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BSI PD IEC/TS 62578:2015

BSI PD IEC/TS 62578:2015

$215.11

Power electronics systems and equipment. Operation conditions and characteristics of active infeed converter (AIC) applications including design recommendations for their emission values below 150 kHz

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BSI 2015 114
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This Technical Specification IEC TS 62578 describes the operation conditions and typical characteristics of active infeed converters (AIC) of all technologies and topologies which can be connected between the electrical power supply network (lines) a.c. side and a constant current or voltage type d.c. side and which can convert electrical power (active and reactive) in both directions (generative or regenerative).

Applications with active infeed converters are commonly used with the d.c. sides of adjustable speed power drive systems (PDS), uninterruptible power systems (UPS), active filters, photovoltaic systems, wind turbine systems, battery backed power management systems etc. of all voltages and power ratings.

Active infeed converters are generally connected between the electrical power supply network (a.c. side) and a current or voltage d.c. side, with the objective to avoid emitting low frequency harmonics (e.g. less than 1 kHz) by synthesizing a sinusoidal a.c. current. Some of them can additionally compensate the pre-existing harmonic distortion of a given supply side voltage. They are moreover able to control the power factor of a power supply network section by moving the electrical power (active and reactive) in both directions (generative or regenerative), which enables energy saving in the system and stabilizes the power supply voltage or enables coupling of renewable energy sources or electrical energy storage devices to the supply.

A practical and analytical approach for emission values for AICs in power supply networks is given, which is based on the latest results for line impedance values between 2 kHz and 9 kHz and withstand capability of capacitors connected directly to the supply.

This results in design recommendations for emission values below 150 kHz.

The following is excluded from the scope.

  • Requirements for the design, development or further functionality of active infeed applications.

  • Probability of interactions or influences of the AIC with other equipment caused by parasitic elements in an installation or caused by poor electronic design as well as their mitigations.

  • “Overhead line” power supply networks because of lack of information (measurements) of their three phase impedances. This could be the subject for future editions.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
4 English
CONTENTS
11 FOREWORD
13 INTRODUCTION
14 1 Scope
2 Normative references
15 3 Terms and definitions
20 4 General system characteristics of PWM active infeed converters connected to the power supply network
4.1 General
4.2 Basic topologies and operating principles
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Operating principles
21 Figures
Figure 1 – AIC in VSC topology, basic structure
Figure 2 – AIC in CSC topology, basic structure
22 4.2.3 Equivalent circuit of an AIC
Figure 3 – Equivalent circuit for the interaction of the power supply network with an AIC
23 4.2.4 Filters
4.2.5 Pulse patterns
24 4.2.6 Control methods
4.2.7 Control of current components
4.2.8 Active power factor correction
25 4.3 AIC rating
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Converter rating under sinusoidal conditions
4.3.3 Converter rating in case of harmonic currents
Figure 4 – Voltage and current vectors of line and converterat fundamental frequency for different load conditions
26 4.3.4 Converter rating under dynamic conditions
5 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) considerations for the use of AICs
5.1 General
Figure 5 – The basic issues of EMC as tools of economics
27 5.2 Low-frequency phenomena (<150 kHz)
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Emerging converter topologies and their advantages for the power supply network
28 Figure 6 – Typical power supply network current iL(t) and voltage uLN(t) of a phase controlled converter with d.c. output and inductive smoothing
Figure 7 – Typical power supply network current iL(t) and voltage uLN(t) of an uncontrolled converter with d.c. output and capacitive smoothing
Figure 8 – Typical power supply network current iL(t) and voltage uLN(t) of an AIC realized by a PWM Converter with capacitive smoothing without additional filters
29 5.2.3 Active equalizing of the power supply network
Figure 9 – Example of attainable active and reactive power of the AIC (VSC-type) at different line to line voltages in per unit (with 10 % combined transformer and filter inductor short-circuit voltage, X/R ratio = 10/1, d.c. voltage = 6,5 kV)
30 Figure 10 – Principle of compensating given harmonics in the power supplysystem by using an AIC and suitable control simultaneously
31 Figure 11 – Typical Voltage Distortion in the Line-to-Line and Line-to-Neutral Voltage generated by an AIC without additional filters (u in % and t in degrees)
32 Figure 12 – Basic characteristic of the relative voltage distortion (59th harmonic)of one AIC operated at a pulse frequency of 3 kHz versus RSCe with the lineimpedance according to 5.2.4
33 Figure 13 – Basic characteristic of the relative current emission (59th harmonic)of one AIC at a pulse frequency of 3 kHz versus RSCe with the lineimpedance according to 5.2.4
Figure 14 – Single phase electric circuit of the three commonly used differential mode passive line filter topologies for VSC and one example for passive damping
34 5.2.4 Measured power supply network impedances in the range between 2 kHz to 20 kHz
Figure 15 – Example of the attenuation of the VSC line to line voltage to the line to line voltage at the IPC with state of the art differential mode passive line filter topologies
35 Figure 16 – Connection of the power supply networkimpedance measurement equipment
36 Figure 17 – Example of the measured impedance of a low-voltage transformerunder no load condition S = 630 kVA, uk = 6,08 %
Figure 18 – Measured variation of the power supply network impedanceover the course of a day at one location
37 Figure 19 – Power supply network impedance with partly negative imaginary part
Figure 20 – Distribution of power system impedance (measured between phaseand neutral conductor) in low-voltage systems versus frequency
39 5.2.5 Proposal of an appropriate line impedance stabilisation network (LISN) from 2 kHz to 9 kHz
Figure 21 – Statistical distribution of positive-sequence impedance versusfrequency in low-voltage power supply networks
40 Figure 22 – Equivalent circuit describing the power supply network impedance
Figure 23 – Circuit topology for power system simulation
41 Figure 24 – Approximated and measured 50 % impedance curve
Tables
Table 1 – Parameters of line impedance stabilisation network for different power system impedance curves
42 Figure 25 – Single phase circuit topology according to IEC 61000-4-7+used for line impedance stabilisation network
Table 2 – Parameters of the LISN described in Figure 25 and Figure 26
43 5.2.6 Effects on industrial equipment in the frequency band 2 kHz to 9 kHz
Figure 26 – Three-phase circuit topology for the line impedance stabilisation network
Figure 27 – Impedance variation in the 90 % curve of the LISN described in Figure 26
45 Figure 28 – PDS with large d.c. capacitance
Figure 29 – PDS with large capacitance and line inductor
Figure 30 – PDS with a large d.c. capacitance and inductors in the d.c. link
46 5.3 High-frequency phenomena (> 150 kHz)
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Mitigation of distortion
5.3.3 Immunity
5.3.4 EMI filters
47 5.4 Audible noise effects
5.5 Leakage currents
5.6 Aspects of system integration and dedicated tests
Figure 31 – Basic EMI filter topology
Figure 32 – Block diagram of a PDS with high frequency EMI filter system
48 6 Characteristics of a PWM active infeed converter of voltage source type and two level topology
6.1 General
6.2 General function, basic circuit topologies
49 Figure 33 – Basic illustration of a topology of a two level PWM voltage source AIC
50 Figure 34 – Typical waveforms of voltages uS1N / ULN, 1 and voltage uS12 / ULN, 1 at pulse frequency of 4 kHz
Figure 35 – Typical waveforms of the common mode voltage uCM / ULN,1 at pulse frequency of 4 kHz. Power supply frequency is 50Hz
51 6.3 Power control
Figure 36 – Waveform of the current iL1 / Iequ at pulse frequency of 4 kHz, relative impedance of uSCV,equ = 6 %
Figure 37 – Block diagram of a two level PWM AIC
52 6.4 Dynamic performance
6.5 Desired non-sinusoidal line currents
6.6 Undesired non-sinusoidal line currents
53 6.7 Availability and system aspects
Figure 38 – Distortion of the current iL1 of reactance Xequ, pulse frequency: 4 kHz, relative reactance of uSCV,equ = 6 %
Figure 39 – Typical voltages uL1N / ULN, 1 and uL12 / ULN, 1at pulse frequency of 4 kHz, relative reactance uSCV, equ = 6 %, RSCe= 100
54 6.8 Operation in active filter mode
7 Characteristics of a PWM active infeed converter of voltage source type and three level topology
7.1 General function, basic circuit topologies
Figure 40 – Basic topology of a three level AIC. For a Power Drive System (PDS) the same topology may be used also on the load side
55 7.2 Power control
7.3 Dynamic performance
Figure 41 – Typical curve shape of the phase-to-phase voltageof a three level PWM converter
56 7.4 Undesired non-sinusoidal line currents
7.5 Availability and system aspects
Figure 42 – Example of a sudden load change of a 13 MW three level converterwhere the current control achieves a response time within 5 ms
57 8 Characteristics of a PWM Active Infeed Converter of Voltage Source Type and Multi Level Topology
8.1 General function, basic circuit topologies
Figure 43 – Typical topology of a flying capacitor (FC) four level AIC using IGBTs
58 8.2 Power control
Figure 44 – Typical curve shape of the phase-to-phase voltageof a multi-(four)-level AIC
59 8.3 Dynamic performance
8.4 Power supply network distortion
8.5 Availability and system aspects
Figure 45 – Distorting frequencies and amplitudes in the line voltage (measured directly at the bridge terminals in Figure 25 and the line current of a multilevel (four) AIC (transformer with 10 % short-circuit voltage)
60 9 Characteristics of a F3E AIC of the Voltage Source Type
9.1 General function, basic circuit topologies
Figure 46 – Topology of a F3E AIC
61 9.2 Power control and line side filter
Figure 47 – Line side filter and equivalent circuit forthe F3E-converter behaviour for the power supply network
Figure 48 – Current transfer function together with RSCe = 100 and RSCe = 750and a line side filter: G(f) = iL1/ iconv
62 Figure 49 – PWM – voltage distortion over power supply network impedancefor F3E-infeed including power supply network side filter
63 9.3 Dynamic performance
9.4 Harmonic current
Figure 50 – Input current spectrum of a 75kW-F3E-converter
Figure 51 – Harmonic spectrum of the input currentof an F3E-converter with RSCe = 100
64 10 Characteristics of an AIC of Voltage Source Type in Pulse Chopper Topology
10.1 General
10.2 General function, basic circuit topologies
Figure 52 – An illustration of a distortion effect caused by a single phase converter with capacitive load
65 10.3 Desired non-sinusoidal line current
10.4 Undesired non-sinusoidal line current
10.5 Reliability
Figure 53 – a.c. to a.c. AIC pulse chopper, basic circuit
66 10.6 Performance
10.7 Availability and system aspects
11 Characteristics of a two level PWM AIC of current source type (CSC)
11.1 General
11.2 General function, basic converter connections
67 Figure 54 – Illustration of a converter topology for a current source AIC
68 11.3 Power control
Figure 55 – Typical waveforms of currents and voltages of a current source AICwith high switching frequency
69 11.4 Dynamic performance
Figure 56 – Typical block diagram of a current source PWM AIC
Figure 57 – Current source AIC used as an active filter to compensatethe harmonic currents generated by a nonlinear load
70 11.5 Line current distortion
11.6 Operation in active filter mode
11.7 Availability and system aspects
Figure 58 – Step response (reference value and actual value) of current source AIC with low switching frequency [33]
71 Annex A (informative)
A.1 Control methods for AICs in VSC (Voltage Source Converter) topology
A.1.1 General
A.1.2 Considerations of control methods
72 A.1.3 Short-circuit ride through functionality for decentralized power infeed with AIC
A.1.4 Fault ride through mode
73 Figure A.1 – Principle sketch for combined voltage- andcurrent-injecting modulation example for phase leg R
Table A.1 – Condition state 1: positive current limit reached, transistor T1 is switch-off to reduce the current
Table A.2 – Condition state 2: negative current limit reached, transistor T2 is switch-off to reduce the current
Table A.3 – Condition state 0: current in phase R within tolerance range, pure voltage injection active (e.g. with PWM)
74 A.2 Examples of practical realized AIC applications
A.2.1 AIC of current source type (CSC)
Figure A.2 – Example for controlled phase current during a voltage dipat the power supply network using hysteresis plus PWM control
Figure A.3 – Typical waveforms of electrical power supply network current and voltage for a current source AIC with low switching frequency [33]
75 Figure A.4 – Currents and voltages in a (semiconductor) valve device of an AIC and a machine side converter both of the current source with low pulse frequency [33]
Figure A.5 – Total harmonic distortion of electricalpower supply network and motor current [33] remains always below 8 %(triangles in straight line) in this application
76 A.2.2 Active infeed converter with commutation on the d.c. side (reactive power converter)
Figure A.6 – Basic topology of an AIC with commutation on the d.c. side (six pulse variant)
77 Figure A.7 – Dynamic performance of a reactive power converter
Figure A.8 – Line side current for a twelve pulse Reactive Power Converter in a capacitive and inductive operation mode (uSCV,equ = 15 %)
78 A.3 Details concerning two level and multi-level AICs in VSC Topology
A.3.1 Properties of active infeed converters (PWM) with different number of levels
Figure A.9 – The origin of the current waveform of a RPC by the line voltage (sinusoidal) and the converter voltage (rectangular)
Table A.4 – Comparison of different PWM AICs of VSC topology
79 A.3.2 Examples of typical waveforms of AICs
Figure A.10 – Two level topology with nominal voltage of maximum 1 200 V and timescale of 5 ms/div
Figure A.11 – Three level topology with nominal voltage of maximum 2 400 V and timescale of 5 ms/div
80 A.3.3 Construction and realization
A.4 Basic transfer rules between voltage and current distortion of an AIC
Figure A.12 – Four level topology with nominal voltage of maximum 3 300 V and timescale of 5 ms/div
81 A.5 Examples of the influence of AICs to the voltage quality
Figure A.13 – General influence of significant characteristics to the voltage distortion and current distortion
82 A.6 Withstand capability of power capacitors towards distortion in the range of 2 kHz to 9 kHz
A.6.1 General
Figure A.14 – Measured reduction of voltage distortion when four AICs are connected to the power supply network
83 Figure A.15 – Excerpts from a catalogue information of a power capacitor manufacturer; 760 V AC; (rated voltage: 690 V AC) for temperature calculation
84 A.6.2 Catalogue information about permissible harmonic load
A.6.3 Frequency boundaries for permissible distortion levels
Figure A.16 – Reactive power and losses of a power capacitor supplied by a source with constant reference voltage and variable frequency (Rcp = f(h))
85 A.6.4 Frequency spectrum of active infeed converters
Figure A.17 – Apparent power and losses of a typical power capacitor at different voltage distortion levels and the critical frequency boundaries (at singular frequency) where the temperature rise reaches substantial values (vertical arrows)
86 A.6.5 Conclusion
Figure A.18 – Voltage spectrum of an AIC and the impact of a line impedancereduction to the temperature of the capacitor (from 10 K to 0,44 K) andthe composition of the spectrum
87 A.7 Impact of additional AIC filter measures in the range of 2 kHz to 9 kHz
A.7.1 General
88 A.7.2 Example of a PDS constellation (AIC and CSI)
Figure A.19 – A wind turbine plant and a mine winder drive connectedon the same power line
Figure A.20 – Power supply network configuration for the plantof Figure A.19 with allocated measurement points
89 Figure A.21 – Regular current of the CSI (AIC-filter disabled) and amplification of the current in case of resonance caused by the AIC-filter circuit (when AIC filter is enabled)
Table A.5 – Voltage distortion on both power lines (II and III) without and with filter circuit (the filter had been designed to achieve 0,2 % distortion level on the MV-power line)
90 A.7.3 Conclusion
Table A.6 – Current distribution within the network described for specific frequencies and on allocated measurement points as pointed out in Figure A.20
91 A.8 Example of the power supply network impedance measurement
A.8.1 General
A.8.2 Basic principle of measurement
Figure A.22 – Basic principle of impedance measurement
92 A.8.3 Harmonic component injection methods for measurement
A.8.4 Harmonic current generation by disturbing device
A.8.5 References based on current injection by disturbance (Method A)
Figure A.23 – Harmonic current generation by disturbing device
93 Figure A.24 – Measurement by switching a resistor
Figure A.25 – Measurement by a capacitor bank
94 A.8.6 References based on sinusoidal single frequency injection (Method B)
Figure A.26 – A 6,6 kV power supply network impedance measurement systemfor islanding detection by injecting interharmonics
96 Annex B (informative)
B.1 Basic considerations for design recommendations of AICs in the range of 2 kHz to 9 kHz
B.1.1 Overview
B.1.2 General
97 B.1.3 Withstand capability of power capacitors connected to the power supply network and recommendation for the compatibility in the frequency range 2 kHz to 9 kHz
B.1.4 Basic conditions for setting the capacitor withstand capability curve
98 Figure B.1 – Withstand capability level towards harmonic voltages in the power supply network in view of permissible temperature rise within capacitors if the voltage distortion is determined either by one predominating frequency (upper line) or if the distortion is predominantly determined by a harmonic spectrum, caused by several parallel operated AICs (2-Level PWM) (lower line)
99 B.1.5 Matching of AIC converters (2-Level PWM) to different power supply network conditions without overloading the power capacitor burden
Figure B.2 – Harmonic voltage spectrum of one 2-Level PWM AIC with acceptable temperature increase of a power capacitor not exceeding 10 K
100 Figure B.3 – Maximum voltage distortion of a spectrum, caused by several AICs (single phase topologies)
Figure B.4 – Maximum voltage distortion of a spectrum, caused by several AICs (three phases topologies)
101 B.1.6 Considerations in regard to medium voltage power supply networks
Figure B.5 – Spreadsheet of matching single phase AICs (2-level) to different power supply network conditions in order to apply the power capacitor limit curves
Figure B.6 – Spreadsheet of matching three phases AICs (2-level) to different power supply network conditions in order to apply the power capacitor limit curves
102 B.1.7 AIC filtering considerations
B.1.8 AIC appropriate technical and economical amount
Figure B.7 – Illustration of the typical power supply network resonance frequency by increasing AIC filtering population, versus the voltage distortion level
103 B.1.9 Frequency range from 2 kHz to 9 kHz
Figure B.8 – Sketch of the typical size/cost of an AIC applicationversus switching frequency of the AIC
Figure B.9 – Illustration of the probability of overload and stress problems for the power supply network and the equipment connected thereto, depending on stipulated distortion levels fixed in miscellaneous assumptions
104 B.2 Design recommendations for conducted emission of low voltage AICs in the reasonable context of higher frequencies between 9 kHz and 150 kHz
B.2.1 General
Table B.1 – AIC design recommendation for a maximum distortion factorin the frequency range from 2 to 9 kHz
105 B.2.2 Data collection results
Figure B.10 – Results of the data collection versus the maximum values proposedin the IEC TS 62578 for products rated above 75 kVA
106 Figure B.11 – Results of the data collection versus the maximum values proposedin the IEC TS 62578 for products rated below 75 kVA
Figure B.12 – Results of the data collection versus the maximum values proposedin the IEC TS 62578 for products rated above 75 kVA
107 B.2.3 Conclusions
Figure B.13 – Recommended maximum emission values for AIC of different categoriesin the range from 9 kHz up to 150 kHz
108 Table B.2 – Recommended maximum emission values for AIC of different categories in the range from 9 kHz up to 150 kHz
109 Bibliography

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