BSI PD IEC TR 62669:2019
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Case studies supporting IEC 62232. Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| BSI | 2019 | 128 |
This document, which is a Technical Report, presents a series of case studies in which electromagnetic (EM) fields are evaluated in accordance with IEC 62232:2017. The case studies presented in this document involve intentionally radiating base stations (BS). The BS transmit on one or more antennas using one or more frequencies in the range 110 MHz to 100 GHz and RF exposure assessments take into account the contribution of ambient sources at least in the 100 kHz to 300 GHz frequency range.
Each case study has been chosen to illustrate a typical BS evaluation scenario and employs the methods detailed in IEC 62232:2017. The case studies are provided for guidance only and are not a substitute for a thorough understanding of the requirements of IEC 62232:2017. Based on the lessons learned from each case study, recommendations about RF assessment topics to be considered in the next revision of IEC 62232 are proposed. The methodologies and approaches described in this document are useful for the assessment of early 5G products introduced for consumer trials or deployments.
This document provides background and rationale for applying a compliance approach based on the actual maximum transmitted power or EIRP. Guidance for collecting and analysing information about the transmitted power of a base station and evaluating its actual maximum RF exposure based on modelling studies or measurement studies on operational sites (in networks, sub-networks or field trials) is also presented.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 2 | undefined |
| 4 | CONTENTS |
| 12 | FOREWORD |
| 14 | INTRODUCTION |
| 15 | 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions |
| 19 | 4 Symbols and abbreviations 4.1 Physical quantities 4.2 Constants 4.3 Abbreviated terms |
| 20 | 5 Overview of case studies |
| 21 | Tables Table 1 โ Outline of RF exposure assessment case studies |
| 22 | 6 Indoor small cell product compliance assessment using SAR measurements 6.1 General description 6.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 6.2.1 Evaluation process Figures Figure 1 โ Tested local area BS product with two radios denoted RF1 and RF2 Table 2 โ ICNIRP RF exposure limits relevant for the product compliance assessment (from [8]) |
| 23 | 6.2.2 Methodology Figure 2 โ Definition of cylindrical RF compliance boundary |
| 24 | 6.2.3 Reporting 6.3 Technical outcome 6.4 Lessons learned Table 3 โ Dimensions of the cylindrical-shaped RF compliance boundary for general public (GP) and occupational (O) exposure |
| 25 | 7 Outdoor small cell product compliance assessment using SAR measurements 7.1 General description 7.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 7.2.1 Evaluation process Figure 3 โ Small remote radio equipment at 3,5 GHz (EUT antenna) |
| 26 | 7.2.2 Methodology 7.2.3 Reporting 7.3 Technical outcome 7.4 Lessons learned 8 Small cell product installation compliance assessment using simplified installation criteria 8.1 General description |
| 27 | 8.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 8.2.1 Evaluation process Figure 4 โ Simplified process for product installation complianceapplicable to small cells Table 4 โ Typical examples of small cell configurations (from [18]) |
| 28 | 8.2.2 Methodology 8.2.3 Reporting 8.3 Technical outcome Figure 5 โ Overview of BS installation classes for simplifiedRF exposure assessment of small cells |
| 29 | 8.4 Lessons learned 9 Small cell site in-situ measurements 9.1 General description 9.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 for measurement Campaign A 9.2.1 Evaluation process |
| 30 | 9.2.2 Methodology Figure 6 โ Illustration of small cells integration in street furniture |
| 31 | 9.2.3 Reporting 9.3 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 for measurement Campaign B 9.3.1 General description |
| 32 | 9.3.2 Case B (comprehensive exposure evaluation) Figure 7 โ Photographs of typical examples of the three small cell site groups |
| 33 | 9.3.3 Reporting 9.4 Lessons learned 10 Street cell product compliance assessment using SAR measurements and power density spatial averaging 10.1 General description |
| 34 | 10.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 10.2.1 Evaluation process 10.2.2 Methodology Figure 8 โ Omni-directional antenna connected to the street cell product |
| 35 | 10.2.3 Reporting 10.3 Technical outcome 10.4 Validation study 10.4.1 Validation process Figure 9 โ Vertical scan lines for spatially averaged field strength measurements Table 5 โ General public compliance distances for the street cell BSwith omni-directional antenna |
| 36 | 10.4.2 Comparison of spatial average field strength and whole-body SAR results 10.5 Lessons learned 11 Macro site in-situ measurements 11.1 General description Table 6 โ Street cell EMF compliance assessment comparison: general public (adult) compliance distances based on SAR and field strength |
| 37 | 11.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 11.2.1 Evaluation process Figure 10 โ View from the measurement location to the BS Table 7 โ Operators and technologies present on the BS site |
| 38 | 11.2.2 Methodology 11.2.3 Reporting 11.3 Technical outcome 11.4 Lessons learned 12 Macro site in-situ measurements using drones 12.1 General description Table 8 โ Measurement results for 1,5 m above relative ground level |
| 39 | 12.2 Implementation 12.2.1 Evaluation system |
| 40 | 12.2.2 Evaluation process and methodology 12.2.3 Reporting 12.3 Technical outcome Figure 11 โ Drone used for field measurements around the BS site Table 9 โ The measurement results of the measurement points |
| 41 | 12.4 Lessons learned 13 RF exposure assessment based on actual maximum transmitted power or EIRP 13.1 General guidelines 13.1.1 Technical background and rationale |
| 42 | Figure 12 โ Empirical CDFs of transmitted power (normalized) for different environments in 3G network in India [31] Figure 13 โ Empirical CDFs of combined transmitted power (normalized)for a 2G/3G/4G network in Sweden [32] |
| 43 | Figure 14 โ Extrapolation factor of the power flux density S(t) of the different signals and the Stotal(t) (all bands) with a sliding time averaging of 6 min applied to the measurements [27] |
| 44 | 13.1.2 Guiding principles for conducting RF exposure assessment based on the actual maximum approach 13.1.3 EIRP evaluation assumptions |
| 45 | 13.1.4 Technology duty cycle factor assumptions |
| 46 | Figure 15 โ Generic structure of a base station transmitted RF signal frame |
| 47 | 13.1.5 Expected outcome of actual maximum approaches 13.2 Modelling studies for BS using mMIMO 13.2.1 Guiding principles 13.2.2 Simulation model parameters |
| 48 | Table 10 โ Relevant parameters for conducting RF exposure modelling studies of a massive MIMO site or site cluster |
| 49 | 13.2.3 Modelling case study A Table 11 โ Relevant parameters for conducting RF exposure assessment of massive MIMO site according to simulation method A (from [33]) |
| 50 | Figure 16 โ Fraction of the total power transmitted in the broadside beam direction for rural and urban scenarios |
| 51 | 13.2.4 Modelling case study B Figure 17 โ CDF of the power reduction factor for rural and urban installation scenarios |
| 52 | Table 12 โ Relevant parameters for conducting RF exposure assessmentof a massive MIMO site or site cluster according to simulation method B (from [35]) |
| 53 | 13.2.5 Modelling case study C Figure 18 โ CDF of the normalized transmitted power for both UMa and UMi Table 13 โ Summary of the percentiles of the normalized transmitted power and compliance distances for a UMa scenario from 3GPP TR 36.873 [6]and 3GPP TR 38.901 [7] |
| 54 | Table 14 โ Relevant parameters for conducting RF exposure assessment of massive MIMO site according to simulation method C (from [36]) |
| 55 | 13.2.6 Lessons learned Figure 19 โ Relationship between additional power reduction factor and CDF as a function of number of beams (number of incoherent areas) |
| 56 | 13.3 Measurement studies on operational sites with BS using mMIMO 13.3.1 Guiding principles 13.3.2 Measurement campaign parameters Table 15 โ Measurement campaign parameters for conducting RF exposure assessment of a massive MIMO site or site cluster |
| 57 | 13.3.3 Experiment process |
| 59 | 13.3.4 Examples of RF exposure experiments Table 16 โ Measurement campaign parameters for RF exposure validation of several massive MIMO sites and site clusters |
| 61 | Figure 20 โ CDF of measurement on 8-cell cluster (experiment #1) Table 17 โ Actual maximum values for experiment #1 |
| 62 | Figure 21 โ CDF in high-traffic conditions (experiment #5) Table 18 โ Actual maximum values for experiment #5 |
| 63 | 13.3.5 Lessons learned Table 19 โ Summary of actual maximum power results based on measurements from different sites and clusters |
| 64 | 13.4 Configurations with multiple transmitters 13.4.1 Guiding principles for configurations with multiple transmitters 13.4.2 Rationale Table 20 โ Quantiles of the reference Beta distribution used to assess power combination factors |
| 65 | Figure 22 โ CDF of the reference Beta distribution used to assess power combination factors Figure 23 โ CDF resulting from the combination of two independent transmitters having the reference Beta distribution |
| 66 | 13.4.3 Power combination factors applicable to configurations with multiple transmitters Table 21 โ Percentiles resulting from the combination of 2 to 5 independent transmitters having the reference Beta distribution Table 22 โ Power combination factors applicable to the normalized transmitted power CDF in case of combination of multiple independent identical transmitters Table 23 โ Power combination factors applicable to two independent transmitters with a ratio p in amplitude |
| 67 | 13.4.4 Lessons learned 14 Macro BS with massive MIMO product compliance assessment 14.1 General description Figure 24 โ 5G BS product |
| 68 | 14.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 14.2.1 Evaluation process 14.2.2 Methodology Figure 25 โ Box-shaped RF compliance boundary Table 24 โ RF EMF exposure limits relevant for the product compliance assessment [8] |
| 69 | 14.2.3 Reporting 14.3 Technical outcome Table 25 โ Dimensions of the box-shaped RF compliance boundary for general public (GP) and occupational (O) exposure for an actual maximum transmitted power configuration |
| 70 | 14.4 Lessons learned 15 Macro site with massive MIMO product installation compliance assessment 15.1 General description |
| 71 | 15.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 15.2.1 Evaluation process 15.2.2 Methodology Figure 26 โ Outline of the 5G site Table 26 โ RF EMF exposure limits relevant for the compliance assessment |
| 72 | 15.2.3 Reporting 15.3 Technical outcome Figure 27 โ Top view of the exclusion zones (red: occupational, yellow: general public) |
| 73 | 15.4 Lessons learned 16 Small cell products at millimetre-wave frequency using massive MIMO 16.1 General description Figure 28 โ Side view of the exclusion zones (red: occupational, yellow: general public) |
| 74 | 16.2 Indoor product installation case study 16.2.1 Product configurations 16.2.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 Figure 29 โ Indoor site with 5G small cell product at millimetre-wave frequency |
| 75 | 16.2.3 Technical outcome 16.2.4 Lessons learned 16.3 In-situ measurement case study 16.3.1 Product configurations |
| 76 | 16.3.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 Figure 30 โ Outdoor site with 5G small cell product at millimetre-wave frequency installed on a 44 m radio tower |
| 77 | 16.3.3 Technical outcome Table 27 โ Measurement results |
| 78 | Figure 31 โ Map of the outdoor measurement locations Figure 32 โ Outdoor measurement location 1 Figure 33 โ Outdoor measurement location 2 |
| 79 | 16.3.4 Lessons learned 17 Wireless link with parabolic dish antenna product compliance assessment 17.1 General description |
| 80 | 17.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2017 17.2.1 Evaluation process Figure 34 โ Typical radio transmitters using parabolic dish antennas Table 28 โ RF EMF exposure limits relevant for the product compliance assessment (from [8]) |
| 81 | 17.2.2 Methodology 17.2.3 Reporting 17.3 Technical outcome Figure 35 โ Cylindrical shape RF compliance boundary |
| 82 | Table 29 โ Examples of radio relay configurations with parabolic dish antennas below 10 GHz Table 30 โ Examples of radio relay configurations with parabolic dish antennas above 10 GHz |
| 83 | 17.4 Lessons learned |
| 84 | Annexes Annex A (informative)Technical information supporting the case study “Indoor small cell product compliance assessment using SAR measurements” (Clause 6) A.1 Technical details A.2 Test report Table A.1 โ Technical data for the EUT Table A.2 โ EUT configuration with rated maximum transmitted power level and maximum transmitted power levels |
| 85 | Annex B (informative)Technical information supporting the case study “Outdoor small cell product compliance assessment using SAR measurements” (Clause 7) B.1 Physical parameters of the EUT antenna B.2 Measurement set-up Table B.1 โ Physical parameters |
| 86 | B.3 Measurement results B.4 Test report Figure B.1 โ Views of the SAR measurement setup Figure B.2 โ Characteristics of SAR of EUT antennas as a function of separation distance at 3,5 GHz |
| 87 | Annex C (informative)Technical information supporting the case study “Small cell product installation compliance assessment using simplified installation criteria” (Clause 8) C.1 3GPP categories of base stations C.2 E0 installation class case study โ Touch compliant Table C.1 โ Range of transmitted power classes for 3G and 4G base stations (from 3GPP TS 25.104 [16] and 3GPP TS 36.104 [17]) Table C.2 โ Example of product parameters for an E0 installation class |
| 88 | C.3 E2 installation class case study Figure C.1 โ Example of an E0 installation class configuration Table C.3 โ Example of product parameters for an E2 installation class |
| 89 | C.4 E10 installation class case study Figure C.2 โ Example of an E2 installation class configuration Table C.4 โ Example of product parameters for an E10 installation class |
| 90 | C.5 E100 installation class case Figure C.3 โ Example of layout design for an E10 installation class configuration |
| 91 | Table C.5 โ Example of product parameters for an E100 installation class |
| 92 | C.6 E+ installation class case study Figure C.4 โ Example of layout design for an E100 installation class configuration |
| 93 | Table C.6 โ Example of product parameters for an E+ installation class |
| 94 | Figure C.5 โ Example of layout design for an E+ installation class configuration |
| 95 | Annex D (informative)Technical information supporting the case study “Small cell site in-situ measurements” (Clause 9) D.1 General description and note D.2 Technical information and results for measurement Campaign A Table D.1 โ Main characteristics of the two trials of measurement Campaign A |
| 96 | Figure D.1 โ Mean value of E-field measurements with broadbandequipment at intermediate points for each site Figure D.2 โ Maximum global E-field values measured in close proximity to the sites |
| 97 | Figure D.3 โ Consistency analysis between Case A and Case B (without extrapolation) results Figure D.4 โ Contribution of mobile services compared to Case B results |
| 98 | Figure D.5 โ Routes used for walk-tests around each site on both trials Figure D.6 โ Cumulative distribution function of the upload throughput on Trial 1 normalized by the maximum value measured on each site when the small cells are off (left) and of the transmitted power by the handset (right) |
| 99 | Figure D.7 โ Cumulative distribution function of the upload throughput on Trial 2 normalized by the maximum value measured on each site when the small cells are off (left) and of the transmitted power by the handset (right) Figure D.8 โ Cumulative distribution functions of the power transmittedby the handset during voice calls on Trial 2 when small cells are on and off |
| 100 | D.3 Technical information for measurement Campaign B D.3.1 General description D.3.2 Measurement process Table D.2 โ Country and site groups of the sites in measurement Campaign B |
| 101 | D.3.3 Results Table D.3 โ The predefined services configured in the measurement equipment |
| 102 | Figure D.9 โ Results of the measurements around the selected sites Figure D.10 โ Comparison between Campaign B results and other countrywide measurement campaigns |
| 103 | D.3.4 Measurement uncertainty D.3.5 Test report for measurement Campaign B |
| 104 | Annex E (informative)Technical information supporting the case study “Street cell product compliance assessment using SAR measurements and power density spatial averaging” (Clause 10) |
| 105 | Annex F (informative)Technical information supporting the case study “Macro site in-situ measurements” (Clause 11) F.1 Technical information used for performing the tests F.2 Test report |
| 106 | Annex G (informative)Technical information supporting the case study “Macro site in-situ measurements using drones” (Clause 12) G.1 Technical parameters of the measurement system G.2 Technical parameters of the drone G.3 Description of the BS measurement site Table G.1 โ The information of the components in the measurement system Table G.2 โ The parameters of the drone |
| 107 | G.4 Technical details of the measurement process Figure G.1 โ Photograph of test site Table G.3 โ The base station parameters Table G.4 โ The measurement steps |
| 108 | Figure G.2 โ The measurement system Figure G.3 โ The route of the drone during the flight |
| 109 | Figure G.4 โ The drone is hovering at measurement point 1 Figure G.5 โ The drone is hovering at measurement point 2 |
| 110 | G.5 Software interface of the drone-based measurement system G.6 Considerations for performing RF exposure measurements using drones Figure G.6 โ Operating interface of the drone-based measurement system software |
| 112 | Annex H (informative)Technical information supporting the case study “Macro BS with massive MIMO product compliance assessment” (Clause 14) H.1 Technical details Table H.1 โ Technical data for the EUT Table H.2 โ Properties of the antenna used |
| 113 | H.2 Test report Table H.3 โ EUT configuration with rated maximum transmitted power level and actual maximum transmitted power level including a power tolerance of 1 dB |
| 114 | Annex I (informative)Technical information supporting the case study “Macro site with massive MIMO product installation compliance assessment” (Clause 15) I.1 Description of the site Figure I.1 โ Rooftop scheme |
| 115 | I.2 Description of the EUT Figure I.2 โ Geometry of the rooftop installation Table I.1 โ Properties of the installed base stations |
| 116 | I.3 Evaluation procedure I.4 Calculations |
| 117 | Figure I.3 โ Compliance boundaries for general public (yellow) |
| 118 | Figure I.4 โ Compliance boundaries for occupational exposure (red) |
| 119 | I.5 Interpretation of the results I.6 Test report Table I.2 โ RF EMF exposure limits and product installation compliance assessment |
| 120 | Annex J (informative)Technical information supporting the case study “Small cell products at millimetre-wave frequency using massive MIMO” (Clause 16) |
| 121 | Annex K (informative)Revised flow chart for the simplified RF exposure assessment of BS using parabolic dish antennas (Clause 17) |
| 122 | Figure K.1 โ Revised flow chart for the simplified assessment of RF compliance boundary in the line of sight of a parabolic dish antenna |
| 123 | Bibliography |
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