
7.6 Analysis of relationship between risk and increased charge
23 7.7 Acceptability of increased risk
7.7.1 General
24 7.7.2 Method of assessing risk in other applications
25 7.8 Additional mitigation requirements
7.8.1 General
7.8.2 Options for additional mitigation requirements
7.8.2.1 General
7.8.2.2 Mitigation options for chillers
7.8.2.3 Remarks on failure modes
26 8 Relevant Legislation and Standards
8.1 Relevant legislation
27 8.2 European legislative framework
8.3 Relevant standards
8.3.1 General
28 8.3.2 Risk assessment standards
29 8.3.3 Safety standards
32 8.4 Review of work programmes
8.5 Identify standards that should be further developed or updated
8.5.1 General
33 8.5.2 High priority
8.5.2.1 European harmonized standards
8.5.2.2 Competence of service personnel – EN 13313
8.5.3 Medium priority
34 8.5.4 Low priority
9 Assessment of safety-related barriers
9.1 European Directives
9.2 Competence of service personnel – EN13313
35 9.3 National and regional regulations
9.4 EN 378
36 9.5 IEC 60335240
9.6 IEC 60335289
9.7 Transport refrigeration
10 Options
10.1 Options for additional mitigation requirements
40 10.2 Options for performance based requirements
10.3 Options for risk minimisation
10.4 Options for installation, operation, service, and decommissioning
10.4.1 Charge size limits
10.4.2 Associated risk mitigation requirements
41 10.4.3 Design of rooms
10.4.3.1 Structural requirements
10.4.3.2 Room volume
10.4.3.3 Location of installation
10.4.3.4 Ventilation
10.4.4 Marking of installation
10.4.5 Additional measures to ensure ongoing risk mitigation
11 Recommendation
43 Annex A (informative)Risk analysis
A.1 General
A.2 Current practice in the sector
A.2.1 General
A.2.2 General concept of risk assessment
44 A.2.3 Explanation of hazard arising from using flammable refrigerants
A.2.4 Mandatory requirements within the single market
46 A.2.5 Requirements that apply to all products
A.2.5.1 Design measures for systems using flammable refrigerants – Air conditioning and heat pumps
47 A.2.5.2 Basic measures
A.2.5.3 Further measures currently in refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump safety standards
49 A.2.5.4 Other possible measures not currently in refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump safety standards
A.2.5.5 Remarks on failure modes
51 A.3 Relevant Legislation and Standards used in this sector
A.3.1 General
A.3.2 European Commission Legislation
A.3.2.1 General
A.3.2.2 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
A.3.2.3 EU general risk assessment methodology
A.3.2.4 Formal Objection
52 A.3.2.5 Low Voltage Directive
A.3.2.6 Pressure Equipment Directive
A.3.2.7 Machinery Directive
A.3.2.8 Protection of workers potentially at risk from explosive atmospheres
A.3.2.9 General Product Safety Directive
A.3.2.10 ATEX Equipment
53 A.3.2.11 National legislation
A.3.3 Guides and guidelines
A.3.3.1 General
A.3.3.2 CEN Internal regulations Part 3
A.3.3.3 CENELEC Guide 32, Guidelines for Safety Related Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction for Low Voltage Equipment
A.3.3.4 ISO/IEC Guide 51, SAFETY ASPECTS — GUIDELINES FOR THEIR INCLUSION IN STANDARDS
54 A.3.3.5 ISO Guide 78, Safety of machinery — Rules for drafting and presentation of safety standards
A.3.3.6 IEC Guide 104, The preparation of safety publications and the use of basic safety publications and group safety publications
A.3.3.7 IEC Guide 116, Guidelines for safety related risk assessment and risk reduction for low voltage equipment
A.3.3.8 CEN Guide 414, Safety of machinery — Rules for the drafting and presentation of safety standards
55 A.3.4 Standards and Technical Reports
A.3.4.1 Standards relevant to risk assessments
A.3.4.2 EN 11271, Explosive atmospheres — Explosion prevention and protection — Part 1: Basic concepts and methodology
A.3.4.3 ISO 10377:2013, Consumer product safety — Guidelines for suppliers
A.3.4.4 ISO 10393:2013, Consumer product recall — Guidelines for suppliers
56 A.3.4.5 EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction (ISO 12100:2010)
A.3.4.6 ISO/TR 141212:2012, Risk Assessment — Part 2: Practical guidance and examples of methods
A.3.4.7 CEN/TR 14739:2004, Scheme for carrying out a risk assessment for flammable refrigerants in case of household refrigerators and freezers
A.3.4.8 EN 15198:2007, Methodology for the risk assessment of non-electrical equipment and components for intended use in potentially explosive atmospheres
A.3.4.9 EN 15233:2007, Methodology for functional safety assessment of protective systems for potentially explosive atmospheres
A.3.4.10 ISO 20854:2019, Thermal containers — Safety standard for refrigerating systems using flammable refrigerants — Requirements for design and operation
57 A.3.4.11 EN 31010:2010, Risk management — Risk assessment techniques (IEC/ISO 31010:2009)
A.3.4.12 EN 60812:2018, Failure Mode and Effects analysis (FMEA)
A.3.4.13 IEC 61025:2006, Fault tree analysis
A.3.4.14 IEC 61882:2016, Hazard and operability Studies (HAZOP studies) — Application guide
A.3.5 Other standards related the application of flammable gases
A.3.5.1 General
A.3.5.2 ISO 817:2014, Refrigerants — Designation system and safety classification
58 A.3.5.3 EN 1839:2017, Determination of the explosion limits and the limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) for flammable gases and vapours
A.3.5.4 EN 13313:2011, Refrigerating systems and heat pumps — Competence of personnel
A.3.5.5 EN 14624:2020, Performance of portable locating leak detectors and of fixed gas detectors for all refrigerants, specifies in its final version the functional requirements for detectors, including specific requirements for flammable refrigerants, location of measuring points, maintenance and service
A.3.5.6 EN 14522:2005, Determination of the auto ignition temperature of gases and vapours
A.3.5.7 EN 14986:2017, Design of fans working in potentially explosive atmospheres
A.3.5.8 EN 50271:2018, Electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of combustible gases, toxic gases or oxygen — Requirements and tests for apparatus using software and/or digital technologies
A.3.5.9 EN 50402:2017, Electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of combustible or toxic gases or vapours or of oxygen — Requirements on the functional safety of gas detection systems
59 A.3.5.10 EN 50495:2010, Safety devices required for the safe functioning of equipment with respect to explosion risks
A.3.5.11 EN IEC 50676:2019, Electrical equipment used for detection and concentration measurement of refrigerant gases — Performance requirements and test methods
A.3.5.12 EN IEC 602041:2018, Safety of machinery — Electrical equipment of machines
A.3.5.13 EN IEC 615081:2010, Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems — Part 1: General requirements; Part 2: Requirements for electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems
A.3.5.14 EN ISO 138491:2015, Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 1: General principles for design
A.3.5.15 EN 62061:2005+A2:2015, Safety of machinery —Functional safety of safety-related electrical, electronic and programmable electronic control systems
60 A.3.6 Standards for explosive atmospheres
A.3.6.1 General
A.3.6.2 EN 600790:2017, Explosive atmospheres — Part 0: Equipment — General requirements
A.3.6.3 EN 60079-1:2014, Explosive atmospheres — Part 1: Equipment protection by flameproof enclosures ‘d’
A.3.6.4 EN 600792:2014, Explosive atmospheres — Part 2: Equipment protection by pressurized enclosure ‘p’
A.3.6.5 EN 600795:2015, Explosive atmospheres — Part 5: Equipment protection by powder filling ‘q’
61 A.3.6.6 EN 60079-6:2015, Explosive atmospheres — Part 6: Equipment protection by liquid immersion ‘o’
A.3.6.7 EN 600797:2015, Explosive atmospheres — Part 7: Equipment protection by increased safety ‘e’
A.3.6.8 EN 60079101: 2015, Explosive atmospheres — Part 10-1: Classification of areas — Explosive gas atmospheres
A.3.6.9 EN 6007911:2012, Explosive atmospheres — Part 11: Equipment protection by intrinsic safety ‘i’
62 A.3.6.10 IEC 6007913:2017, Explosive atmospheres — Part 13: Equipment protection by pressurized room ‘p’
A.3.6.11 IEC 6007914:2013, Explosive atmospheres — Part 14: Electrical installations design, selection and erection
A.3.6.12 EN 6007915:2017, Explosive atmospheres — Part 15: Equipment protection by type of protection ‘n’
A.3.6.13 IEC 6007917:2013, Explosive atmospheres — Part 17: Electrical installations inspection and maintenance
A.3.6.14 EN 60079-18:2015, Explosive atmospheres — Part 18: Equipment protection by encapsulation ‘m’
A.3.6.15 IEC 6007919:2010+AMD1:2015, Explosive atmospheres — Part 19: Equipment repair, overhaul and reclamation
A.3.6.16 EN 60079201:2010, Explosive atmospheres — Part 20-1: Material characteristics for gas and vapour classification — Test methods and data
A.3.6.17 EN 6007925:2010, Explosive atmospheres — Part 25: Intrinsically safe electrical systems
63 A.3.6.18 EN 60079-26:2015, Explosive atmospheres — Part 26: Equipment with Equipment Protection Level (EPL) Ga
A.3.6.19 EN 60079291:2016, Explosive atmospheres — Part 29-1: Gas detectors — Performance requirements of detectors for flammable gases
A.3.6.20 IEC 60079292:2015, Explosive atmospheres — Part 29-2: Gas detectors — Selection, installation, use and maintenance of detectors for flammable gases and oxygen
A.3.6.21 IEC 60079293:2014, Explosive atmospheres — Part 29-3: Gas detectors — Guidance on functional safety of fixed gas detection systems
A.3.6.22 EN 60079294:2010, Explosive atmospheres — Part 29-4: Gas detectors — Performance requirements of open path detectors for flammable gases
A.3.6.23 IEC 60079-33:2012, Explosive atmospheres — Part 33: Equipment protection by special protection ‘s’
A.3.6.24 EN ISO/IEC 8007934:2011, Explosive atmospheres — Part 34: Application of quality systems for equipment manufacture
64 A.3.6.25 EN ISO 8007936:2016, Explosive atmospheres — Part 36: Non-electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres — Basic method and requirements
A.3.6.26 EN ISO 8007937:2016, Explosive atmospheres — Part 37: Non-electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres — Non- electrical type of protection constructional safety ‘c’, control of ignition sources ‘b’, liquid immersion ‘k’
A.3.7 Safety integrity level (SIL) and performance level (PL)
66 A.3.8 Detection systems
A.3.8.1 EN 14624:2020, Performance of portable leak detectors and of room monitors for halogenated refrigerants
A.3.8.2 EN 50271:2018, Electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of combustible gases, toxic gases or oxygen — Requirements and tests for apparatus using software and/or digital technologies
67 A.3.8.3 EN 50402:2017, Electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of combustible or toxic gases or vapours or of oxygen — Requirements on the functional safety of gas detection systems
68 A.3.8.4 EN IEC 50676:2019, Electrical equipment used for detection and concentration measurement of refrigerant gases — Performance requirements and test methods
A.4 Assessment of the use of risk-analysis in existing standards
69 A.5 Review of available risk assessment and potential additional research needs.
A.5.1 General
A.5.2 Risk assessment research and practices
A.5.2.1 Risk assessment practices
A.5.2.2 Qualitative techniques
70 A.5.2.3 Quantitative techniques
71 A.5.2.4 Hybrid and semi-quantitative techniques
72 A.5.2.5 Risk acceptance criteria
A.5.2.6 ALARA/ALARP
A.5.2.7 Maximum permitted individual risk
A.5.3 Specific Research on Refrigerants
A.5.3.1 General
73 A.5.3.2 Japan-JSRAE projects
A.5.3.3 US-AHRTI projects
A.5.3.4 USA – ASHRAE Research Projects
74 A.5.3.5 EU-Life Front Project
A.5.3.6 Proklima
A.6 Analysis of the relationship between risk and increased charge
A.6.1 Public acceptance
75 A.6.2 Mitigation measures
A.7 Analysis of the acceptability of increased risk compared to the risk presented by other technologies
A.7.1 Background information for the description of the term “acceptable risk” in standards
76 A.7.2 Risk acceptance criteria
A.7.3 Risk presented by other technologies
A.7.3.1 General
A.7.3.2 Risk management in the gas boiler industry
78 A.8 Analysis of the options for additional mitigation requirements if the risk increase is unacceptable
A.8.1 Design measures for flammable refrigerants
A.8.1.1 Basic measures
79 A.8.1.2 Existing Measures
A.8.1.3 Further measures currently in refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump safety standards
81 A.8.1.4 Other possible measures not currently in refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump safety standards
A.8.2 Options for the minimization beyond what is written in the standards
A.9 Review of work programmes
A.10 Identify standards that should be further updated
A.11 Options for performance based requirements
A.12 Technical Specification for installation, operation, service and decommissioning
82 A.13 Other information
A.13.1 United Nations Development Programme
83 A.13.2 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
A.13.3 Proklima
84 A.13.4 United Nations Environment Programme
A.14 Conclusions
A.14.1 General
A.14.2 European legislation
A.14.3 Risk assessment standards
85 A.14.4 Responsibilities reflected in the different standards
A.14.5 Other standards
A.14.6 Research
A.14.7 Selected terms and their definitions
90 Annex B (informative)Segmentation of the industry sector
B.1 General
B.2 Commercial and professional refrigeration
B.2.1 General
B.2.2 Product description
B.2.2.1 Commercial Refrigerated Cabinets
91 B.2.2.2 Professional Refrigerated Products
B.2.2.3 Commercial versus Professional
B.2.3 Current practice in the commercial and professional refrigeration sector
B.2.3.1 Refrigerants
92 B.3 Industrial Refrigeration Sector
B.3.1 Description of the industrial refrigerating sector
B.3.2 Current practice in the industrial refrigerating sector
93 B.4 Description of the chiller sector
B.5 Air conditioning and heat pumps
B.5.1 Description of the air condition and heat pump sector
94 B.5.2 Refrigerant options
96 Annex C (informative)Assessment of safety-related barriers to adoption
C.1 General
C.2 Assessment of safety-related barriers to adoption
C.2.1 Industrial refrigeration
97 C.2.2 Chillers
98 C.2.3 Critical barriers for chillers and water sink heat pumps; indirect systems
99 C.3 Options for additional mitigation requirements
C.3.1 Commercial and professional refrigeration
C.3.2 Industrial refrigeration
C.3.3 Chillers
C.4 Air conditioning and heat pumps
101 Annex D (informative)Design measures
D.1 General
D.2 Design measures for flammable refrigerants
D.2.1 Commercial and Professional refrigeration
D.2.1.1 Flammable refrigerants market overview
102 D.2.2 Chillers
103 Annex E (informative)Relevant Standards and Legislation used in this sector
E.1 General
E.2 Commercial and Professional refrigeration
E.2.1 Relevant standards
E.2.1.1 EN 378 (all parts)
E.2.1.2 IEC 60335289
104 E.2.2 Standards that should be further updated
105 E.3 Industrial refrigeration
106 E.4 Chillers
E.5 Identify standards that should be further updated – Chillers and water sink heat pumps, indirect systems
107 Annex F (informative)Review of work programmes
F.1 General
F.2 Industrial refrigeration
F.3 Chillers
F.4 Air conditioning and heat pumps
108 F.4.1 CEN/TC 182/WG6
F.4.2 IEC/SC61C/WG4
F.4.3 IEC/SC61D/WG 9 and IEC/SC61D/WG21
F.4.4 ISO/TC 86/SC 1/WG 1
F.5 Impact of larger charge sizes on risk – Air conditioning and heat pumps
112 Annex G (informative)Assessment of the way risk analysis is used
G.1 General
G.2 Commercial and Professional refrigeration
G.2.1 Assessment of the use of risk-analysis in existing standards
113 G.2.2 Review of available risk assessment and potential additional research needs.
G.2.2.1 Guidance
G.2.3 Analysis of relationship between risk and increased charge
G.2.3.1 Criterion for increase charge size
115 G.2.4 Acceptability of increased risk
116 G.2.5 Allowed refrigerant charges according present and future standards
117 G.3 Industrial refrigeration
G.4 Industrial refrigeration
G.4.1 General
118 G.4.2 Acceptability of increased risk
G.5 Chillers
G.6 Air conditioning and heat pumps
G.6.1 Implications and limitations of current refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump safety standards
G.6.2 Charge limits
120 G.6.3 Implications of charge size limits
125 G.6.4 Conflicts and inconsistencies amongst refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump safety standards
G.6.4.1 General
126 G.6.4.2 Refrigerant classifications
G.6.4.3 Upper charge limits
G.6.4.4 Maximum charge limits
G.6.4.5 Limit on room area
G.6.4.6 Enhanced tightness
127 G.6.4.7 Addressing potential ignition sources
G.6.4.8 Inclusion of additional measures
G.6.5 Considerations for determination of charge limits
128 G.6.5.1 Upper charge limits
131 G.6.6 Maximum charge
G.6.6.1 General
G.6.6.2 Access to alternative measures
132 Annex H (informative)Transport refrigeration
H.1 Description of Industry Sector
133 H.2 Relevant Legislation
H.3 Current practice in the sector
134 H.4 Assessment of the way risk analysis is used
H.4.1 Assessment of the use of risk-analysis in existing standards
H.4.2 Review of available risk assessment standards
136 H.4.3 Available risk assessment methods, principles
H.4.3.1 General
138 H.4.3.2 Tightness principle
139 H.4.3.3 Leak evaluation principle to investigate risks and hazards
140 H.4.3.4 Identification of hazards
H.4.3.5 Principle for risk comparison, tolerable risk evaluation
142 H.5 Demand for new standards
H.6 Analysis of the relationship between risk and increased charge
143 H.7 Acceptability of increased risk
H.8 Safety related barriers
144 H.9 Principles for risk mitigation
H.10 Conclusions with respect to the mandate
H.11 Conclusions
145 Annex I (informative)Calculations and assumptions for section G.6 – Air conditioning and heat pumps
I.1 Generation of flammable time and volume data
146 I.2 Probability/frequency calculations
148 I.3 Results
155 Annex J (informative)AREA CLASSIFICATION
J.1 Leak simulation test determining extent beyond zone

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BSI PD CEN/TR 17608:2022
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