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BSI PD IEC/TR 61292-4:2014

BSI PD IEC/TR 61292-4:2014

$167.15

Optical amplifiers – Maximum permissible optical power for the damage-free and safe use of optical amplifiers, including Raman amplifiers

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2014 36
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This part of IEC 61292, which is a technical report, applies to all commercially available optical amplifiers (OAs), including optical fibre amplifiers (OFAs) using active fibres, as well as Raman amplifiers. Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) using semiconductor gain media are also included.

This technical report provides a simple informative guideline on the threshold of high optical power that causes high-temperature damage of fibre. Also discussed is optical safety for manufacturers and users of optical amplifiers by reiterating substantial parts of existing standards and agreements on eye and skin safety.

To identify the maximum permissible optical power in the optical amplifier from damage-free and safety viewpoints, this technical report identifies the following values:

  • the optical power limit that causes thermal damage to the fibre, such as fibre fuse and fibre-coat burning;

  • the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) to which the eyes/skin can be exposed without consequential injury;

  • the optical power limit in the fibre that causes MPE on the eyes/skin after free-space propagation from the fibre;

  • the absolute allowable damage-free and safe level of optical power of the optical amplifier by comparing (a) and (c).

The objective of this technical report is to minimize potential confusion and misunderstanding in the industry that might cause unnecessary alarm and hinder the progress and acceptance of advancing optical amplifier technologies and markets.

It is important to point out that the reader should always refer to the latest international standards and agreements because the technologies concerned are rapidly evolving.

The present technical report will be frequently reviewed and will be updated by incorporating the results of various studies related to OAs and OA-supported optical systems in a timely manner.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
4 CONTENTS
6 FOREWORD
8 INTRODUCTION
9 1 Scope and object
2 Normative references
10 3 Abbreviated terms
4 Maximum transmissible optical power to keep fibres damage-free
4.1 General
11 4.2 Fibre fuse and its propagation
Figures
Figure 1 – Experimental set-up for fibre fuse propagation
Tables
Table 1 – Threshold power of fibre fuse propagation for various fibres
12 4.3 Loss-induced heating at connectors or splices
Table 2 – Measurement conditions
13 4.4 Connector end-face damage induced by dust/contamination
Figure 2 – Connection loss versus temperature increase
Figure 3 – Test set-up
14 Figure 4 – Surface condition contaminated with metal filings, before the test
15 4.5 Fibre-coat burn/melt induced by tight fibre bending
Figure 5 – Variation of the power attenuation during the test at several power input values for plugs contaminated with metal filings
Figure 6 – Polishing surface condition contaminated with metal filing, after the test
16 4.6 Summary of the fibre damage
Figure 7 – Thermo-viewer image of tightly bent SMF with optical powerof 3 W at 1 480 nm
Figure 8 – Temperature of the coating surface of SMFs against bending with optical power of 3 W at 1 480 nm
17 5 Maximum transmissible optical power to keep eyes and skin safe
5.1 Maximum transmissible exposure (MPE) on the surface of eye and skin
5.2 Maximum permissible optical power in the fibre for the safety of eye and skin
5.2.1 General
18 Table 3 – Examples of power limits for optical fibre communication systems having automatic power reduction to reduce emissions to a lower hazard level
19 5.2.2 Need for APR
5.2.3 Wavelengths
5.2.4 Locations
5.2.5 Nominal ocular hazard distance (NOHD)
5.2.6 Power reduction times
Table 4 – Location types within an optical fibre communication system and their typical installations
20 5.2.7 Medical aspects of the safety of eyes and skin in existing standards
Figure 9 – Maximum permissible power in the fibre against APR power reduction time
21 6 Maximum optical power permissible for optical amplifiers from the viewpoint of fibre damage as well as eye and skin safety
7 Conclusion
22 Annex A (informative) General information for optical fibre fuse
A.1 Introductory remark
A.2 Generating mechanism
Figure A.1 – Front part of the fibre fuse damage generated in the optical fibre
24 Figure A.2 – SiO absorption model
25 A.3 Void formation mechanism
Figure A.3 – Calculated fibre fuse propagation behaviour simulated with the SiO absorption model
26 A.4 Propagation characteristic of a fibre fuse
Figure A.4 – Series of optical micrographs showing damage generated by 9,0 W 1 480 nm laser light suggesting a mechanism of periodic void formation
27 Figure A.5 – Images of fibre fuse ignition taken with an ultra-high speed camera and an optical micrograph of the damaged fibre
Figure A.6– Power density dependence of the fibre-fuse propagation velocity
28 A.5 Prevention and termination
A.5.1 General
A.5.2 Prevention methods
A.5.3 Termination methods
A.5.3.1 General
A.5.3.2 Passive termination methods
Figure A.7 – Optical micrographs showing front part of the fibre fuse damage generated in SMF-28 fibres with various laser intensities (1 480 nm)
29 Figure A.8 – Principle of the optical fibre fuse passive termination method and photograph of the fibre fuse terminator which adopted TEC structure
30 A.5.3.3 Active termination methods
Figure A.9 – Photograph of hole-assistant fibre and fibre fuse termination usinga hole-assistant fibre
31 A.6 Conclusion
Figure A.10 – Example of fibre fuse active termination scheme
Figure A.11– Transformation of electric signal by optical fibre fuse
32 Bibliography

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BSI PD IEC/TR 61292-4:2014
$167.15