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BSI PD IEC/TS 61244-1:2014

BSI PD IEC/TS 61244-1:2014

$167.15

Determination of long-term radiation ageing in polymers – Techniques for monitoring diffusion-limited oxidation

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2014 44
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This part of IEC TS 61244, which is a technical specification, reviews experimental techniques to quantitatively monitor the effects when oxygen is present during ageing of polymers in various environments including temperature, radiation or ultraviolet.

Inhomogenous ageing effects caused by diffusion-limited oxidation are often encountered and provide theoretical equations to estimate their importance. These effects make it difficult to understand the ageing process and to extrapolate accelerated exposure to long-term conditions.

It is widely known that mechanical properties degrade prior to electrical properties.These changes are consequences of chemical changes such as oxidation. In this technical specification, only mechanical or chemical monitoring techniques are of interest.

This technical specification does not deal with electrical monitoring techniques.

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PDF Pages PDF Title
4 English

CONTENTS
6 FOREWORD
8 INTRODUCTION
9 1 Scope
2 Profiling techniques to monitor diffusion-limited oxidation
2.1 General
2.2 Infra-red profiling techniques
10 Figures

Figure 1 – Relative oxidation as determined from the carbonyl absorbance versus depth away from air-exposed surface of polyolefin material after ageing for 6 days at 100 °C (from [18])
11 Figure 2 – Depth distribution of carbonyl groups in irradiated (0,69 Gy/s) multilayer
samples composed of 4, 18, 27 and 44 films of 22 µm thickness
12 2.3 Modulus profiling
Figure 3 – Micro-FTIR spectrophotometric determination of photoproduct and of residual double-bond profiles in a SBR film photooxidized for 100 h
13 Figure 4 – Schematic diagram of modulus profiling apparatus
14 Figure 5 – Modulus profiles of 1,68 mm thick commercial fluoro elastomer samples after air ageing at 5,49 kGy/h and 70 °C to the indicated radiation doses (from [15])
Figure 6 – Modulus profiles of 1,68 mm thick commercial fluoro elastomer samples after air ageing at 0,90 kGy/h and 70 °C to the indicated radiation doses (from [15])
15 Figure 7 – Modulus profiles of 1,68 mm thick commercial fluoro elastomer samples after air ageing at 0,14 kGy/h and 70 °C to the indicated radiation doses (from [15])
Figure 8 – Modulus profiles of 1,9 mm thick chloroprene rubber samples followingelevated temperature exposures in the presence of air at 150 °C,left plot, and 100 °C, right plot (from [10])
16 2.4 Density profiling
Figure 9 – Experimental density profiles (crosses) for 0,302 cm (left) and 0,18 cm (right)thick EPDM sheets after ageing at 6,65 kGy/h and 70 °C in airX-ray microanalysis
17 Figure 10 – Effect of total radiation dose on XMA profile for 2 mm thickEPDM sheet irradiated at 1 kGy/h in air (from [24])
18 2.5 Miscellaneous profiling techniques
Figure 11 – XMA profiles of 1 mm thick EPDM sheets after thermal ageing in air (from [24])
19 Figure 12 – NMR self-diffusion coefficients versus distance away from samplesurface for low-density polyethylene samples after gamma-irradiationin air or vacuum at 0,6 Gy/sec for the indicated total doses (from [26])
Figure 13 – Chemiluminescence profile for a polypropylene material aftergamma irradiation in air to 0,05 MGy at 2 kGy/h (data from [30])
20 3 Theoretical treatments of diffusion-limited oxidation
21 Figure 14 – Theoretical oxidation profiles for various values of α (indicated in the figure) with β
= 0,1
22 Figure 15 – Identical to Figure 14, except that β
= 10
Figure 16 – Identical to Figure 14, except that β
= 1 000
23 4 Permeation measurements
5 Oxygen consumption measurements
Figure 17 – Plot of αc/(β + 1) versus β
, where αc denotes the value ofintegrated oxidation corresponding to 90 % (from [7, 23])
24 6 Comparison of theory with experimental results
25 7 Oxygen overpressure technique
26 Figure 18 – Apparatus used for irradiation under pressurized oxygen conditions
27 8 Summary
Figure 19 – Tensile elongation (left) and tensile strength (right) data for an EPRmaterial aged at the indicated high and low dose-rates in air andat high dose rate in the pressurized oxygen apparatus of Figure 18
28 Annex A (informative) Derivation of theoretical treatment of diffusion-limited oxidation
A.1 General
Figure A.1 – Simplified kinetic scheme used to represent the oxidation of polymers(from [44, 45])
31 A.2 Numerical simulation
32 A.3 Cylindrical and spherical geometries and simulation
33 Figure A.2 – Typical example of normalized concentration of oxygen for cylindrical shape for β
=0,01 from [46]
Figure A.3 – Typical example of relative oxygen consumption for cylindrical shape for β
=0,01 from [46]
34 Figure A.4 – Typical example of normalized concentration of oxygen for cylindrical shape for β
=100 from [46]
Figure A.5 – Typical example of relative oxygen consumption for cylindrical shape for β
=100 [46]
35 Figure A.6 – Typical example of normalized concentration of oxygen for spherical shape for β
=0,01 from [46]
Figure A.7 – Typical example of relative oxygen consumption for spherical shape for β
=0,01 from [46]
36 Figure A.8 – Typical example of normalized concentration of oxygen for spherical shape for β
=100 from [46]
Figure A.9 – Typical example of relative oxygen consumption for spherical shape for β
=100 [46]
37 A.4 Time dependence of the simulation
Figure A.10 – Typical example of time-dependent normalized concentration of oxygen at the centre from for the case of β
=1 [46]
38 Figure A.11 – Typical example of time-dependent normalized concentration of oxygen at the centre from for the case of α
=50 [46]
39 Bibliography

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