BSI PD CLC IEC/TS 60034-31:2024 – TC
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Tracked Changes. Rotating electrical machines – Selection of energy-efficient motors including variable speed applications. Application guidelines
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| BSI | 2024 | 174 |
IEC TS 60034-31:2021 provides a guideline of technical and economical aspects for the application of energy-efficient electric AC motors. It applies to motor manufacturers, OEMs (original equipment manufacturers), end users, regulators, legislators and other interested parties.This document is applicable to all electrical machines covered by IEC 60034-1, IEC 60034-30?1 and IEC TS 60034-30-2. a. references to relevant standards have been updated; b. global market data for industrial motors have been updated; c. guidelines and theories about normal industrial applications have been described; d. energy efficiency comparison examples have been given. This publication contains an attached file titled, “TS 60034-31 Generic Efficiency Interpolation”, in the form of an XLS document.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 105 | undefined |
| 107 | European foreword Endorsement notice |
| 108 | Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications |
| 110 | CONTENTS |
| 114 | FOREWORD |
| 116 | INTRODUCTION |
| 117 | 1 Scope 2 Normative references |
| 118 | 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and acronyms 3.1 Terms and definitions 3.2 Symbols 3.3 Acronyms |
| 119 | 4 Background 4.1 General |
| 121 | Figures Figure 1 – Industrial electric motors in numbers |
| 122 | 4.2 Introduction to IEC standards 4.2.1 Overview Figure 2 – Estimated global market shares of industrial electric motorsper efficiency class in the time period 1995 to 2020 Figure 3 – Components of a motor driven unit |
| 124 | 4.2.2 Scope of efficiency classification 4.2.3 Efficiency interpolation (IEC 60034-2-3) Tables Table 1 – Overview of IEC standards on energy efficiencyof power drive systems and motor driven units |
| 125 | Figure 4 – Seven standardized operating points from IEC 60034-2-3 |
| 126 | 5 Applications 5.1 Applications where the motor is fully loaded over longer periods of time 5.2 Applications with square torque-speed characteristic (pumps, fans, compressors) 5.2.1 General Figure 5 – Reduction of motor input power between one efficiency class tothe next higher class in percentage versus rated motor output power,shown cumulative for 4-pole motors |
| 127 | 5.2.2 Throttling versus variable speed control of pump systems |
| 128 | 5.2.3 On/off flow control of pump systems 5.2.4 Pump systems for variable flow and their energy saving potential Figure 6 – System curves with and without a throttle valveand pump curves at constant speeds |
| 129 | 5.2.5 Summary for fan system design 5.3 Applications with a constant torque characteristic (conveyors, lifts, hoist drives) 5.3.1 General 5.3.2 Conveyors with constant speed versus variable speed control Figure 7 – Average electric power consumption for end-suction own bearing (ESOB) clean water pumps driven by different motors connected DOL or with VFD |
| 130 | 6 Fundamentals of electrical machines 6.1 General Figure 8 – System curves for conveyor (belt) drives, hoist drives, lifts, etc. |
| 131 | 6.2 Technology 6.2.1 Technologies for fixed speed, line start motors 6.2.2 Technologies for Variable Frequency Drive motors 6.3 Efficiency 6.3.1 General Figure 9 – Squirrel cage induction motor |
| 133 | 6.3.2 Motor losses 6.3.3 Motors for higher efficiency classes Table 2 – Loss distribution in three phase, 4-pole, cage induction electric motors |
| 134 | 6.3.4 Variations in motor losses 6.4 Power factor |
| 135 | 6.5 Pole number, frequency and speed relations 6.6 Differences between constant speed and variable speed operations Table 3 – Relations between pole number, frequency and speed |
| 136 | 7 Motors for constant speed operation 7.1 General 7.2 Motors rated for 50 Hz and 60 Hz Figure 10 – Operating capability for a DOL motor compared to a VFD motor |
| 137 | 7.3 Starting performance Table 4 – Exemplary efficiency calculation of a motor when operated at 50 Hzand 60 Hz with the same torque, using a 50 Hz motor rating as the basis |
| 138 | 7.4 Operating speed and slip 7.5 Motor losses for variable load |
| 139 | 7.6 Power factor Figure 11 – Typical 4-pole induction motor power loss distribution versus power rating |
| 140 | 7.7 Partial load efficiency Figure 12 – Performance characteristics of 4-pole, three phase,cage induction motors of different power ratings |
| 141 | 7.8 Motors rated for different voltages or a voltage range 7.9 Soft starters 7.10 IE efficiency classes 7.11 Efficiency testing methods |
| 142 | 7.12 Effects of power supply and ambient temperature variations 7.12.1 Effects of power quality and variations in voltage and frequency 7.12.2 Effects of voltage unbalance 7.12.3 Effects of ambient temperature Table 5 – IE efficiency classes of line operated AC motors |
| 143 | 7.12.4 Voltages variations 7.13 Motor dimensioning 8 Motors for variable speed operation 8.1 General Figure 13 – Typical variations of current, speed, power factorand efficiency with voltage for constant output power |
| 144 | 8.2 Motors rated for arbitrary speeds 8.3 Motor losses for variable frequency and load 8.4 Further losses in motors designed for constant speed in variable speed operation 8.5 Variable frequency drives 8.6 Variable frequency drive losses |
| 145 | 8.7 Variable frequency drive power factor Figure 14 – Schematic layout of a variable frequency drive |
| 146 | 8.8 Partial speed and partial torque efficiency of motor drive system 8.9 IE and IES efficiency classes 8.10 Efficiency determination methods Figure 15 – Distortion power factor versus the total harmonic distortionof the line current at the input to a variable frequency drive |
| 147 | 8.11 Motor and variable frequency drive system dimensioning Figure 16 – Typical system curves for different applications |
| 148 | 9 System selection guidelines 9.1 Introduction to system selection methodology 9.1.1 System design for minimal energy use Figure 17 – Overview of a Motor Driven Unit and related equipment of a system |
| 149 | 9.1.2 Efficiency optimization potential of system versus components 9.1.3 Selection criteria |
| 150 | 9.1.4 System with variable frequency drive |
| 151 | 9.2 Cost of electric motor systems 9.2.1 Component costs Figure 18 – Relative cost of major components in an MDU, dependingon rated power, according to a European market survey in 2017/2018 |
| 152 | 9.2.2 Operating cost 9.2.3 Life cycle cost |
| 153 | 10 Maintenance and lifetime expectations 10.1 Common causes of failures in industrial motors 10.2 Lifetime expectations of lubricants for bearings 10.3 Lifetime expectations of insulations for windings Figure 19 – Distribution of failure causes for induction motors in industry |
| 154 | 10.4 Potential failure sources in bearings and insulation for motors supplied by VFD 10.5 Variable frequency drive maintenance and expected lifetime 10.6 Different categories of maintenance |
| 155 | Figure 20 – Simplistic representation in relative scale of three different maintenance categories, namely corrective, preventive and predictive principles |
| 156 | Annex A (informative)Typical efficiency values and losses of motorsand variable frequency drives A.1 General A.2 Losses of direct-on-line motors |
| 157 | A.3 Losses of variable speed motors |
| 158 | A.4 Losses of variable frequency drives (VFD) |
| 159 | Annex B (informative)Tables of typical efficiency values of motors Direct-on-Line (DOL) Table B.1 – Typical efficiency values of 50 Hz IE1 induction motors |
| 160 | Table B.2 – Typical efficiency values of 50 Hz IE2 induction motors |
| 161 | Table B.3 – Typical efficiency values of 50 Hz IE3 induction motors |
| 162 | Table B.4 – Typical efficiency values of 50 Hz IE4 induction motors |
| 163 | Annex C (informative)Examples of energy savings and life cycle cost savings C.1 General C.2 Water pump Figure C.1 – Standard water pump characteristic |
| 165 | Table C.1 – Calculation of motor performance at operating points 1 to 3 Table C.2 – System losses and performance |
| 166 | C.3 Common interpretation error in fan applications when replacing motor Figure C.2 – The torque versus synchronous speed for an induction motor of class IE2, a line-started synchronous motor of class IE4 and the system curve of a fan, respectively |
| 167 | C.4 Fans in parallel Figure C.3 – Comparison of two different fan control methods with equal flow |
| 168 | C.5 Electric motor materials versus energy efficiency and CO2 emissions |
| 169 | Figure C.4 – Energy flow diagram from primary energy source,coal, to the electric motor Table C.3 – Calculated electricity, coal weight and CO2 emissions savings |
| 170 | Annex D (informative)Calculation sheet for losses and efficiency interpolation Figure D.1 – Extract from EXCEL calculation sheet available for download |
| 171 | Bibliography |
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