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FEMA P85 2009

FEMA P85 2009

$18.20

FEMA P-85 – Protecting Manufactured Homes from Floods and Other Hazards. Second Edition

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
FEMA 2009 266
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PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
1 Protecting Manufactured Homes from Floods and Other Hazards
5 Preface
7 Acknowledgments
9 Table of Contents
19 1 Introduction
1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Guide
21 1.2 Background
1.2.1 Manufactured Homes in the United States
23 1.2.2 National Flood Insurance Program
24 1.2.3 Performance of Manufactured Homes in Wind and Flood Events
1.2.3.1 Performance of Pre-1994 Manufactured Homes
25 1.2.3.2 Performance of Post-1994 Manufactured Homes
26 1.2.3.3 Performance of Manufactured Homes During Hurricane Charley (2004) in Florida
29 2 Manufactured Homes
2.1 Manufactured Home Characteristics
2.1.1 Chassis Support System
31 2.1.4 Double Section
2.2 Types of Foundation Systems
33 2.2.1 Typical Foundation Systems
2.2.1.1 Typical Installation
34 2.2.1.2 Piers and Ground Anchors
35 2.2.1.3 Perimeter Wall Foundations
2.2.2 Proprietary Systems
36 2.3 Utilities and Mechanical Equipment
2.3.1 Utilities Placement
37 2.3.2 Mechanical Access
38 2.4 Attachments – Carports, Decks, Porches, and Awnings
39 3. Regulatory Requirements
3.1 Introduction to the NFIP
40 3.2 Identifying and Mapping Flood Hazards
46 3.3 The NFIP’s Community Rating System (CRS)
3.4 NFIP Definitions Related to Manufactured Homes
47 3.5 General NFIP Floodplain Management Requirements for Manufactured Homes
48 3.6 NFIP Requirements for Manufactured Homes in Riverine and Inland Flood Zones
49 3.6.1 Approximate A Zones
51 3.6.2 Elevation in A, A1-30, AE, and AH Zones
52 3.6.3 3-Foot Pier Foundation
54 3.6.4 Elevation in Zone AO
55 3.6.5 Anchoring
56 3.6.6 Flood Damage-Resistant Materials
3.6.7 Utilities and Mechanical Equipment
57 3.6.8 Enclosed Areas
58 3.6.9 Floodways
60 3.7 NFIP Requirements for Manufactured Homes in Coastal Flood Areas
61 3.7.1 Elevation and Anchoring
63 3.7.2 Fill
3.7.3 Enclosed Areas and Breakaway Walls
64 3.7.4 Setbacks
65 3.8 Existing Manufactured Homes in Flood Hazard Areas
3.8.1 Relocation
66 3.8.2 Evacuation
67 3.8.2.1 Manufactured Home Substantially Improved or Returned to a Different Site or Pad in an Existi
68 3.8.2.2 Manufactured Home Placed in a New Manufactured Home Park or Subdivision
3.9 HUD Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards
70 3.10 HUD Model Manufactured Home Installation Standards
72 3.11 Model Building Code Requirements
3.11.1 IRC 2006
73 3.11.2 NFPA 5000
74 3.11.3 NFPA 501
3.11.4 NFPA 225
75 4 Site and Development Options
76 4.1 Step 1: Compiling Site Information
78 4.2 Step 2: Reviewing Basic Siting Information
4.3 Step 3: Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment
79 4.3.1 Flooding
80 4.3.1.1 Accessibility
82 4.3.2 Other Hazards
84 4.4 Step 4: Protecting Properties In and Near Hazard-Prone Areas
4.4.1 Placement Options
4.4.1.1 Flood-Prone Areas
86 4.4.1.2 Areas Subject to Landslides
4.4.2 Design and Construction Techniques
4.4.2.1 Flood-Prone Areas
4.4.2.2 Dam Failure Inundation Areas
87 4.4.2.3 Areas Subject to Landslides
4.4.2.4 Areas Subject to Seismic Events
4.4.2.5 Areas Subject to Wind/Debris Hazards
4.5 Step 5: Deciding on Property Development: Proceed or Reject
89 5 Natural Hazards – Design Considerations
5.1 Flood Data
93 5.2 Flood Characteristics
5.2.1 Frequency, Duration, and Rate of Rise
95 5.2.2 Flood Elevation and Depth
96 5.2.3 Hydrostatic (Buoyancy) Forces
97 5.2.4 Hydrodynamic Forces
100 5.2.5 Erosion and Scour
101 5.2.6 Debris Impact Forces
102 5.3 Wind
103 5.3.1 Wind Forces on Structures
5.3.2 Wind Forces in Combination with Flood Forces
104 5.5 Evaluation of Multi-Hazards
106 5.4 Earthquakes
5.4.1 Design Philosophy
5.4.2 Design Standard
5.5.1 Load Combinations (ASCE 7)
5.5.1.1 Strength Design (Load and Resistance Factor Design)
107 5.5.1.2 Allowable Stress Design (also known as Working Stress Design)
109 6 Soils
6.1 Bearing Capacity
110 6.2 Effects of Flood Duration and Frequency on Soil
6.3 Soil Liquefactio
111 6.4 Recommended Soil Testing and Criteria for Manufactured Home Installations
113 7 Ground Anchors
114 7.1 Types of Anchors and Installed Configurations
7.1.1 Types of Anchors
7.1.1.1 Helical Earth Anchors
7.1.1.2 Concrete Anchors
7.1.1.3 Cross Drive Anchors
115 7.1.2 Anchor Construction and Capacity
7.1.3 Anchor Selection
116 7.1.4 Anchor Installation
117 7.1.5 Anchor Performance
120 7.1.6 Anchors and Other Foundation Elements
7.2 FEMA Anchor Test Program
7.2.1 Anchors in Saturated Soils
121 7.2.2 Anchor Test Results
123 7.3 Recommended Ground Anchor Certification, Performance, and Design Values
7.3.1 Recommended Ground Anchor Certification Performance
7.3.2 Recommended Ground Anchor Design Values
7.3.2 Recommended Ground Anchor Design Values
125 7.4 Ground Anchors in Seismically Active Areas
127 8 Foundation Systems
8.1 Introduction
128 8.2 Enclosed Foundations
129 8.3 Open Foundations and Breakaway Walls
8.3.1 Pier Systems
131 8.3.1.2 Unreinforced Pier Systems
133 8.3.2 Pile Foundations
135 8.4 Bracing
136 8.5 Footings
137 8.6 Foundation Materials Selection
138 8.6.1 Wood Foundations
8.6.2 Concrete Foundations
139 8.6.3 Steel Foundations
8.6.4 Masonry Foundations
8.7 Foundation Selection and Flood Resistance
140 8.7.1 Flooding Types
8.7.2 Flood Characteristics
141 8.7.3 Flood Hazard Zones
8.7.4 Proximity to Flood Source
142 8.7.5 Foundation Selection Guidance
145 9 Recommended Design Process and Criteria for Manufactured Home Foundations in SFHAs
9.1 Performance Criteria
9.2 Design Criteria
146 9.3 Design Process
147 9.3.1 Step 1: Determine Design Criteria
148 9.3.2 Step 2: Select a Design Methodology and Assess Load Combinations and Failure Modes
9.3.2.1 Design Methodology
9.3.2.2 Load Combinations
9.3.2.3 Primary Failure Modes
149 9.3.3 Step 3: Select Foundation Type and Material
150 9.3.4 Step 4: Determine Forces at Connections and on Foundation Components
9.3.5 Step 5: Specify Connections and Framing Methods Along with Component Dimensions to Satisfy Load Conditions
9.3.6 Step 6: Note All Design Assumptions and Details on Drawings
151 10 Recommended Foundations
10.1 Design Criteria for Recommended Foundations
152 10.1.1 Reinforced Masonry Perimeter Foundation Walls
153 10.1.2 Wood Framed Perimeter Foundation Walls
10.1.3 Braced Masonry Pier Designs
154 10.1.4 Wood H-Frame Designs
10.1.5 Ground Anchor Designs
155 10.2 Summary of Recommended Foundations
156 10.3 Floodwater Velocity Design Considerations for Pier Foundations
157 10.4 Recommended Foundation Designs for Seismic Areas
10.4.1 Concrete Masonry Pier Foundation Designs
10.4.2 Masonry Wall Foundation Designs
158 10.4.3 Wood Framed Foundation Designs
10.5 Design Drawings
161 Appendix A
167 B. Sources for Flood Information
B.1 Map Modernization and Risk Mapping, Assessment, and Planning (Risk MAP)
169 B.3 Flood Hazard Boundaries
170 B.4 Flood Depth
B.5 Floodwater Velocity
171 B.6 Frequency
B.7 Rate of Rise
B.8 Duration
172 B.9 Sources of Information
175 C. Flood Velocity Determination
C.1 Velocity Data
C.1.1 Hydraulic Modeling
177 C.1.2 Documented Historic Information
C.2 Alternate Methodologies for Estimating Velocities
C.2.1 Knowledge of Past Flooding
178 C.2.2 Site Indicators
183 Appendix D
187 Appendix E
193 F. Example Calculations
194 Step 1: Determine Design Criteria
203 Step 2: Select a Design Methodology and Assess Load Combinations and Failure Modes
208 Step 3: Select Foundation Type and Materials
Step 4: Determine Forces at Connections and on Foundation Components
211 Step 5: Specify Connection and Framing Methods Along with Component Dimensions to Satisfy Load Cond
Step 6: Note all Design Assumptions and Details on Drawings
213 G. Wind Zone Comparisons (HUD’s MHCSS and FEMA 85)
G.1 Background
G.2 Wind Provisions
214 G.3 Wind Zones
217 G.4 Wind Speeds and County Lists
221 Appendix H

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