This part of IEC 62271 is applicable to a.c. circuit-breakers designed for indoor or outdoor installation and for operation at frequencies of 50 Hz and 60 Hz on systems having voltages above 1 000 V.

NOTE While this technical report mainly addresses circuit-breakers, some clauses (e.g. Clause 5) apply to switchgear and controlgear.

This technical report addresses utility, consultant and industrial engineers who specify and apply high-voltage circuit-breakers, circuit-breaker development engineers, engineers in testing stations, and engineers who participate in standardization. It is intended to provide background information concerning the facts and figures in the standards and provide a basis for specification for high-voltage circuit-breakers. Thus, its scope will cover the explanation, interpretation and application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 62271-1 as well as related standards and technical reports with respect to high-voltage circuit-breakers.

Rules for circuit-breakers with intentional non-simultaneity between the poles are covered by IEC 62271-302.

This technical report does not cover circuit-breakers intended for use on motive power units of electrical traction equipment; these are covered by the IEC 60077 series.

Generator circuit-breakers installed between generator and step-up transformer are not within the scope of this technical report.

This technical report does not cover self-tripping circuit-breakers with mechanical tripping devices or devices which cannot be made inoperative.

Disconnecting circuit-breakers are covered by IEC 62271-108.

By-pass switches in parallel with line series capacitors and their protective equipment are not within the scope of this technical report. These are covered by IEC 62271-109 and IEC 60143-2.

In addition, special applications (among others parallel switching, delayed current zero crossings) are treated in annexes to this document.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
2	undefined
19	1.1 Scope 1.2 Normative references
24	3.1 General 3.2 Electrical endurance class E1 and E2
25	3.3 Capacitive current switching class C1 and C2 3.4 Mechanical endurance class M1 and M2
26	3.5 Class S1 and S2 3.6 Conclusion
27	4.1 General
30	Table 1 – Classes and shapes of stressing voltages and overvoltages (from IEC 60071-1:2006, Table 1)
31	4.2 Longitudinal voltage stresses 4.3 High-voltage tests
32	4.4 Impulse voltage withstand test procedures
33	Table 2 – 15/2 and 3/9 test series attributes
34	Figure 1 – Probability of acceptance (passing the test) for the 15/2 and 3/9 test series
35	Figure 2 – Probability of acceptance at 5 % probability of flashover for 15/2 and 3/9 test series Figure 3 – User risk at 10 % probability of flashover for 15/2 and 3/9 test series
38	Figure 4 – Operating characteristic curves for 15/2 and 3/9 test series
39	Figure 5 – α risks for 15/2 and 3/9 test methods Table 3 – Summary of theoretical analysis
40	4.5 Correction factors Figure 6 – β risks for 15/2 and 3/9 test methods Figure 7 – Ideal sampling plan for AQL of 10 %
41	Table 4 – Values for m for the different voltage waveshapes
44	4.6 Background information about insulation levels and tests Figure 8 – Disruptive discharge mode of external insulation of switchgear and controlgear having a rated voltage above 1 kV up to and including 52 kV
47	4.7 Lightning impulse withstand considerations of vacuum interrupters
48	5.1 General 5.2 Load current carrying requirements
52	5.3 Temperature rise testing Table 5 – Maximum ambient temperature versus altitude (IEC 60943)
53	Table 6 – Some examples of the application of acceptance criteria for steady state conditions
54	Figure 9 – Temperature curve and definitions Figure 10 – Evaluation of the steady state condition for the last quarter of the test duration shown in Figure 9
55	5.4 Additional information Table 7 – Ratios of Ia/Ir for various ambient temperatures based on Table 3 of IEC 62271-1:2007
56	6.1 Harmonization of IEC and IEEE transient recovery voltages
59	Figure 11 – Comparison of IEEE, IEC and harmonized TRVs, example for 145 kV at 100 % Isc with kpp = 1,3
60	Table 8 – Summary of recommended changes to harmonize IEC and IEEE TRV requirements Table 9 – Recommended u1 values
62	Figure 12 – Comparison of IEEE, IEC and harmonized TRVs with compromise values of u1 and t1, example for 145 kV at 100 % Isc with kpp = 1,3
64	Figure 13 – Comparison of TRV’s for cable-systems and line-systems
65	6.2 Initial Transient Recovery Voltage (ITRV) Figure 14 – Harmonization of TRVs for circuit-breakers < 100 kV
67	Figure 15 – Representation of ITRV and terminal fault TRV
68	6.3 Testing Table 10 – Standard values of initial transient recovery voltage – Rated voltages 100 kV and above
69	Figure 16 – Typical graph of line side TRV with time delay and source side with ITRV
70	6.4 General considerations regarding TRV
71	Figure 96 – Representation of a four-parameter TRV and a delay line
72	Figure 97 – Representation of a specified TRV by a two-parameter reference line and a delay line
74	Table 39 – First-pole-to-clear factors kpp
75	Table 40 – Pole-to-clear factors for each clearing pole
76	Table 41 – Pole-to-clear factors for other types of faults in non-effectively earthed neutral systems
81	6.5 Calculation of TRVs
83	7.1 Short-line fault requirements
88	7.2 SLF testing
91	7.3 Additional explanations on SLF
93	Figure 17 – Effects of capacitor size on the short-line fault component of recovery voltage with a fault 915 m from circuit-breaker
94	Figure 18 – Effect of capacitor location on short-line fault component of transient recovery voltage with a fault 760 m from circuit-breaker
95	Figure 19 – TRV obtained during a L90 test duty on a 145 kV, 50 kA, 60 Hz circuit-breaker
96	7.4 Comparison of surge impedances 7.5 Test current and line length tolerances for short-line fault testing Table 11 – Comparison of typical values of surge impedances for a single-phase fault (or third pole to clear a three-phase fault) and the first pole to clear a three-phase fault
97	7.6 TRV with parallel capacitance Table 42 – Actual percentage short-line fault breaking currents
100	8.1 Reference system conditions Figure 20 – TRV vs. ωIZ as function of t/tdL when tL/tdL = 4,0
101	Figure 21 – Typical system configuration for out-of-phase breaking for case A Figure 22 – Typical system configuration for out-of-phase breaking for Case B
102	8.2 TRV parameters introduced into Tables 1b and 1c of the first edition of IEC 62271-100
104	Figure 23 – Voltage on both sides during CO under out-of-phase conditions Figure 24 – Fault currents during CO under out-of-phase Figure 25 – TRVs for out-of-phase clearing (enlarged)
105	9.1 General
106	9.2 General theory of capacitive current switching Figure 98 – Single-phase equivalent circuit for capacitive current interruption
107	Figure 99 – Voltage and current shapes at capacitive current interruption
108	Figure 100 – Voltage and current wave shapes in the case of a restrike
109	Figure 101 – Voltage build-up by successive restrikes
110	Figure 102 – Example of an NSDD during capacitive current interruption
111	Figure 103 – Recovery voltage of the first-pole-to-clear at interruption of a three-phase non-effectively earthed capacitive load
112	9.3 Capacitor bank switching Figure 104 – General circuit for capacitor bank switching
115	9.4 No-load cable switching
116	Figure 105 – Typical circuit for no-load cable switching
117	Figure 106 – Individually screened cable with equivalent circuit Figure 107 – Belted cable with equivalent circuit
118	Figure 108 – Cross-section of a high-voltage cable
122	Figure 109 – Equivalent circuit for back-to-back cable switching
123	Figure 110 – Equivalent circuit of a compensated cable
125	Figure 111 – Currents when making at voltage maximum and full compensation
126	Figure 112 – Currents when making at voltage zero and full compensation
127	Figure 113 – Currents when making at voltage maximum and partial compensation Figure 114 – Currents when making at voltage zero and partial compensation
129	9.5 No-load transmission line switching Figure 115 – RMS charging current versus system voltage for different line configurations at 60 Hz
130	Figure 116 – General circuit for no-load transmission line switching
131	Figure 117 – Recovery voltage peak in the first-pole-to-clear as a function of C1/C0, delayed interruption of the second phase
133	Figure 118 – Typical current and voltage relations for a compensated line Figure 119 – Half cycle of recovery voltage
134	Figure 120 – Energisation of no-load lines: basic phenomena
135	9.6 Voltage factors for capacitive current switching tests Table 43 – Voltage factors for single-phase capacitive current switching tests
136	Figure 121 – Recovery voltage on first-pole-to-clear for three-phase interruption: capacitor bank with isolated neutral
137	9.7 General application considerations
138	Figure 122 – Example of the recovery voltage across a filter bank circuit-breaker
142	Table 44 – Inrush current and frequency for switching capacitor banks
143	Table 45 – Typical values of inductance between capacitor banks
144	Figure 123 – Typical circuit for back-to-back switching
145	Figure 124 – Example of 123 kV system
149	Figure 125 – Voltage and current relations for capacitor switching through interposed transformer
151	Figure 126 – Station illustrating large transient inrush currents through circuit-breakers from parallel capacitor banks
155	9.8 Considerations of capacitive currents and recovery voltages under fault conditions
156	Figure 127 – Fault in the vicinity of a capacitor bank
157	Figure 128 – Recovery voltage and current for first-phase-to-clear when the faulted phase is the second phase-to-clear Figure 129 – Recovery voltage and current for last-phase-to-clear when the faulted phase is the first-phase-to-clear
158	Figure 130 – Basic circuit for shunt capacitor bank switching
159	9.9 Explanatory notes regarding capacitive current switching tests
161	10.1 Specification
162	10.2 Testing
163	Figure 131 – Example of a tightness coordination chart, TC, for closed pressure systems
164	Table 46 – Sensitivity and applicability of different leak-detection methods for tightness tests
169	Table 47 – Results of a calibration procedure prior to a low temperature test
170	10.3 Cumulative test method and calibration procedure for type tests on closed pressure systems
173	Table 16 – Results of the calibration of the enclosure
174	11.1 Energy for operation to be used during demonstration of the rated operating sequence during short-circuit making and breaking tests
175	11.2 Alternative operating mechanisms
176	Figure 64 – Comparison of reference and alternative mechanical characteristics
177	Figure 65 – Closing operation outside the envelope
178	Figure 66 – Mechanical characteristics during a T100s test
180	12.1 General
181	12.2 Basic considerations
182	12.3 Applicability of type tests at different frequencies
183	Table 17 – Temperature rise tests Table 18 – Short-time withstand current tests Table 19 – Peak withstand current tests Table 20 – Short-circuit making current tests
184	Table 21 – Terminal faults: symmetrical test duties Table 22 – Terminal faults: asymmetrical test duties Table 23 – Short-line faults Table 24 – Capacitive current switching
185	13.1 General 13.2 Arcing time 13.3 Symmetrical currents
187	Figure 132 – Interrupting windows and kp value for three-phase fault in a non effectively earthed system
188	Figure 133 – Three-phase unearthed fault current interruption
189	Figure 134 – Interrupting windows and kp values for three-phase fault to earth in an effectively earthed system at 800 kV and below Figure 135 – Interrupting windows and kp values for three-phase fault to earth in an effectively earthed system above 800 kV
190	Figure 136 – Simulation of three-phase to earth fault current interruption at 50 Hz
192	13.4 Asymmetrical currents Table 48 – Example of comparison of rated values against application (Ur = 420 kV)
194	Figure 137 – Case 1 with interruption by a first pole (blue phase) after minor loop of current with intermediate asymmetry
195	Figure 138 – Case 2 with interruption of a last pole-to-clear after a major extended loop of current with required asymmetry and longest arcing time
196	Figure 139 – Case 3 with interruption of a last pole-to-clear after a major extended loop of current with required asymmetry but not the longest arcing time Figure 140 – Case 4 with interruption by the first pole in the red phase after a major loop of current with required asymmetry and the longest arcing time (for a first-pole-to-clear)
198	13.5 Double earth fault
199	Figure 141 – Representation of a system with a double earth fault
200	Figure 142 – Representation of circuit with double-earth fault
202	Figure 143 – Fault currents relative to the three-phase short-circuit current
203	13.6 Break time
204	14.1 General Figure 144 – Principle of synthetic testing
205	14.2 Current injection methods Figure 145 – Typical current injection circuit with voltage circuit in parallel with the test circuit-breaker
206	Figure 146 – Injection timing for current injection scheme with the circuit given in Figure 145
207	Figure 147 – Examples of the determination of the interval of significant change of arc voltage from the oscillograms
208	14.3 Duplicate transformer circuit Figure 148 – Transformer or Skeats circuit
210	14.4 Voltage injection methods Figure 149 – Triggered transformer or Skeats circuit
211	Figure 150 – Typical voltage injection circuit diagram with voltage circuit in parallel with the auxiliary circuit-breaker (simplified diagram)
212	Figure 151 – TRV waveshapes in a voltage injection circuit with the voltage circuit in parallel with the auxiliary circuit-breaker
213	14.5 Current distortion
214	Figure 152 – Direct test circuit, simplified diagram Figure 153 – Prospective short-circuit current flow Figure 154 – Distortion current flow
215	Figure 155 – Distortion current
216	Figure 156 – Simplified circuit diagram for high-current interval
218	Figure 157 – Current and arc voltage characteristics for symmetrical current and constant arc voltage
219	Figure 158 – Current and arc voltage characteristics for asymmetrical current and constant arc voltage
220	Figure 159 – Reduction of amplitude and duration of final current loop of arcing for symmetrical current and constant arc voltage
221	Figure 160 – Reduction of amplitude and duration of final current loop of arcing for symmetrical current and linearly rising arc voltage
222	Figure 161 – Reduction of amplitude and duration of final current loop of arcing for asymmetrical current and constant arc voltage
223	Figure 162 – Reduction of amplitude and duration of final current loop of arcing for asymmetrical current and linearly rising arc voltage
228	14.6 Step-by-step method to prolong arcing Figure 163 – Typical re-ignition circuit diagram for prolonging arc-duration
229	14.7 Examples of the application of the tolerances on the last current loop based on 4.1.2 and 6.109 of IEC 62271-101:2012 Figure 164 – Typical waveshapes obtained during a symmetrical test using the circuit in Figure 163
230	15.1 General 15.2 Transport and storage
231	15.3 Installation 15.4 Commissioning
233	15.5 Operation 15.6 Maintenance 15.7 Corrosion: Information regarding service conditions and recommended test requirements
234	15.8 Electromagnetic compatibility on site
235	16.1 General
236	16.2 Shunt reactor switching Figure 75 – General case for shunt reactor switching
237	Figure 76 – Current chopping phenomena
238	Figure 77 – General case first-pole-to-clear representation
239	Figure 78 – Single phase equivalent circuit for the first-pole-to-clear
240	Figure 79 – Voltage conditions at and after current interruption
241	Figure 80 – Shunt reactor voltage at current interruption
242	Table 29 – Circuit-breaker chopping numbers
243	Figure 81 – Re-ignition at recovery voltage peak for a circuit with low supply side capacitance
244	Figure 82 – Field oscillogram of switching out a 500 kV 135 Mvar solidly earthed shunt reactor
245	Figure 83 – Single-phase equivalent circuit
246	Table 30 – Chopping and re-ignition overvoltage limitation method evaluation for shunt reactor switching
249	16.3 Motor switching
250	Figure 84 – Motor switching equivalent circuit
251	Table 31 – Re-ignition overvoltage limitation method evaluation for motor switching
253	16.4 Unloaded transformer switching
254	Figure 165 – Unloaded transformer switching circuit representation Figure 166 – Transformer side oscillation (left) and circuit-breaker transient recovery voltage (right)
256	Figure 167 – Re-ignition loop circuit
257	16.5 Shunt reactor characteristics
258	Table 32 – Typical shunt reactor electrical characteristics
259	16.6 System and station characteristics Table 33 – Connection characteristics for shunt reactor installations
260	16.7 Current chopping level calculation Table 34 – Capacitance values of various station equipment
261	Figure 87 – Arc characteristic Figure 88 – Rizk’s equivalent circuit for small current deviations from steady state
262	Figure 89 – Single phase equivalent circuit
263	Figure 90 – Circuit for calculation of arc instability
265	16.8 Application of laboratory test results to actual shunt reactor installations
267	Table 35 – Laboratory test parameters
268	Figure 91 – Initial voltage versus arcing time Figure 92 – Suppression peak overvoltage versus arcing time Figure 93 – Calculated chopped current levels versus arcing time Figure 94 – Calculated chopping numbers versus arcing time
269	Figure 95 – Linear regression for all test points
271	Table 36 – 500 kV circuit-breaker TRVs Table 37 – 1 000 kV circuit-breaker transient recovery voltages Table 38 – 500 kV circuit-breaker: maximum re-ignition overvoltage values
272	16.9 Statistical equations for derivation of chopping and re-ignition overvoltages
273	17.1 General 17.2 Normal and special service conditions (refer to Clause 2 of IEC 62271-1:2007) 17.3 Ratings and other system parameters (refer to Clause 4 IEC 62271-1:2007)
274	17.4 Design and construction (refer to Clause 5 of IEC 62271-1:2007)
275	17.5 Documentation for enquiries and tenders
276	Annex A (informative) Consideration of DC time constant of the rated short-circuit current in the application of high-voltage circuit-breakers A.1 General A.2 Basic theory
277	Figure A.1 – Simplified single-phase circuit
278	Figure A.2 – Percentage DC component in relation to the time interval from the initiation of the short-circuit for the standard time constants and for the alternative special case time constants (from IEC 62271-100)
279	Table A.1 – X/R values Table A.2 – Ipeak values
280	A.3 Network reduction A.4 Special case time constants
281	A.5 Guidance for selecting a circuit-breaker
283	Table A.3 – Comparison of last major current loop parameters for the first-pole-to-clear, case 1
284	Table A.4 – Comparison of last major current loop parameters for the first-pole-to-clear, case 1: test parameters used for the reference case set at the minimum permissible values
286	Table A.5 – Comparison of last major current loop parameters of the first-pole-to-clear, case 2
287	Table A.6 – Comparison of last major current loop parameters for the first-pole-to-clear, case 2: test parameters used for the reference case set at the minimum permissible values
288	Figure A.3 – First valid operation in case of three-phase test (τ = 45 ms) on a circuit-breaker exhibiting a very short minimum arcing time Figure A.4 – Second valid operation in case of three-phase test on a circuit-breaker exhibiting a very short minimum arcing time
289	Figure A.5 – Third valid operation in case of three-phase test on a circuit-breaker exhibiting a very short minimum arcing time
290	Table A.7 – 60 Hz comparison between the integral methodand the “I × t” product method Table A.8 – 50 Hz comparison between the integral methodand the “I × t” product method
291	A.6 Discussion regarding equivalency
292	Figure A.6 – Plot of 60 Hz currents with indicated DC time constants Figure A.7 – Plot of 50 Hz currents with indicated DC time constants
293	A.7 Current and TRV waveshape adjustments during tests
294	Table A.9 – Example showing the test parameters obtained during a three-phase test when the DC time constant of the test circuit is shorter than the DC time constant of the rated short-circuit current
295	Figure A.8 – Three-phase testing of a circuit-breaker with a DC time constant of the rated short-circuit breaking current longer than the test circuit time constant
296	Table A.10 – Example showing the test parameters obtained during a single-phase test when the DC time constant of the test circuit is longer than the DC time constant of the rated short-circuit current
297	Figure A.9 – Single phase testing of a circuit-breaker with a DC time constant of the rated short-circuit breaking current shorter than the test circuit time constant
298	Table A.11 – Example showing the test parameters obtained during a single-phase test when the DC time constant of the test circuit is shorter than the DC time constantof the rated short-circuit current
299	A.8 Conclusions Figure A.10 – Single-phase testing of a circuit-breaker with a DC time constant of the rated short-circuit breaking current longer than the test circuit time constant
300	Annex B (informative) Interruption of currents with delayed zero crossings B.1 General B.2 Faults close to major generation
301	Figure B.1 – Single-line diagram of a power plant substation
302	Figure B.2 – Performance chart (power characteristic) of a large generator Figure B.3 – Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc in case of a three-phase fault following underexcited operation: non-simultaneous fault inception
303	Figure B.4 – Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc in case of a three-phase fault following underexcited operation:Simultaneous fault inception at third phase voltage zero Figure B.5 – Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc in case of a three-phase fault following underexcited operation:Simultaneous fault inception at third phase voltage crest
304	Figure B.6 – Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc under conditions of a non-simultaneous three-phase fault, underexcitedoperation and failure of a generator transformer
305	Figure B.7 – Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc under conditions of a non-simultaneous three-phase fault following full load operation
306	Figure B.8 – Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc under conditions of a non-simultaneous three-phase fault following no-load operation
307	Figure B.9 – Circuit-breaker currents i and arc voltages uarc under conditions of unsynchronized closing with 90° differential angle
308	Figure B.10 – Comparison of TRV test curve for out-of-phase (red) and system-source short-circuit (green)
309	Figure B.11 – Prospective (inherent) current
310	Figure B.12 – Arc voltage-current characteristic for a SF6puffer type interrupter Figure B.13 – Assessment function e(t)
311	Figure B.14 – Network with contribution from generation and large motor load
312	Figure B.15 – Computer simulation of a three-phase simultaneous fault with contribution from generation and large motor load
313	Figure B.16 – Short-circuit at voltage zero of phase A (maximum DC component in phase A) with transition from three-phase to two-phase fault
314	Figure B.17 – Short-circuit at voltage crest of phase B (phase B totally symmetrical) and transition from three-phase to two-phase fault
315	Figure B.18 – Comparison of current zero crossing with (green) and without (blue) influence of arc voltage
316	B.3 Conditions for delayed current zeros on transmission networks
317	Figure B.19 – Recording of delayed current zero on A and B phase in the presence of a line-to-earth fault on C phase
318	Figure B.20 – Influence of arc voltage of SF6 vs. air-blast circuit-breaker
319	Figure B.21 – Earthing of the shunt reactor using a a 100 Ω resistor for 200 ms insertion time
320	Annex C (informative) Parallel switching
321	Annex D (informative) Application of current limiting reactors D.1 General Figure D.1 – Current limiting reactor location
322	D.2 Pole factor considerations Figure D.2 – Circuit for kpp calculation
323	D.3 Oscillatory component calculation Figure D.3 – Variation of kpp with ratio XR/X1 Figure D.4 – Oscillatory circuit for the circuit arrangement of Figure D.1(a)
324	Figure D.5 – Oscillatory circuit for the circuit arrangement of Figure D.1(b)
325	Figure D.6 – Series reactor application case
326	Figure D.7 – TRV calculation circuit Figure D.8 – Circuit-breaker with T30 source and varying values of CR
327	Figure D.9 – Circuit-breaker TRV with source TRV kaf = 1,4 p.u. (down from 1,54 p.u.) and t3 unchanged at 80 µs Figure D.10 – Circuit-breaker TRV with source TRV kaf unchanged at 1,54 p.u. and t3 increased to 110 µs
328	D.4 Series reactors on shunt capacitor banks Figure D.11 – Circuit-breaker TRV with source TRV kaf = 1,4 p.u. and t3 = 110 µs
329	Annex E (informative) Guidance for short-circuit and switching test procedures for metal-enclosed and dead tank circuit-breakers E.1 General E.2 General description of special features and possible interactions
332	Annex F (informative) Current and test-duty combination for capacitive current switching tests F.1 General F.2 Combination rules
333	F.3 Examples Table F.1 – Summary of required test-duties for covering the capacitive current switching without any test-duty combination
334	Figure F.1 – Test-duty 2 combination for Case 1 Table F.2 – Case where TD2 covers LC2, CC2 and BC2 Table F.3 – Combination values for the case where TD2 covers only CC2 and BC2
335	Figure F.2 – TD1 combination for case a) Figure F.3 – TD1 combination for case b) Table F.4 – Combination values for case a): the combined TD1 covers CC1 and BC1
336	Figure F.4 – TD1/TD2 combination for Case 1 Table F.5 – Combination values for case b): the combined TD1 covers LC1 and CC1 Table F.6 – Combination values for a TD2 covering LC2, CC1 and BC1
337	Table F.7 – Summary of the possible test-duty combination for a 145 kV circuit-breaker, tested single-pole according to class C2
338	Table F.8 – Neutral connection prescriptions for three-phase capacitive tests Table F.9 – Summary of required test-duties for covering the capacitive current switching without any test duty combination
339	Figure F.5 – TD2 combination for Case 2 Table F.10 – Combination values for a TD2 covering LC2, CC2 and BC2 Table F.11 – Values for the additional TD2 for covering only BC2
340	Figure F.6 – TD1 combination Figure F.7 – TD1/TD2 combination for Case 2 Table F.12 – Values for the three a TD1 that shall be performed since no combination is possible
341	Table F.13 – Combination values for a TD2 covering LC2, CC2 and BC1 Table F.14 – Summary of the possible test-duty combination for a 36 kV circuit-breaker tested under three-phase conditions according to class C2
342	Table F.15 – Summary of required test-duties for covering the capacitive current switching without any test-duty combination
343	Figure F.8 – TD2 combination for Case 3 Figure F.9 – TD1 combination for Case 3 Table F.16 – Combination values for a TD2 covering LC2, CC2 and BC2
344	Table F.17 – Combination values for a TD1 covering LC1, CC1 and BC1 Table F.18 – Summary of the possible test-duty combination for a 245 kV circuit-breaker, tested single-phase according to class C1
345	Annex G (informative) Grading capacitors G.1 Grading capacitors Figure G.1 – Equivalent circuit of a grading capacitor
346	Figure G.2 – Equivalent circuit for determination of tan δ, power factor and quality factor Figure G.3 – Vector diagram of capacitor impedances
349	Annex H (informative) Circuit-breakers with opening resistors H.1 General H.2 Background of necessity of overvoltage limitation Figure H.1 – Typical system configuration for breaking with opening resistors
350	H.3 Basic theory on the effect of opening resistors Figure H.2 – Circuit diagram used for the RLC method, ramp current injection
351	Figure H.3 – Relationship between TRV peak and critical damping
352	Figure H.4 – Approximation by superimposed ramp elements
354	Figure H.5 – Results of calculations done with RLC method
356	Figure H.6 – Example of a calculation of the TRV across the main interrupter for T100 using 700 Ω opening resistors
357	Figure H.7 – Example of a calculation of the TRV across the main interrupter for T10 using 700 Ω opening resistors Figure H.8 – Typical TRV waveshapes in the time domain using the Laplace transform
358	H.4 Review of TRV for circuit-breakers with opening resistors for various interrupting duties
359	Figure H.9 – TRV plots for resistor interrupter for a circuit-breaker with opening resistor in the case of terminal faults
360	Figure H.10 – Typical waveforms for out-of-phase interruption –Network 1 without opening resistor
361	Figure H.11 – Typical waveforms for out-of-phase interruption –Network 1 with opening resistor (700 Ω)
362	Figure H.12 – Typical waveforms for out-of-phase interruption –Network 2 without opening resistor
363	Figure H.13 – Typical waveforms for out-of-phase interruption –Network 2 with opening resistor (700 Ω) Table H.1 – Summary of TRV between main and resistor interrupters after out-of-phase interruption with/without opening resistor
364	Table H.2 – TRV on main interrupter with opening resistor for T100, T60, T30, T10, OP and SLF Ur = 1 100 kV, Isc = 50 kA, R = 700 Ω Table H.3 – TRV on resistor interrupter for T100s, T60, T30, T10, OP2 and SLF with opening resistor of 700 Ω
365	Figure H.14 – Typical recovery voltage waveshape of capacitive current switching on a circuit-breaker equipped with opening resistors
366	H.5 Performance to be verified Figure H.15 – Recovery voltage waveforms across the resistor interrupter during capacitive current switching by a circuit-breaker with opening resistors
367	Figure H.16 – Timing sequence of a circuit-breaker with opening resistor
368	Figure H.17 – Voltage waveshapes for line-charging current breaking operations
369	H.6 Time sequence of main and resistor interrupters
370	H.7 Current carrying performance H.8 Dielectric performance during breaking tests H.9 Characteristics of opening resistors
371	Table H.4 – Example of calculated values on main and resistor interrupter
372	Annex I (informative) Circuit-breaker history
373	Figure I.1 – Manufacturing timelines of different circuit-breaker types

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
BSI	2018	384


PDF Format	Searchable	Printable	Preview Now

Status	Definitive
Pages	384
Publication Date	2018-09-11
ISBN	978 0 580 75297 1
Standard Number	PD IEC/TR 62271-306:2012+A1:2018
Title	High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Guide to IEC 62271-100, IEC 62271-1 and other IEC standards related to alternating current circuit-breakers
Identical National Standard Of	IEC TR 62271-306:2012/AMD1:2018, ERROR
Descriptors	Circuit-breakers, Alternating current, Control gear (electric), Switchgear, High voltage
Publisher	BSI
Committee	PEL/17
ICS Codes	29.130.10 - High voltage switchgear and controlgear

BSI PD IEC/TR 62271-306:2012+A1:2018

PDF Catalog

Related products

BSI PD IEC/TR 62271-306:2012+A1:2018

BS EN 62271-100:2009+A2:2017:2018 Edition