BSI PD IEC TR 60146-1-2:2019
$215.11
Semiconductor converters. General requirements and line commutated converters – Application guide
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| BSI | 2019 | 108 |
This part of IEC 60146, which is a Technical Report, gives guidance on variations to the specifications given in IEC 60146-1-1:2009 to enable the specification to be extended in a controlled form for special cases. Background information is also given on technical points, which facilitates the use of IEC 60146-1-1:2009.
This document primarily covers line commutated converters and is not in itself a specification, except as regards certain auxiliary components, in so far as existing standards may not provide the necessary data.
This document will not take precedence on any product specific standard according to the concept shown in IEC Guide 108. IEC Guide 108 provides the information on the relationship between horizontal standards and product publications.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 2 | undefined |
| 4 | CONTENTS |
| 10 | FOREWORD |
| 12 | 1 Scope 2 Normative references |
| 13 | 3 Terms and definitions 3.1 Terms and definitions related to converter faults Figures Figure 1 – Voltages at converter faults |
| 14 | 3.2 Terms and definitions related to converter generated transients |
| 15 | 3.3 Terms and definitions related to temperature 4 Application of semiconductor power converters 4.1 Application 4.1.1 General |
| 16 | 4.1.2 Conversion equipment and systems 4.1.3 Supply source conditioning (active and reactive power) 4.2 Equipment specification data 4.2.1 Main items on the specification 4.2.2 Terminal markings |
| 17 | 4.2.3 Additional information |
| 18 | 4.2.4 Unusual service conditions 4.3 Converter transformers and reactors 4.4 Calculation factors 4.4.1 General |
| 19 | Tables Table 1 – Connections and calculation factors (1 of 4) |
| 23 | 4.4.2 Voltage ratios 4.4.3 Line side transformer current factor 4.4.4 Valve-side transformer current factor |
| 24 | 4.4.5 Inductive direct voltage regulation due to transformer 4.4.6 Magnetic circuit 4.4.7 Transformer guaranteed load losses 4.4.8 Transformer guaranteed short-circuit impedance 4.4.9 Line side fundamental current factor |
| 25 | 4.5 Parallel and series connections 4.5.1 Parallel or series connection of valve devices 4.5.2 Parallel or series connection of assemblies and equipment units |
| 26 | 4.6 Power factor 4.6.1 General 4.6.2 Symbols used in the determination of displacement factor |
| 27 | Table 2 – List of symbols used in the determination of displacement factor |
| 28 | 4.6.3 Circle diagram for the approximation of the displacement factor cosϕ1N and of the reactive power Q1LN for rectifier and inverter operation 4.6.4 Calculation of the displacement factor cosϕ1 Figure 2 – Circle diagram for approximation of the displacement factor |
| 29 | Figure 3 – Displacement factor as a function of dxN for p = 6 |
| 30 | 4.6.5 Conversion factor 4.7 Direct voltage regulation 4.7.1 General Figure 4 – Displacement factor as a function of dxN for p = 12 |
| 31 | 4.7.2 Inherent direct voltage regulation |
| 34 | Table 3 – List of symbols used in the calculation formulae |
| 35 | 4.7.3 Direct voltage regulation due to AC system impedance |
| 36 | Figure 5 – dLN as a function of dxN for p = 6 and p = 12 |
| 37 | 4.7.4 Information to be exchanged between supplier and purchaser about direct voltage regulation of the converter |
| 38 | 4.8 Voltage limits for reliable commutation in inverter mode 4.9 AC voltage waveform |
| 39 | 5 Application information 5.1 Practical calculation of the operating parameters 5.1.1 General Figure 6 – AC voltage waveform |
| 40 | 5.1.2 Assumptions 5.1.3 Preliminary calculations |
| 41 | 5.1.4 Calculation of the operating conditions |
| 42 | Table 4 – Example of operating conditions Table 5 – Example of operating points |
| 43 | 5.2 Supply system voltage change due to converter loads 5.2.1 Fundamental voltage change 5.2.2 Minimum R1SC requirements for voltage change 5.2.3 Converter transformer ratio |
| 44 | 5.2.4 Transformer rating Table 6 – Example of operating conditions Table 7 – Result of the iteration |
| 45 | 5.3 Compensation of converter reactive power consumption 5.3.1 Average reactive power consumption 5.3.2 Required compensation of the average reactive power Table 8 – Example of calculation results of active and reactive power consumption |
| 46 | 5.3.3 Voltage fluctuations with fixed reactive power compensation |
| 47 | 5.4 Supply voltage distortion 5.4.1 Commutation notches |
| 48 | Table 9 – Example of notch depth |
| 49 | 5.4.2 Operation of several converters on the same supply line Table 10 – Example of notch depth by one converter with a common transformer Table 11 – Example of notch depth by ten converters operating at the same time |
| 50 | 5.5 Quantities on the line side 5.5.1 RMS value of the line current 5.5.2 Harmonics on the line side, approximate method for 6-pulse converters Table 12 – Values of |
| 52 | Figure 7 – Harmonic current spectrum on the AC side for p = 6 |
| 53 | 5.5.3 Minimum R1SC requirements for harmonic distortion |
| 54 | 5.5.4 Estimated phase shift of the harmonic currents 5.5.5 Addition of harmonic currents 5.5.6 Peak and average harmonic spectrum Table 13 – Minimum R1SC requirement for low voltage systems |
| 55 | 5.5.7 Transformer phase shift 5.5.8 Sequential gating, two 6-pulse converters Table 14 – Transformer phase shift and harmonic orders |
| 56 | 5.6 Power factor compensation and harmonic distortion 5.6.1 General 5.6.2 Resonant frequency 5.6.3 Directly connected capacitor bank 5.6.4 Estimation of the resonant frequency |
| 57 | Figure 8 – Influence of capacitor rating and AC motor loads on the resonant frequency and amplification factor |
| 58 | 5.6.5 Detuning reactor |
| 59 | 5.6.6 Ripple control frequencies (carrier frequencies) 5.7 Direct voltage harmonic content |
| 60 | 5.8 Other considerations 5.8.1 Random control angle 5.8.2 Sub-harmonic instability Figure 9 – Direct voltage harmonic content for p = 6 |
| 61 | 5.8.3 Harmonic filters 5.8.4 Approximate capacitance of cables 5.9 Calculation of DC short-circuit current of converters 5.10 Guidelines for the selection of the immunity class 5.10.1 General Table 15 – Approximate kvar/km of cables Table 16 – Short-circuit values of converter currents |
| 62 | 5.10.2 Converter Immunity class 5.10.3 Selection of the immunity class |
| 63 | Figure 10 – Example of power distribution |
| 65 | 6 Test requirements 6.1 Guidance on power loss evaluation by short-circuit test 6.1.1 Single-phase connections Table 17 – Calculated values for the example in Figure 10 |
| 66 | 6.1.2 Polyphase double-way connections 6.1.3 Polyphase single-way connections 6.2 Procedure for evaluation of power losses by short-circuit method |
| 67 | 6.3 Test methods 6.3.1 Method A1 Figure 11 – Test method A1 |
| 68 | 6.3.2 Method B 6.3.3 Method C 6.3.4 Method D |
| 69 | Figure 12 – Test method D |
| 71 | 6.3.5 Method E 6.3.6 Method A2 7 Performance requirements 7.1 Presentation of rated peak load current values |
| 72 | 7.2 Letter symbols related to virtual junction temperature Figure 13 – Single peak load Figure 14 – Repetitive peak loads |
| 73 | 7.3 Determination of peak load capability through calculation of the virtual junction temperature 7.3.1 General Table 18 – Letter symbols related to virtual junction temperature |
| 74 | 7.3.2 Approximation of the shape of power pulses applied to the semiconductor devices |
| 75 | 7.3.3 The superposition method for calculation of temperature Figure 15 – Approximation of the shape of power pulses |
| 76 | 7.3.4 Calculation of the virtual junction temperature for continuous load Figure 16 – Calculation of the virtual junction temperature for continuous load |
| 77 | 7.3.5 Calculation of the virtual junction temperature for cyclic loads Figure 17 – Calculation of the virtual junction temperature for cyclic loads |
| 78 | 7.3.6 Calculation of the virtual junction temperature for a few typical applications 7.4 Circuit operating conditions affecting the voltage applied across converter valve devices Table 19 – Virtual junction temperature |
| 79 | 8 Converter operation 8.1 Stabilization 8.2 Static properties Figure 18 – Circuit operating conditions affecting the voltage applied across converter valve devices |
| 80 | 8.3 Dynamic properties of the control system 8.4 Mode of operation of single and double converters 8.4.1 Single converter connection |
| 81 | Figure 19 – Direct voltage waveform for various delay angles |
| 82 | 8.4.2 Double converter connections and limits for rectifier and inverter operation Figure 20 – Direct voltage for various loads and delay angles |
| 83 | 8.5 Transition current Figure 21 – Direct voltage limits in inverter operation |
| 84 | 8.6 Suppression of direct current circulation in double converter connections 8.6.1 General 8.6.2 Limitation of delay angles 8.6.3 Controlled circulating current 8.6.4 Blocking of trigger pulses Figure 22 – Direct voltage at values below the transition current |
| 85 | 8.7 Principle of operation for reversible converters for control of DC motors 8.7.1 General 8.7.2 Motor field reversal 8.7.3 Motor armature reversal by reversing switch 8.7.4 Double converter connection to motor armature |
| 86 | 9 Converter faults 9.1 General Figure 23 – Operating sequences of converters serving a reversible DC motor |
| 87 | 9.2 Fault finding 9.3 Protection from fault currents |
| 88 | Annex A (informative) Information on converter transformer standards A.1 Background A.1.1 General A.1.2 Structure of IEC 61378 (all parts) A.2 Important difference between IEC 61378 (all parts) and IEC 60146 (all parts) |
| 89 | A.3 Coordination between transformer and power converter |
| 90 | Annex B (informative) Application guide for the protection of semiconductor converters against overcurrent by fuses B.1 Object B.2 Fuse connections in converter B.2.1 General B.2.2 Double way connection |
| 91 | Figure B.1 – Three-phase double-way connection with diodes or thyristors with AC side fuses Fv for non-regenerative load Figure B.2 – Three phase double-way connection with AC side fuses Fv and DC side fuse Fd for regenerative load |
| 92 | B.2.3 Single-way connection (B), regenerative or non-regenerative load B.3 Main parameters to be considered for fuse selection Figure B.3 – Three-phase double-way connection with arm fuses Fa for regenerative or non-regenerative load Figure B.4 – Double three-phase single-way connection with interphase transformer, with arm fuses Fa for regenerative or non-regenerative load |
| 93 | B.4 Applied voltage in service B.5 Discrimination for fuses in parallel connection B.5.1 Discrimination between paralleled fuses and circuit breaker Figure B.5 – Arc voltage |
| 94 | B.5.2 Discrimination among paralleled fuses |
| 95 | B.5.3 Protection of semiconductor against overcurrent B.6 General considerations |
| 96 | Annex C (informative) Inductive voltage regulation due to converter transformer C.1 General C.2 Recommendation for calculating inductive voltage regulation due to converter transformer C.3 Inductive voltage regulation C.3.1 DC output voltage during commutation |
| 97 | C.3.2 DC voltage regulation Figure C.1 – Three-phase bridge converter |
| 98 | C.3.3 Formula of inductive voltage regulation due to converter transformer C.4 Analysis of ratio (dxtN/exN) C.4.1 General Figure C.2 – Voltage regulation |
| 99 | C.4.2 Base impedance of converter transformer C.4.3 Relationship between transformer reactance Xt and parameter exN |
| 100 | C.4.4 Derivation of ratio (dxtN/exN) C.5 Implicit assumptions implemented in ratio (dxtN/exN) |
| 101 | C.6 Old calculation factors for information Table C.1 – Columns from 12 to 15 and 17 in Table 1 of IEC 60146-1-2:2011 or older editions (1 of 2) |
| 102 | C.7 Inductive voltage regulation including the system reactances |
| 106 | Bibliography |
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