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BSI PD CISPR TR 16-3:2020

BSI PD CISPR TR 16-3:2020

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Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods – CISPR technical reports

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2020 302
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This part of CISPR 16 is a collection of technical reports (Clause 4) that serve as background and supporting information for the various other standards and technical reports in CISPR 16 series. In addition, background information is provided on the history of CISPR, as well as a historical reference on the measurement of interference power from household and similar appliances in the VHF range (Clause 5).

Over the years, CISPR prepared a number of recommendations and reports that have significant technical merit but were not generally available. Reports and recommendations were for some time published in CISPR 7 and CISPR 8.

At its meeting in Campinas, Brazil, in 1988, CISPR subcommittee A agreed on the table of contents of CISPR 16-3, and to publish the reports for posterity by giving the reports a permanent place in CISPR 16-3.

With the reorganization of CISPR 16 in 2003, the significance of CISPR limits material was moved to CISPR 16-4-3, whereas recommendations on statistics of disturbance complaints and on the report on the determination of limits were moved to CISPR 16-4-4:2007. The contents of Amendment 1 (2002) of CISPR 16-3:2000 were moved to CISPR 16-4-1.

NOTE As a consolidated collection of independent technical reports, this document can contain symbols that have differing meanings from one clause to the next. Attempts have been made to minimize this to the extent possible at the time of editing.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
4 CONTENTS
18 FOREWORD
20 1 Scope
2 Normative references
21 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
24 3.2 Abbreviated terms
25 4 Technical reports
4.1 Correlation between measurements made with apparatus having characteristics differing from CISPR characteristics and measurements made with CISPR apparatus
4.1.1 General
4.1.2 Critical interference-measuring instrument parameters
26 Figure 1 – Relative response of various detectors to impulse interference
Tables
Table 1 – Comparative response of slideback peak, quasi-peak and average detectors to sine wave, periodic pulse and Gaussian waveform
27 4.1.3 Impulse interference – correlation factors
Figures
Figure 2 – Pulse rectification coefficient P(α)
28 Figure 3 – Pulse repetition frequency
29 4.1.4 Random noise
4.1.5 The root mean square (RMS) detector
4.1.6 Discussion
4.1.7 Application to typical noise sources
30 4.1.8 Conclusions
31 4.2 Interference simulators
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Types of interference signals
32 4.2.3 Circuits for simulating broadband interference
Table 2 – Characteristics of gate generator and modulator to simulate various types of broadband interference
34 Figure 4 – Block diagram and waveforms of a simulator generating noise bursts
35 Figure 5 – Block diagram of a simulator generating noise bursts according to the pulse principle
36 4.3 Relationship between limits for open-area test site and the reverberation chamber
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Correlation between measurement results of the reverberation chamber and OATS
Figure 6 – Details of a typical output stage
37 4.3.3 Limits for use with the reverberation chamber method
4.3.4 Procedure for the determination of the reverberation chamber limit
38 4.4 Characterization and classification of the asymmetrical disturbance source induced in telephone subscriber lines by AM broadcasting transmitters in the LW, MW and SW bands
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Experimental characterization
40 Figure 7 – Scatter plot of the measured outdoor magnetic field strength Ho (dB(A/m) versus the calculated outdoor magnetic field strength Hc dB((A/m)
41 Figure 8 – Measured outdoor magnetic versus distance, and probability of the building-effect parameter
42 Figure 9 – Normal probability plot of the building-effect parameter Ab dB
Table 3 – Summary results of building-effect, Ab, analysis
43 Figure 10 – Scatter plot of the outdoor antenna factor Go dB((m) versus the indoor antenna factor Gi
44 Figure 11 – Normal probability plots of the antenna factors
45 Table 4 – Summary of results of G-factor analysis
Table 5 – Summary of Lo factors (far-field)
46 Table 6 – Summary of truncation parameters of f(G)
47 Figure 12 – Normal probability plot of the equivalent asymmetrical resistance Ra dB(Ω)
Table 7 – Summary results of equivalent-resistance analysis
48 4.4.3 Prediction models and classification
Figure 13 – Examples of the frequency dependence of some parameters
50 Table 8 – Example of field-strength classification
51 Table 9 – Example of voltage classification assuming for the outdoor field strength: Emax = 60 V/m and Emin = 0,01 V/m
52 4.4.4 Characterization of the immunity-test disturbance source
53 Figure 14 – Example of the frequency histogram ΔN(Eo,ΔEo)
54 Figure 15 – Example of nm(Eo), i.e. the distribution of the outlets experiencing a maximum field strength Eo resulting from a given number of transmitters in (or near) the respective geographical region
55 Table 10 – Summary of the parameters used in the numerical examples presented in Figure 16 and Figure 17
56 Figure 16 – Example of the number of outlets with an induced asymmetrical open-circuit voltage UL ≤ Uh ≤ Umax = 79 V (see Table 10)
57 Figure 17 – Examples of number (left-hand scale) and relative number (right-hand scale) of outlets with UL ≤ Uh ≤ Umax
59 4.5 Predictability of radiation in vertical directions at frequencies above 30 MHz
4.5.1 Summary
60 4.5.2 Range of application
4.5.3 General
62 4.5.4 Method used to calculate field patterns in the vertical plane
Table 11 – Frequencies of interest in ITU designated bands from Table 9 of CISPR 11:2009
63 4.5.5 Limitations of predictability of radiation at elevated angles
Table 12 – Electrical constants for “medium dry ground” [31](CCIR: medium dry ground; rocks; sand; medium sized towns[32])
Table 13 – Electrical constants for “wet ground” [31] (CCIR: marshes (fresh water); cultivated land [24]) and “very dry ground” [31] (CCIR: very dry ground; granite mountains in cold regions; industrial areas [32])
65 Figure 18 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized Ex field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) over three different types of real ground
Figure 19 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented Ez field strengths emitted from small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) over three different types of real ground
67 Figure 20 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized Ex field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole), over three different types of real ground
Figure 21 – Vertical polar patterns of vertically oriented Ez field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) over three different types of real ground
68 Figure 22 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented Ez field strengths emitted at 1 000 MHz from the small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole), at horizontal distance of 10 m, 30 m and 300 m in the Z-X planeover three different types of real ground
70 Figure 23 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized Ex and vertically oriented Ez field strengths emitted around small horizontal electric dipole, in Y-Z and Z-X planes respectively
Figure 24 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized Ex field strengths emitted from small horizontal electric dipole
71 Table 14 – Estimates of the errors in prediction of radiation in vertical directions based on a measurement height scan from 1 m to 4 m at known distances, d; frequency = 75 MHz (adapted from [39])
73 Figure 25 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized Ex and vertically oriented Ez field strengths emitted around small horizontal electric dipole in Y-Z and Z-X planes respectively
Figure 26 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized Ex field strengths emitted small horizontal electric dipole
74 Figure 27 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized Ex and vertically oriented Ez field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) in Y-Z and Z-X planes respectively
Figure 28 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented Ez and horizontally oriented Ex field strengths emitted from small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole)
75 Table 15 – Estimates of the errors in prediction of radiation in vertical directions based on a measurement height scan from 1 m to 4 m at known distances, d; frequency = 110 MHz (adapted from [39])
77 Figure 29 – Vertical polar patterns of vertically oriented Ez and horizontally oriented Ex field strengths emitted around small vertical electric dipole
Figure 30 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented Ez and horizontally oriented Ex field strengths emitted from small vertical electric dipole
78 Figure 31 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized Ex and vertically oriented Ez field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) in Y-Z and Z-X planes respectively
Figure 32 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented Ez and horizontally oriented Ex field strengths emitted from small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole)
79 Figure 33 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted around small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole)
Figure 34 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole)
80 Table 16 – Estimates of the errors in prediction of radiation in vertical directions based on a measurement height scan from 1 m to 4 m at known distances, d; frequency = 243 MHz (adapted from [39])
82 Figure 35 – Vertical polar patterns of vertically oriented Ez and horizontally oriented Ex field strengths emitted around small vertical electric dipole
Figure 36 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented Ez and horizontally oriented Ex field strengths emitted from the small vertical electric dipole
83 Figure 37 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized Ex and vertically oriented Ez field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) in Y-Z and ZX planes respectively
Figure 38 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented Ez and horizontally oriented Ex field strengths emitted from small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole)
84 Figure 39 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted around small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole)
Figure 40 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole)
85 Table 17 – Estimates of the errors in prediction of radiation in vertical directions based on a measurement height scan from 1 m to 4 m at known distances, d; frequency = 330 MHz (adapted from [39])
87 Figure 41 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted around the small horizontal loop(vertical magnetic dipole)
Figure 42 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole)
88 Table 18 – Estimates of the errors in prediction of radiation in vertical directions based on a measurement height scan from 1 m to 4 m at known distances, d; frequency = 1 000 MHz (adapted from [39])
91 4.5.6 Differences between the fields over a real ground and the fields over a perfect conductor
Figure 43 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole)
94 Figure 44 – Height scan patterns of the vertical component of the Efields emitted from a small vertical electric dipole
Figure 45 – Height scan patterns of the vertical component of the Efields emitted from a small vertical electric dipole
96 Figure 46 – Height scan patterns of the horizontally polarized E-fields emitted in the vertical plane normal to the axis of a small horizontal electric dipole
Figure 47 – Height scan patterns of the horizontally polarized E-fields emitted in the vertical plane normal to the axis of a small horizontal electric dipole
97 4.5.7 Uncertainty ranges
98 Figure 48 – Ranges of uncertainties in the predictability of radiation in vertical directions from electrically small sources located at a heightof 1 m or 2 m above ground
Figure 49 – Ranges of uncertainties in the predictability of radiation in vertical directions from electrically small sources located at a heightof 1 m or 2 m above ground
99 4.5.8 Conclusions
Figure 50 – Ranges of uncertainties in the predictability of radiation in vertical directions from electrically small sources located at a heightof 1 m or 2 m above ground
100 4.6 The predictability of radiation in vertical directions at frequencies up to 30 MHz
4.6.1 Range of application
101 4.6.2 General
102 4.6.3 Method of calculation of the vertical radiation patterns
4.6.4 The source models
103 Figure 51 – Geometry of the small vertical electric dipole model
Figure 52 – Geometry of the small horizontal electrical dipole model
Figure 53 – Geometry of the small horizontal magnetic dipole model (small vertical loop)
Figure 54 – Geometry of the small vertical magnetic dipole model (small horizontal loop)
104 4.6.5 Electrical constants of the ground
4.6.6 Predictability of radiation in vertical directions
105 Table 19 – Predictability of radiation in vertical directions at 100 kHz, using ground-based measurements of horizontally oriented H-field at distances up to 3 km from the source (figures are located in 4.6.8)
106 Table 20 – Predictability of radiation in vertical directions at 1 MHz, using ground-based measurements of horizontally oriented H-field at distances up to300 m from the source (figures are located in 4.6.8)
107 Table 21 – Predictability of radiation in vertical directions at 10 MHz, using ground-based measurements of horizontally oriented H-field at distances up to 300 m from the source (figures are located in 4.6.8) (1 of 2)
108 Table 22 – Predictability of radiation in vertical directions at 30 MHz, using ground-based measurements of horizontally oriented H-field at distances up to 300 m from the source (figures are located in 4.6.8) (1 of 3)
111 Figure 55 – Ranges of errors in the predictability of radiation in vertical directions from electrically small sources located close to the ground, based on measurements of the horizontally oriented H-field near ground at a distance of 30 m from the sources
112 4.6.7 Conclusions
Figure 56 – Ranges of errors in the predictability of radiation in vertical directions from electrically small sources located close to the ground, based on measurements of the horizontally oriented H-field at the ground supplemented with measurements of the vertically oriented H-field in a height scan up to 6 m at a distance of 30 m from the sources
113 4.6.8 Figures associated with predictability of radiation in vertical directions
114 Figure 57 – Vertical radiation patterns of horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a small vertical electric dipolelocated close to the ground
Figure 58 – Vertical radiation patterns of horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground
115 Figure 59 – Vertical radiation patterns of E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground
Figure 60 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground
117 Figure 61 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground
Figure 62 – Influence of a wide range of values of the electrical constants of the ground on the vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground
118 Figure 63 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a small horizontal electric dipolelocated close to the ground
Figure 64 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground
119 Figure 65 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground
Figure 66 – Vertical radiation patterns of H-fields emitted by small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to ground
120 Figure 67 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground
Figure 68 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground
121 Figure 69 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop)located close to the ground
Figure 70 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop)located close to the ground
123 Figure 71 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical magnetic dipole (horizontal loop)located close to the ground
Figure 72 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical magnetic dipole (horizontal loop)located close to the ground
124 Figure 73 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical magnetic dipole (horizontal loop)located close to the ground
Figure 74 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical magnetic dipole (horizontal loop)located close to the ground
125 Figure 75 – Vertical radiation pattern of the E-field emitted by a small vertical magnetic dipole (horizontal loop)located close to the ground
Figure 76 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical magnetic dipole (horizontal loop)located close to the ground
126 Figure 77 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a small vertical electric dipolelocated close to the ground
Figure 78 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground
127 Figure 79 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground
Figure 80 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground
128 Figure 81 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented Hfields emitted by a small horizontal electric dipolelocated close to the ground
Figure 82 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground
130 Figure 83 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground
Figure 84 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop)located close to the ground
131 Figure 85 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground
Figure 86 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground
132 Figure 87 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground
Figure 88 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground
133 Figure 89 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground
Figure 90 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground
134 Figure 91 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground
Figure 92 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground
135 Figure 93 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground
Figure 94 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground
137 Figure 95 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground
Figure 96 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground
138 Figure 97 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground
Figure 98 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground
140 Figure 99 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-field emitted by a small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground
Figure 100 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground
141 Figure 101 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-field emitted by a small vertical magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground
Figure 102 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground
142 Figure 103 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground
Figure 104 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric dipolelocated close to the ground
143 Figure 105 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground
Figure 106 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a small horizontal electric dipolelocated close to the ground
144 Figure 107 – Influence of a wide range of values of the electrical constants of the ground on the vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground
Figure 108 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a small horizontal electric dipolelocated close to the ground
146 Figure 109 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop)located close to the ground
Figure 110 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground
147 Figure 111 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground
Figure 112 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground
148 4.7 Correlation between amplitude probability distribution (APD) characteristics of disturbance and performance of digital communication systems
4.7.1 General
4.7.2 Influence on a wireless LAN system
Figure 113 – Set-up for measuring communication quality degradation of a wireless LAN
149 Table 23 – Conditions for measuring communication quality degradation
150 Figure 114 – APD characteristics of disturbance
Table 24 – Average and RMS values of noise level normalized by N0
151 4.7.3 Influence on a Bluetooth system
Figure 115 – Wireless LAN throughput influenced by noise
152 Figure 116 – Set-up for measuring the communication quality degradation of Bluetooth
Figure 117 – APD of disturbance of actual MWO (2 441MHz)
Table 25 – Conditions for measuring communication quality degradation of Bluetooth
153 Figure 118 – APD characteristics of disturbance (2 460 MHz)
Table 26 – Average and RMS values of noise level normalized by N0
154 Table 27 – Average and RMS values of noise level normalized by N0
155 4.7.4 Influence on a W-CDMA system
Figure 119 – Throughput of Bluetooth influenced by noise
156 Figure 120 – Set-up for measuring the BER of W-CDMA
Table 28 – Conditions for measuring communication quality degradation of W-CDMA
157 Figure 121 – APD characteristics of disturbance
Table 29 – Average and RMS values of noise level normalized by N0
158 4.7.5 Influence on Personal Handy Phone System (PHS)
Figure 122 – BER of W-CDMA caused by radiation noise
159 Figure 123 – Set-up for measuring the PHS throughput
Figure 124 – Set-up for measuring the BER of PHS
Table 30 – Conditions for measuring the PHS throughput
Table 31 – Conditions for measuring the BER of PHS
160 Figure 125 – APD characteristics of disturbance
Table 32 – Average and RMS values of noise level normalized by N0
161 Figure 126 – PHS throughput caused by radiation
162 4.7.6 Quantitative correlation between noise parameters and system performance
Figure 127 – BER of PHS caused by radiation noise
163 Figure 128 – Correlation of the disturbance voltageswith the system performance (C/N0)
Figure 129 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance
164 Figure 130 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance
Figure 131 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance (C/N0)
165 4.7.7 Quantitative correlation between noise parameters of repetition pulse and system performance of PHS and W-CDMA (BER)
Figure 132 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance (C/N0)
Figure 133 – Experimental set-up for measuring communication quality degradation of a PHS or W-CDMA
166 Figure 134 – Simulation set-up for estimating communication quality degradation of a PHS or W-CDMA
Figure 135 – APD of pulse disturbance
167 Figure 136 – BER degradation of PHS and W-CDMA caused by repetition pulse (Carrier power, –35 dBm)
Figure 137 – Evaluation method of the correlation between BER and APD
168 4.8 Background material on the definition of the RMS-average weighting detector for measuring receivers
4.8.1 General – purpose of weighted measurement of disturbance
Figure 138 – Correlation between measured Δ LBER and Δ LAPD
Figure 139 – Correlation between measured pBER and pAPD
169 4.8.2 General principle of weighting – the CISPR quasi-peak detector
4.8.3 Other detectors defined in CISPR 16-1-1
Figure 140 – Weighting curves of quasi-peak measuring receiversfor the different frequency ranges as defined in CISPR 16-1-1
170 4.8.4 Procedures for measuring pulse weighting characteristics of digital radiocommunications services
Figure 141 – Weighting curves for peak, quasi-peak, RMS and linear average detectors for CISPR bands C and D
171 Figure 142 – Test setup for the measurement of the pulse weighting characteristics of a digital radiocommunication system
172 Figure 143 – Example of an interference spectrum: pulse modulated carrier with a pulse duration of 0,2 μs and a PRF < 10 kHz
Table 33 – Overview of types of interference used in the experimental study of weighting characteristics
173 4.8.5 Theoretical studies
174 Figure 144 – The RMS and peak levels for constant BEP for three K = 3, convolutional codes of different rate
175 4.8.6 Experimental results
Figure 145 – The RMS and peak levels for constant BEP for two rate ½, convolutional code
176 Table 34 – DRM radio stations received for the measurement of the weighting characteristics
177 Figure 146 – Test setup for the measurement of weighting curves for Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM)
178 Figure 147 – Weighting characteristics for DRM signals for various pulse widths of the pulse-modulated carrier
179 Figure 148 – Weighting characteristics for DRM protection level 0: average of results for two receivers
Figure 149 – Weighting characteristics for DRM protection level 1: average of results for two receivers
180 Table 35 – Comparison of BER values for the same interference level
181 Figure 150 – Weighting characteristics for DVB-T with 64 QAM 2k, CR 3/4(as used in France and UK)
Table 36 – Transmission parameters of DVB-T systems used in various countries
182 Figure 151 – Weighting characteristics for DVB-T with 64 QAM 8k, CR 3/4(as used in Spain)
Figure 152 – Weighting characteristics for DVB-T with 16 QAM 8k, CR 2/3(as used in Germany)
183 Figure 153 – Average weighting characteristics of 6 receiver types for DVB-T with 16QAM
Figure 154 – Average weighting characteristics of 6 receiver types for DVB-T with 64QAM
184 Figure 155 – Weighting characteristics for DAB (signal level -71 dBm) with a flat response down to approximately 1 kHz
185 Figure 156 – Weighting characteristics for DAB: average of two different commercial receiver types
186 Figure 157 – Weighting characteristics for TETRA (signal level – 80 dBm) for a code rate of 1
187 Figure 158 – Weighting characteristics for RBER 1b of GSM (signal level –90 dBm)
Figure 159 – Weighting characteristics for RBER 2 of GSM
188 Figure 160 – Carrier-to-interference improvements with decreasing PRF in dB computed for GSM using COSSAP
Figure 161 – RMS and quasi-peak values of pulse level for constant effect on FM radio reception
189 Figure 162 – Weighting characteristics for RBER 1b of GSM (signal level –90 dBm)
190 Figure 163 – Weighting characteristics for DECT (signal level –83 dBm)
191 Figure 164 – Weighting characteristics for IS-95 (signal level -97 dBm) with comparatively high immunity to interference
Figure 165 – Weighting characteristics for J-STD 008 (signal level –97 dBm)
192 Figure 166 – Weighting characteristics for the Frame Error Ratio (FER) of CDMA2000 (measured at a receive signal level of –112 dBm) for a low data rate of 9,6 kb/s
Figure 167 – Weighting characteristics for the Frame Error Ratio (FER) of CDMA2000 (measured at a receive signal level of –106 dBm) for two different data rates (9,6 kb/s and 76,8 kb/s)
193 4.8.7 Effects of spread-spectrum clock interference on wideband radiocommunication signal reception
Table 37 – Example of measurement results in dB((V) of unmodulated and FM modulated carriers for various detectors (bandwidth 120 kHz)
194 4.8.8 Analysis of the various weighting characteristics and proposal of a weighting detector
Table 38 – Survey of the corner frequencies foundin the various measurement results
195 Figure 168 – The proposed RMS-average detector for CISPR Bands C and D with a corner frequency of 100 Hz
Figure 169 – RMS-average detector function by using an RMS detector followed by a linear average detector and peak reading
196 4.8.9 Properties of the RMS-average weighting detector
Figure 170 – RMS-average weighting functions for CISPR Bands A, B, C/D and E for the shortest pulse widths allowed by the measurement bandwidths
197 Figure 171 – Shift of the RMS-average weighting function for CISPR band C/D by using a bandwidth of 1 MHz instead of 120 kHz, if the shortest possible pulse widths are applied
198 4.9 Common mode absorption devices (CMAD)
4.9.1 General
Table 39 – Measurement results for broadband disturbance sources (measurements with RMS-average and quasi-peak detectors are normalized to average detector values)
199 Figure 172 – Example of a simple EUT model
Table 40 – Expected deviations between different laboratories for small EUTs due to variations of the impedance Zapparent at point B
200 4.9.2 CMAD as a two-port device
Figure 173 – Representation of a CMAD as a two-port device
203 Figure 174 – Conformal mapping between z-plane and f-plane
204 4.9.3 Measurement of CMAD
205 Figure 175 – Conversion from 50 Ω coaxial system to the geometry of the two-port device-under-test
206 Figure 176 – Basic model for the TRL calibration
207 Figure 177 – The four calibration configurations necessary for the TRL calibration
208 Table 41 – Calibration measurement results format
211 Figure 178 – Measurement of CMAD characteristics
213 Figure 179 – Preliminary measurements of the test set-up
214 4.10 Background on the definition of the FFT-based receiver
4.10.1 General
Figure 180 – Position of the reference planes for the measurement with SOLT calibration and ABCD transformation to Zref level
215 4.10.2 Tuned selective voltmeters and spectrum analyzers
4.10.3 General principle of a tuned selective voltmeter
216 4.10.4 FFT-based receivers – digital signal processing
Figure 181 – Superheterodyne EMI receiver
218 Figure 182 – An example spectrogram Z[m,k]
220 4.10.5 Measurement errors specific to FFT processing
Figure 183 – Sidelobe effect due to the finite length of window
221 Figure 184 – Measurement error for a single pulse
222 4.10.6 FFT-based receivers – examples
Figure 185 – IF signal for different overlapping factors for the same sequence of pulses
223 Figure 186 – FFT-based baseband system
224 Figure 187 – Real-time FFT-based measuring instrument
Figure 188 – Digital down-converter
225 Figure 189 – Short time fast Fourier transform – An example of implementation
Figure 190 – Floating-point analogue-to-digital conversion
226 Figure 191 – Example of a 120 kHz Gaussian filter
Table 42 – Scan times
227 Figure 192 – Essential parts of an FFT-based heterodyne receiver
229 Figure 193 – Dynamic range for broadband emission as measured with the peak detector
Figure 194 – Set-up of FFT-based system type 2
230 Table 43 – Sampling rates for different BWIF
231 Table 44 – Scan times for a scan 30 MHz to 1 GHz
232 Figure 195 – FFT Software (“FFTemi”) screen shot
233 Figure 196 – Example of pulse generator measurement with antenna
Figure 197 – Radiated emission measurement of a motor – peak detector
234 Figure 198 – Angular characterization of a PC
235 4.11 Parameters of signals at telecommunication ports
4.11.1 General
Figure 199 – Example FFT IF analysis display
236 4.11.2 Estimation of common mode disturbance levels
237 4.12 Background on CDNE equipment and measurement method
4.12.1 General
238 4.12.2 Historical overview
239 Figure 200 – Equivalent radiated measurement methods (30 MHz to 300 MHz)
Figure 201 – Measured relationship between field strength Ez and CM current Icm for various termination resistances R
241 Figure 202 – Modelled relationship between field strength Ez and CM current Icm using EUT height 0,8 m, measurement distance 3 m, receive antenna height 1 m
Figure 203 – Limit for the terminal voltage at the CDN
242 4.12.3 From CDN to CDNE
243 Figure 204 – Results of a Philips 11-lab internal CDN RRT usingan artificial class 1 EUT – expanded uncertainty nearly 10 dB
244 Figure 205 – Block diagram for CDNE-measurement method
245 4.13 Background on LLAS, validation and measurement method
4.13.1 General
4.13.2 Historical overview
246 4.13.3 Models and equations for the LLAS method
5 Background and history of CISPR
5.1 The history of CISPR
5.1.1 The early years: 1934-1984
248 5.1.2 The division of work
249 5.1.3 The computer years: 1984 to 1998
5.1.4 The people in CISPR
250 5.2 Historical background to the method of measurement of the interference power produced by electrical household and similar appliances in the VHF range
5.2.1 Historical detail
251 5.2.2 Development of the method
253 Annexes
Annex A (informative) Derivation of the formula
254 Figure A.1 – Example plot using the expression
256 Figure A.2 – Examples of a number of microwaves measured for Pq and Pt
257 Annex B (informative) The field-strength distribution
B.1 General
B.2 Ho-field expressions
258 Figure B.1 – Definition of the ring-shaped area round the transmitter T
259 B.3 Hi field expressions
260 B.4 Eo-field expressions
261 Annex C (informative) The induced asymmetrical open-circuit voltage distribution
C.1 General
C.2 H-field-based relations
262 Figure C.1 – The permissible ranges of Uh and G are within the polygon {GL,Ua}, {GL,Ub}, {GU,Ud}, {GI,Uc} and {GL,Ua}. For the given value UL the double-shaded area represents pr {Uh ≥ UL}
263 C.3 E-field-based relations
264 Annex D (informative) The outlet-voltage distribution
D.1 General
D.2 H-field-based relations
265 D.3 E-field-based relations
266 Annex E (informative) Some mathematical relations
E.1 General
E.2 The error function
267 E.3 Application to the lognormal distribution
268 Annex F (informative) Harmonic fields radiated at elevated angles from 27 MHz ISM equipment over real ground
270 Figure F.1 – Vertical radiation patterns of horizontally polarized fields,109 MHz, 300 m scan radius (adapted from [34])
271 Figure F.2 – Vertical radiation patterns of horizontally polarized fields,109 MHz, 300 m scan radius (adapted from [34])
272 Figure F.3 – Vertical radiation patterns of horizontally polarized fields,109 MHz, 300 m scan radius (adapted from [34])
273 Figure F.4 – Vertical radiation patterns of horizontally polarized fields,109 MHz, 300 m scan radius (adapted from [34])
274 Annex G (informative) Models and equations associated with the LLAS method
G.1 General
G.2 Response of an LAS to a magnetic field dipole
G.2.1 Magnetic field strength model of a disturbance source
Figure G.1 – Geometry and coordination system for a single magnetic field dipole
275 G.2.2 Response of an LAS to a magnetic field dipole
Figure G.2 – Configuration of measurement of an EUT in an LLA with two slits
276 Figure G.3 – Transformer model representation of a disturbance source inside an LLA
279 G.2.3 Sensitivity of an LLAS for different diameters
Figure G.4 – Transfer functions , and their product (expressed in dB)as a function of frequency for a 2 m LLAS
280 G.2.4 Limitation of application of the relative sensitivity curves
Figure G.5 – Sensitivity SD of an LLAS with diameter D relative to an LLAS with 2 m diameter (Figure C.11 of CISPR 16-1-4:2019 [102])
281 G.3 Response of LLAS to the LLAS verification dipole
G.3.1 Relation of LLA current and voltage applied to the LLAS verification dipole
Figure G.6 – Setup of the LLAS verification dipole for verification of an LLAS
282 G.3.2 Calculation of mutual inductance: the original method
G.3.3 Calculation of mutual inductance: the improved method
G.3.4 Derivation of the equation for the reference validation factor
284 Figure G.7 – Geometry model of LLA for numerical computation of Neumann integral [113]
Figure G.8 – LLAS verification dipole excluding the coupling effect from the LLAS loops
285 G.3.5 Replication of the original version of the reference validation factor
G.3.6 Calculation of the improved reference validation factor
Figure G.9 – Network model representation of the LLAS verification dipole fed by a generator source and the LLA
Figure G.10 – First version of the reference validation factor for an LLA of 2 mdiameter (Figure C.8 of CISPR 16-1-4:2010 [102])
286 Figure G.11 – Reference validation factors for an LLA of 2 m, 3 m and 4 mdiameter (Figure C.8 of CISPR 16-1-4:2019 and CISPR 16-1-4:2019/AMD1:2020 [102])
287 G.3.7 NEC2 method
Figure G.12 – Relative sensitivities of the LLAS verification dipole for an LLAS with different diameters (relative to an LLAS of 2 m diameter)
Figure G.13 – Comparison of analytical and numerical (NEC2) calculations of the reference validation factors
288 G.4 Magnetic field strength of a magnetic field dipole above a ground plane
G.4.1 Model
289 G.4.2 Replication of Figure C.10
Figure G.14 – Magnetic field dipole moment of a small loop radiator in free space
Figure G.15 – EUT above a ground plane and the coordinate system and possible magnetic field dipole orientations
Figure G.16 – Magnetic field strength resulting from a source and its image below the ground plane (side view)
290 Figure G.17 – Magnetic field strength expressed in dB(µA/m) of three magnetic field dipole orientations at three distances
291 G.4.3 Conversion factors for calculating magnetic field strength at other distances
Figure G.18 – Conversion factors CdA [for conversion into dB(μA/m)] for three standard measurement distances d (replicated Figure C.10 of CISPR 16-1-4:2010; exclusive the 30 m curve [102])
Figure G.19 – Conversion factors for calculating magnetic field strength at 10 m or 30 m
292 G.5 LLAS validation criterion
293 Bibliography

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