IEEE 1003.1-2017

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IEEE Standard for Information Technology–Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX(TM)) Base Specifications, Issue 7 (Approved Draft)

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
IEEE	2017	3946

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Description

Revision Standard – Superseded. POSIX.1-2017 is simultaneously IEEE Std 1003.1-2017 and The Open Group Standard Base Specifications, Issue 7. POSIX.1-2017 defines a standard operating system interface and environment, including a command interpreter (or “shell”), and common utility programs to support applications portability at the source code level. POSIX.1-2017 is intended to be used by both application developers and system implementors and comprises four major components (each in an associated volume): -General terms, concepts, and interfaces common to all volumes of this standard, including utility conventions and C-language header definitions, are included in the Base Definitions volume. -Definitions for system service functions and subroutines, language-specific system services for the C programming language, function issues, including portability, error handling, and error recovery, are included in the System Interfaces volume. -Definitions for a standard source code-level interface to command interpretation services (a “shell”) and common utility programs for application programs are included in the Shell and Utilities volume. -Extended rationale that did not fit well into the rest of the document structure, which contains historical information concerning the contents of POSIX.1-201x and why features were included or discarded by the standard developers, is included in the Rationale (Informative) volume. The following areas are outside the scope of POSIX.1-201x: -Graphics interfaces -Database management system interfaces -Record I/O considerations -Object or binary code portability -System configuration and resource availability POSIX.1-2017 describes the external characteristics and facilities that are of importance to application developers, rather than the internal construction techniques employed to achieve these capabilities. Special emphasis is placed on those functions and facilities that are needed in a wide variety of commercial applications.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	Cover Page
2	Abstract
3	Important Notices
7	Introduction
13	Contents
33	Trademarks
34	Acknowledgements
35	Referenced Documents
43	XBD
45	1 Introduction 1.1 Scope
46	1.2 Conformance 1.3 Normative References
47	1.4 Change History 1.5 Terminology
48	1.6 Definitions and Concepts 1.7 Portability
49	1.7.1 Codes
55	1.7.2 Margin Code Notation
57	2 Conformance 2.1 Implementation Conformance 2.1.1 Requirements
58	2.1.2 Documentation
59	2.1.3 POSIX Conformance
61	2.1.4 XSI Conformance
62	2.1.5 Option Groups
68	2.1.6 Options
71	2.2 Application Conformance 2.2.1 Strictly Conforming POSIX Application
72	2.2.2 Conforming POSIX Application 2.2.3 Conforming POSIX Application Using Extensions 2.2.4 Strictly Conforming XSI Application
73	2.2.5 Conforming XSI Application Using Extensions 2.3 Language-Dependent Services for the C Programming Language 2.4 Other Language-Related Specifications
75	3 Definitions 3.1 Abortive Release 3.2 Absolute Pathname 3.3 Access Mode 3.4 Additional File Access Control Mechanism 3.5 Address Space
76	3.6 Advisory Information 3.7 Affirmative Response 3.8 Alert 3.9 Alert Character () 3.10 Alias Name 3.11 Alignment
77	3.12 Alternate File Access Control Mechanism 3.13 Alternate Signal Stack 3.14 Ancillary Data 3.15 Angle Brackets 3.16 Apostrophe Character ()
78	3.17 Application 3.18 Application Address 3.19 Application Program Interface (API) 3.20 Appropriate Privileges 3.21 Argument 3.22 Arm (a Timer)
79	3.23 Asterisk Character () 3.24 Async-Cancel-Safe Function 3.25 Asynchronous Events 3.26 Asynchronous Input and Output 3.27 Async-Signal-Safe Function 3.28 Asynchronously-Generated Signal 3.29 Asynchronous I/O Completion
80	3.30 Asynchronous I/O Operation 3.31 Authentication 3.32 Authorization 3.33 Background Job 3.34 Background Process 3.35 Background Process Group (or Background Job) 3.36 Backquote Character 3.37 Backslash Character ()
81	3.38 Backspace Character () 3.39 Barrier 3.40 Basename 3.41 Basic Regular Expression (BRE) 3.42 Batch Access List 3.43 Batch Administrator
82	3.44 Batch Client 3.45 Batch Destination 3.46 Batch Destination Identifier 3.47 Batch Directive 3.48 Batch Job
83	3.49 Batch Job Attribute 3.50 Batch Job Identifier 3.51 Batch Job Name 3.52 Batch Job Owner 3.53 Batch Job Priority 3.54 Batch Job State 3.55 Batch Name Service
84	3.56 Batch Name Space 3.57 Batch Node 3.58 Batch Operator 3.59 Batch Queue 3.60 Batch Queue Attribute 3.61 Batch Queue Position
85	3.62 Batch Queue Priority 3.63 Batch Rerunability 3.64 Batch Restart 3.65 Batch Server 3.66 Batch Server Name 3.67 Batch Service
86	3.68 Batch Service Request 3.69 Batch Submission 3.70 Batch System 3.71 Batch Target User 3.72 Batch User 3.73 Bind 3.74 Blank Character ()
87	3.75 Blank Line 3.76 Blocked Process (or Thread) 3.77 Blocking 3.78 Block-Mode Terminal 3.79 Block Special File 3.80 Braces 3.81 Brackets
88	3.82 Broadcast 3.83 Built-In Utility (or Built-In) 3.84 Byte 3.85 Byte Input/Output Functions 3.86 Carriage-Return Character ()
89	3.87 Character 3.88 Character Array 3.89 Character Class 3.90 Character Set 3.91 Character Special File 3.92 Character String
90	3.93 Child Process 3.94 Circumflex Character () 3.95 Clock 3.96 Clock Jump 3.97 Clock Tick 3.98 Coded Character Set
91	3.99 Codeset 3.100 Collating Element 3.101 Collation 3.102 Collation Sequence
92	3.103 Column Position 3.104 Command 3.105 Command Language Interpreter 3.106 Composite Graphic Symbol 3.107 Condition Variable
93	3.108 Connected Socket 3.109 Connection 3.110 Connection Mode 3.111 Connectionless Mode 3.112 Control Character 3.113 Control Operator 3.114 Controlling Process
94	3.115 Controlling Terminal 3.116 Conversion Descriptor 3.117 Core File 3.118 CPU Time (Execution Time) 3.119 CPU-Time Clock 3.120 CPU-Time Timer 3.121 Current Job
95	3.122 Current Working Directory 3.123 Cursor Position 3.124 Datagram 3.125 Data Segment 3.126 Deferred Batch Service 3.127 Device 3.128 Device ID 3.129 Directory 3.130 Directory Entry (or Link)
96	3.131 Directory Stream 3.132 Disarm (a Timer) 3.133 Display 3.134 Display Line 3.135 Dollar-Sign Character () 3.136 Dot
97	3.137 Dot-Dot 3.138 Double-Quote Character 3.139 Downshifting 3.140 Driver 3.141 Effective Group ID 3.142 Effective User ID 3.143 Eight-Bit Transparency
98	3.144 Empty Directory 3.145 Empty Line 3.146 Empty String (or Null String) 3.147 Empty Wide-Character String 3.148 Encoding Rule 3.149 Entire Regular Expression
99	3.150 Epoch 3.151 Equivalence Class 3.152 Era 3.153 Event Management 3.154 Executable File
100	3.155 Execute 3.156 Execution Time 3.157 Execution Time Monitoring 3.158 Expand 3.159 Extended Regular Expression (ERE) 3.160 Extended Security Controls
101	3.161 Feature Test Macro 3.162 Field 3.163 FIFO Special File (or FIFO) 3.164 File 3.165 File Description
102	3.166 File Descriptor 3.167 File Group Class 3.168 File Mode 3.169 File Mode Bits 3.170 Filename
103	3.171 Filename String 3.172 File Offset 3.173 File Other Class 3.174 File Owner Class 3.175 File Permission Bits 3.176 File Serial Number 3.177 File System
104	3.178 File Type 3.179 Filter 3.180 First Open (of a File) 3.181 Flow Control 3.182 Foreground Job 3.183 Foreground Process 3.184 Foreground Process Group (or Foreground Job) 3.185 Foreground Process Group ID
105	3.186 Form-Feed Character () 3.187 Graphic Character 3.188 Group Database 3.189 Group ID 3.190 Group Name
106	3.191 Hard Limit 3.192 Hard Link 3.193 Home Directory 3.194 Host Byte Order 3.195 Incomplete Line 3.196 Inf 3.197 Instrumented Application
107	3.198 Interactive Shell 3.199 Internationalization 3.200 Interprocess Communication 3.201 Invoke 3.202 Job 3.203 Job Control
108	3.204 Job Control Job ID 3.205 Last Close (of a File) 3.206 Line 3.207 Linger 3.208 Link 3.209 Link Count 3.210 Live Process
109	3.211 Local Customs 3.212 Local Interprocess Communication (Local IPC) 3.213 Locale 3.214 Localization 3.215 Login 3.216 Login Name 3.217 Map
110	3.218 Marked Message 3.219 Matched 3.220 Memory Mapped Files 3.221 Memory Object 3.222 Memory-Resident
111	3.223 Message 3.224 Message Catalog 3.225 Message Catalog Descriptor 3.226 Message Queue 3.227 Mode 3.228 Monotonic Clock
112	3.229 Mount Point 3.230 Multi-Character Collating Element 3.231 Multi-Threaded Library 3.232 Multi-Threaded Process 3.233 Multi-Threaded Program 3.234 Mutex
113	3.235 Name 3.236 Named STREAM 3.237 NaN (Not a Number) 3.238 Native Language 3.239 Negative Response 3.240 Network 3.241 Network Address
114	3.242 Network Byte Order 3.243 Newline Character () 3.244 Nice Value 3.245 Non-Blocking 3.246 Non-Spacing Characters
115	3.247 NUL 3.248 Null Byte 3.249 Null Pointer 3.250 Null String 3.251 Null Wide-Character Code 3.252 Number-Sign Character () 3.253 Object File 3.254 Octet
116	3.255 Offset Maximum 3.256 Opaque Address 3.257 Open File 3.258 Open File Description 3.259 Operand 3.260 Operator
117	3.261 Option 3.262 Option-Argument 3.263 Orientation 3.264 Orphaned Process Group 3.265 Page 3.266 Page Size
118	3.267 Parameter 3.268 Parent Directory 3.269 Parent Process 3.270 Parent Process ID 3.271 Pathname
119	3.272 Pathname Component 3.273 Path Prefix 3.274 Pattern 3.275 Period Character ()
120	3.276 Permissions 3.277 Persistence 3.278 Pipe 3.279 Polling 3.280 Portable Character Set
121	3.281 Portable Filename 3.282 Portable Filename Character Set 3.283 Positional Parameter 3.284 Preallocation 3.285 Preempted Process (or Thread) 3.286 Previous Job
122	3.287 Printable Character 3.288 Printable File 3.289 Priority 3.290 Priority Band 3.291 Priority Inversion 3.292 Priority Scheduling 3.293 Priority-Based Scheduling
123	3.294 Privilege 3.295 Process 3.296 Process Group 3.297 Process Group ID 3.298 Process Group Leader 3.299 Process Group Lifetime
124	3.300 Process ID 3.301 Process Lifetime 3.302 Process Memory Locking 3.303 Process Termination 3.304 Process-To-Process Communication
125	3.305 Process Virtual Time 3.306 Program 3.307 Protocol 3.308 Pseudo-Terminal 3.309 Radix Character 3.310 Read-Only File System 3.311 Read-Write Lock
126	3.312 Real Group ID 3.313 Real Time 3.314 Realtime Signal Extension 3.315 Real User ID 3.316 Record 3.317 Redirection
127	3.318 Redirection Operator 3.319 Referenced Shared Memory Object 3.320 Refresh 3.321 Regular Expression 3.322 Region 3.323 Regular File
128	3.324 Relative Pathname 3.325 Relocatable File 3.326 Relocation 3.327 Requested Batch Service 3.328 (Time) Resolution 3.329 Robust Mutex 3.330 Root Directory 3.331 Runnable Process (or Thread)
129	3.332 Running Process (or Thread) 3.333 Saved Resource Limits 3.334 Saved Set-Group-ID 3.335 Saved Set-User-ID 3.336 Scheduling 3.337 Scheduling Allocation Domain 3.338 Scheduling Contention Scope
130	3.339 Scheduling Policy 3.340 Screen 3.341 Scroll 3.342 Semaphore
131	3.343 Session 3.344 Session Leader 3.345 Session Lifetime 3.346 Shared Memory Object 3.347 Shell 3.348 Shell, the
132	3.349 Shell Script 3.350 Signal 3.351 Signal Stack 3.352 Single-Quote Character 3.353 Single-Threaded Process 3.354 Single-Threaded Program
133	3.355 Slash Character () 3.356 Socket 3.357 Socket Address 3.358 Soft Limit 3.359 Source Code
134	3.360 Space Character () 3.361 Spawn 3.362 Special Built-In 3.363 Special Parameter 3.364 Spin Lock 3.365 Sporadic Server 3.366 Standard Error 3.367 Standard Input
135	3.368 Standard Output 3.369 Standard Utilities 3.370 Stream 3.371 STREAM 3.372 STREAM End 3.373 STREAM Head
136	3.374 STREAMS Multiplexor 3.375 String 3.376 Subshell 3.377 Successfully Transferred 3.378 Supplementary Group ID 3.379 Suspended Job
137	3.380 Symbolic Constant 3.381 Symbolic Link 3.382 Synchronized Input and Output 3.383 Synchronized I/O Completion 3.384 Synchronized I/O Data Integrity Completion
138	3.385 Synchronized I/O File Integrity Completion 3.386 Synchronized I/O Operation 3.387 Synchronous I/O Operation 3.388 Synchronously-Generated Signal 3.389 System 3.390 System Boot 3.391 System Clock
139	3.392 System Console 3.393 System Crash 3.394 System Databases 3.395 System Documentation 3.396 System Process 3.397 System Reboot 3.398 System Trace Event
140	3.399 System-Wide 3.400 Tab Character () 3.401 Terminal (or Terminal Device) 3.402 Text Column 3.403 Text File
141	3.404 Thread 3.405 Thread ID 3.406 Thread List 3.407 Thread-Safe 3.408 Thread-Specific Data Key 3.409 Tilde Character ()
142	3.410 Timeouts 3.411 Timer 3.412 Timer Overrun 3.413 Token 3.414 Trace Analyzer Process 3.415 Trace Controller Process 3.416 Trace Event 3.417 Trace Event Type
143	3.418 Trace Event Type Mapping 3.419 Trace Filter 3.420 Trace Generation Version 3.421 Trace Log 3.422 Trace Point 3.423 Trace Stream 3.424 Trace Stream Identifier 3.425 Trace System
144	3.426 Traced Process 3.427 Tracing Status of a Trace Stream 3.428 Typed Memory Name Space 3.429 Typed Memory Object 3.430 Typed Memory Pool 3.431 Typed Memory Port 3.432 Unbind 3.433 Unit Data
145	3.434 Upshifting 3.435 User Database 3.436 User ID 3.437 User Name 3.438 User Trace Event
146	3.439 Utility 3.440 Variable 3.441 Vertical-Tab Character () 3.442 White Space 3.443 Wide-Character Code (C Language)
147	3.444 Wide-Character Input/Output Functions 3.445 Wide-Character String 3.446 Word 3.447 Working Directory (or Current Working Directory) 3.448 Worldwide Portability Interface 3.449 Write 3.450 XSI
148	3.451 XSI-Conformant 3.452 Zombie Process 3.453 Plus or Minus Zero
149	4 General Concepts 4.1 Concurrent Execution 4.2 Default Initialization
150	4.3 Directory Protection 4.4 Extended Security Controls 4.5 File Access Permissions
151	4.6 File Hierarchy 4.7 Filenames 4.8 Filename Portability 4.9 File Times Update
152	4.10 Host and Network Byte Orders 4.11 Measurement of Execution Time
153	4.12 Memory Synchronization 4.13 Pathname Resolution
155	4.14 Process ID Reuse 4.15 Scheduling Policy 4.16 Seconds Since the Epoch
156	4.17 Semaphore 4.18 Thread-Safety
157	4.19 Tracing
159	4.20 Treatment of Error Conditions for Mathematical Functions 4.20.1 Domain Error 4.20.2 Pole Error
160	4.20.3 Range Error 4.21 Treatment of NaN Arguments for the Mathematical Functions
161	4.22 Utility 4.23 Variable Assignment
163	5 File Format Notation
167	6 Character Set 6.1 Portable Character Set
170	6.2 Character Encoding 6.3 C Language Wide-Character Codes
171	6.4 Character Set Description File
175	6.4.1 State-Dependent Character Encodings
177	7 Locale 7.1 General
178	7.2 POSIX Locale 7.3 Locale Definition
181	7.3.1 LC_CTYPE
189	7.3.2 LC_COLLATE
197	7.3.3 LC_MONETARY
200	7.3.4 LC_NUMERIC
201	7.3.5 LC_TIME
207	7.3.6 LC_MESSAGES
208	7.4 Locale Definition Grammar 7.4.1 Locale Lexical Conventions
209	7.4.2 Locale Grammar
215	8 Environment Variables 8.1 Environment Variable Definition
216	8.2 Internationalization Variables
219	8.3 Other Environment Variables
223	9 Regular Expressions 9.1 Regular Expression Definitions
224	9.2 Regular Expression General Requirements
225	9.3 Basic Regular Expressions 9.3.1 BREs Matching a Single Character or Collating Element 9.3.2 BRE Ordinary Characters 9.3.3 BRE Special Characters
226	9.3.4 Periods in BREs 9.3.5 RE Bracket Expression
228	9.3.6 BREs Matching Multiple Characters
229	9.3.7 BRE Precedence
230	9.3.8 BRE Expression Anchoring 9.4 Extended Regular Expressions 9.4.1 EREs Matching a Single Character or Collating Element 9.4.2 ERE Ordinary Characters
231	9.4.3 ERE Special Characters 9.4.4 Periods in EREs 9.4.5 ERE Bracket Expression
232	9.4.6 EREs Matching Multiple Characters
233	9.4.7 ERE Alternation 9.4.8 ERE Precedence 9.4.9 ERE Expression Anchoring
234	9.5 Regular Expression Grammar 9.5.1 BRE/ERE Grammar Lexical Conventions
235	9.5.2 RE and Bracket Expression Grammar
237	9.5.3 ERE Grammar
239	10 Directory Structure and Devices 10.1 Directory Structure and Files
240	10.2 Output Devices and Terminal Types
241	11 General Terminal Interface 11.1 Interface Characteristics 11.1.1 Opening a Terminal Device File
242	11.1.2 Process Groups 11.1.3 The Controlling Terminal
243	11.1.4 Terminal Access Control 11.1.5 Input Processing and Reading Data
244	11.1.6 Canonical Mode Input Processing 11.1.7 Non-Canonical Mode Input Processing
245	11.1.8 Writing Data and Output Processing
246	11.1.9 Special Characters
247	11.1.10 Modem Disconnect 11.1.11 Closing a Terminal Device File 11.2 Parameters that Can be Set 11.2.1 The termios Structure
248	11.2.2 Input Modes
249	11.2.3 Output Modes
251	11.2.4 Control Modes
252	11.2.5 Local Modes
254	11.2.6 Special Control Characters
255	12 Utility Conventions 12.1 Utility Argument Syntax
258	12.2 Utility Syntax Guidelines
261	13 Headers
262
264
265
266
269
271
273
275
276
280
285
289
294
296
297
299
301
303
304
307
308
311
312
327
330
338
339
341
343
344
348
353
354
355
357
363
365
367
369
371
373
374
383
385
387
388
390
397
401
405
407
408
413
415
418
420
422
424
426
428
434
439
441
443
444
448
449
450
451
453
455
457
463
467
471
475
476
497
498
500
505
507
509	XSH
511	1 Introduction 1.1 Relationship to Other Formal Standards 1.2 Format of Entries
513	2 General Information 2.1 Use and Implementation of Interfaces 2.1.1 Use and Implementation of Functions
514	2.1.2 Use and Implementation of Macros 2.2 The Compilation Environment 2.2.1 POSIX.1 Symbols
515	2.2.2 The Name Space
523	2.3 Error Numbers
530	2.3.1 Additional Error Numbers 2.4 Signal Concepts 2.4.1 Signal Generation and Delivery
531	2.4.2 Realtime Signal Generation and Delivery
532	2.4.3 Signal Actions
537	2.4.4 Signal Effects on Other Functions 2.5 Standard I/O Streams
539	2.5.1 Interaction of File Descriptors and Standard I/O Streams
540	2.5.2 Stream Orientation and Encoding Rules
542	2.6 STREAMS
543	2.6.1 Accessing STREAMS 2.7 XSI Interprocess Communication
544	2.7.1 IPC General Description
545	2.8 Realtime 2.8.1 Realtime Signals 2.8.2 Asynchronous I/O
547	2.8.3 Memory Management
548	2.8.4 Process Scheduling
553	2.8.5 Clocks and Timers
554	2.9 Threads
555	2.9.1 Thread-Safety 2.9.2 Thread IDs
556	2.9.3 Thread Mutexes
557	2.9.4 Thread Scheduling
559	2.9.5 Thread Cancellation
563	2.9.6 Thread Read-Write Locks
564	2.9.7 Thread Interactions with Regular File Operations 2.9.8 Use of Application-Managed Thread Stacks
565	2.9.9 Synchronization Object Copies and Alternative Mappings 2.10 Sockets 2.10.1 Address Families
566	2.10.2 Addressing 2.10.3 Protocols 2.10.4 Routing 2.10.5 Interfaces 2.10.6 Socket Types
567	2.10.7 Socket I/O Mode
568	2.10.8 Socket Owner 2.10.9 Socket Queue Limits 2.10.10 Pending Error 2.10.11 Socket Receive Queue
569	2.10.12 Socket Out-of-Band Data State 2.10.13 Connection Indication Queue 2.10.14 Signals 2.10.15 Asynchronous Errors
570	2.10.16 Use of Options
573	2.10.17 Use of Sockets for Local UNIX Connections
574	2.10.18 Use of Sockets over Internet Protocols 2.10.19 Use of Sockets over Internet Protocols Based on IPv4 2.10.20 Use of Sockets over Internet Protocols Based on IPv6
578	2.11 Tracing
580	2.11.1 Tracing Data Definitions
584	2.11.2 Trace Event Type Definitions
588	2.11.3 Trace Functions
589	2.12 Data Types 2.12.1 Defined Types
590	2.12.2 The char Type 2.13 Status Information
591	2.14 File Descriptor Allocation
593	3 System Interfaces
594	FD_CLR
595	_Exit
601	_longjmp
603	_tolower
604	_toupper
605	a64l
607	abort
609	abs
610	accept
612	access
616	acos
618	acosh
620	acosl
621	aio_cancel
623	aio_error
625	aio_fsync
627	aio_read
630	aio_return
632	aio_suspend
634	aio_write
637	alarm
639	alphasort
642	asctime
645	asin
647	asinh
649	asinl
650	assert
651	atan
653	atan2
656	atanf
657	atanh
659	atanl
660	atexit
662	atof
663	atoi
665	atol
666	basename
668	bind
671	bsearch
674	btowc
675	cabs
676	cacos
677	cacosh
678	cacosl
679	calloc
681	carg
682	casin
683	casinh
684	casinl
685	catan
686	catanh
687	catanl
688	catclose
689	catgets
691	catopen
693	cbrt
694	ccos
695	ccosh
696	ccosl
697	ceil
699	cexp
700	cfgetispeed
702	cfgetospeed
703	cfsetispeed
704	cfsetospeed
705	chdir
707	chmod
712	chown
716	cimag
717	clearerr
718	clock
720	clock_getcpuclockid
721	clock_getres
725	clock_nanosleep
728	clock_settime
729	clog
730	close
734	closedir
736	closelog
740	confstr
743	conj
744	connect
747	copysign
748	cos
750	cosh
752	cosl
753	cpow
754	cproj
755	creal
756	creat
758	crypt
760	csin
761	csinh
762	csinl
763	csqrt
764	ctan
765	ctanh
766	ctanl
767	ctermid
769	ctime
771	daylight
772	dbm_clearerr
776	difftime
777	dirfd
778	dirname
780	div
781	dlclose
783	dlerror
785	dlopen
788	dlsym
790	dprintf
791	drand48
794	dup
796	duplocale
798	encrypt
800	endgrent
802	endhostent
804	endnetent
806	endprotoent
808	endpwent
811	endservent
813	endutxent
816	environ
817	erand48
818	erf
820	erfc
822	erff
823	errno
825	exec
838	exit
840	exp
842	exp2
844	expm1
846	fabs
848	faccessat
849	fattach
852	fchdir
853	fchmod
855	fchmodat
856	fchown
858	fchownat
859	fclose
862	fcntl
871	fdatasync
873	fdetach
875	fdim
877	fdopen
880	fdopendir
884	feclearexcept
885	fegetenv
886	fegetexceptflag
887	fegetround
889	feholdexcept
890	feof
891	feraiseexcept
892	ferror
893	fesetenv
894	fesetexceptflag
895	fesetround
896	fetestexcept
898	feupdateenv
900	fexecve
901	fflush
904	ffs
905	fgetc
907	fgetpos
909	fgets
911	fgetwc
913	fgetws
915	fileno
916	flockfile
918	floor
920	fma
922	fmax
923	fmemopen
926	fmin
927	fmod
929	fmtmsg
932	fnmatch
934	fopen
939	fork
944	fpathconf
950	fpclassify
951	fprintf
965	fputc
967	fputs
969	fputwc
971	fputws
973	fread
975	free
976	freeaddrinfo
982	freelocale
984	freopen
989	frexp
991	fscanf
999	fseek
1002	fsetpos
1004	fstat
1007	fstatat
1013	fstatvfs
1016	fsync
1018	ftell
1020	ftok
1022	ftruncate
1024	ftrylockfile
1025	ftw
1028	funlockfile
1029	futimens
1033	fwide
1035	fwprintf
1043	fwrite
1045	fwscanf
1052	gai_strerror
1053	getaddrinfo
1054	getc
1055	getc_unlocked
1057	getchar
1058	getchar_unlocked
1059	getcwd
1062	getdate
1067	getdelim
1070	getegid
1071	getenv
1074	geteuid
1075	getgid
1076	getgrent
1077	getgrgid
1081	getgrnam
1084	getgroups
1086	gethostent
1087	gethostid
1088	gethostname
1089	getitimer
1091	getline
1092	getlogin
1095	getmsg
1099	getnameinfo
1102	getnetbyaddr
1103	getopt
1108	getpeername
1110	getpgid
1111	getpgrp
1112	getpid
1113	getpmsg
1114	getppid
1115	getpriority
1118	getprotobyname
1119	getpwent
1120	getpwnam
1124	getpwuid
1128	getrlimit
1131	getrusage
1133	gets
1135	getservbyname
1136	getsid
1137	getsockname
1139	getsockopt
1141	getsubopt
1145	gettimeofday
1146	getuid
1148	getutxent
1149	getwc
1150	getwchar
1151	glob
1155	gmtime
1157	grantpt
1159	hcreate
1162	htonl
1163	hypot
1165	iconv
1168	iconv_close
1169	iconv_open
1171	if_freenameindex
1172	if_indextoname
1173	if_nameindex
1174	if_nametoindex
1175	ilogb
1177	imaxabs
1178	imaxdiv
1179	inet_addr
1181	inet_ntop
1183	initstate
1185	insque
1188	ioctl
1200	isalnum
1202	isalpha
1204	isascii
1205	isastream
1206	isatty
1207	isblank
1209	iscntrl
1211	isdigit
1213	isfinite
1214	isgraph
1216	isgreater
1217	isgreaterequal
1218	isinf
1219	isless
1220	islessequal
1221	islessgreater
1222	islower
1225	isnan
1226	isnormal
1227	isprint
1229	ispunct
1231	isspace
1233	isunordered
1234	isupper
1236	iswalnum
1238	iswalpha
1240	iswblank
1242	iswcntrl
1244	iswctype
1247	iswdigit
1249	iswgraph
1251	iswlower
1253	iswprint
1255	iswpunct
1257	iswspace
1259	iswupper
1261	iswxdigit
1263	isxdigit
1265	j0
1267	jrand48
1268	kill
1271	killpg
1273	l64a
1274	labs
1275	lchown
1278	lcong48
1279	ldexp
1281	ldiv
1282	lfind
1283	lgamma
1285	link
1290	lio_listio
1294	listen
1296	llabs
1297	lldiv
1298	llrint
1300	llround
1302	localeconv
1307	localtime
1311	lockf
1314	log
1316	log10
1318	log1p
1320	log2
1322	logb
1324	logf
1325	longjmp
1327	lrand48
1328	lrint
1330	lround
1332	lsearch
1334	lseek
1336	lstat
1337	malloc
1339	mblen
1341	mbrlen
1343	mbrtowc
1345	mbsinit
1346	mbsrtowcs
1348	mbstowcs
1350	mbtowc
1352	memccpy
1353	memchr
1354	memcmp
1355	memcpy
1356	memmove
1357	memset
1358	mkdir
1361	mkdtemp
1364	mkfifo
1368	mknod
1372	mkstemp
1373	mktime
1376	mlock
1378	mlockall
1380	mmap
1388	modf
1390	mprotect
1392	mq_close
1393	mq_getattr
1395	mq_notify
1398	mq_open
1401	mq_receive
1404	mq_send
1406	mq_setattr
1408	mq_timedreceive
1409	mq_timedsend
1410	mq_unlink
1412	mrand48
1413	msgctl
1415	msgget
1417	msgrcv
1420	msgsnd
1423	msync
1426	munlock
1427	munlockall
1428	munmap
1430	nan
1431	nanosleep
1433	nearbyint
1434	newlocale
1437	nextafter
1439	nftw
1443	nice
1445	nl_langinfo
1448	nrand48
1449	ntohl
1450	open
1460	open_memstream
1462	openat
1463	opendir
1464	openlog
1465	optarg
1466	pathconf
1467	pause
1468	pclose
1470	perror
1472	pipe
1475	poll
1479	popen
1482	posix_fadvise
1484	posix_fallocate
1486	posix_madvise
1488	posix_mem_offset
1490	posix_memalign
1492	posix_openpt
1494	posix_spawn
1502	posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose
1505	posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2
1507	posix_spawn_file_actions_addopen
1508	posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy
1510	posix_spawnattr_destroy
1512	posix_spawnattr_getflags
1514	posix_spawnattr_getpgroup
1516	posix_spawnattr_getschedparam
1518	posix_spawnattr_getschedpolicy
1520	posix_spawnattr_getsigdefault
1522	posix_spawnattr_getsigmask
1524	posix_spawnattr_init
1525	posix_spawnattr_setflags
1526	posix_spawnattr_setpgroup
1527	posix_spawnattr_setschedparam
1528	posix_spawnattr_setschedpolicy
1529	posix_spawnattr_setsigdefault
1530	posix_spawnattr_setsigmask
1531	posix_spawnp
1532	posix_trace_attr_destroy
1534	posix_trace_attr_getclockres
1536	posix_trace_attr_getinherited
1539	posix_trace_attr_getlogsize
1542	posix_trace_attr_getname
1543	posix_trace_attr_getstreamfullpolicy
1544	posix_trace_attr_getstreamsize
1545	posix_trace_attr_init
1546	posix_trace_attr_setinherited
1547	posix_trace_attr_setlogsize
1548	posix_trace_attr_setname
1549	posix_trace_attr_setstreamfullpolicy
1550	posix_trace_attr_setstreamsize
1551	posix_trace_clear
1553	posix_trace_close
1555	posix_trace_create
1559	posix_trace_event
1561	posix_trace_eventid_equal
1563	posix_trace_eventid_open
1564	posix_trace_eventset_add
1566	posix_trace_eventtypelist_getnext_id
1568	posix_trace_flush
1569	posix_trace_get_attr
1571	posix_trace_get_filter
1573	posix_trace_get_status
1574	posix_trace_getnext_event
1577	posix_trace_open
1578	posix_trace_set_filter
1579	posix_trace_shutdown
1580	posix_trace_start
1582	posix_trace_timedgetnext_event
1583	posix_trace_trid_eventid_open
1584	posix_trace_trygetnext_event
1585	posix_typed_mem_get_info
1587	posix_typed_mem_open
1590	pow
1593	pread
1594	printf
1595	pselect
1600	psiginfo
1602	pthread_atfork
1605	pthread_attr_destroy
1608	pthread_attr_getdetachstate
1610	pthread_attr_getguardsize
1613	pthread_attr_getinheritsched
1615	pthread_attr_getschedparam
1617	pthread_attr_getschedpolicy
1619	pthread_attr_getscope
1621	pthread_attr_getstack
1624	pthread_attr_getstacksize
1626	pthread_attr_init
1627	pthread_attr_setdetachstate
1628	pthread_attr_setguardsize
1629	pthread_attr_setinheritsched
1630	pthread_attr_setschedparam
1631	pthread_attr_setschedpolicy
1632	pthread_attr_setscope
1633	pthread_attr_setstack
1634	pthread_attr_setstacksize
1635	pthread_barrier_destroy
1637	pthread_barrier_wait
1639	pthread_barrierattr_destroy
1641	pthread_barrierattr_getpshared
1643	pthread_barrierattr_init
1644	pthread_barrierattr_setpshared
1645	pthread_cancel
1647	pthread_cleanup_pop
1652	pthread_cond_broadcast
1655	pthread_cond_destroy
1658	pthread_cond_signal
1659	pthread_cond_timedwait
1666	pthread_condattr_destroy
1668	pthread_condattr_getclock
1670	pthread_condattr_getpshared
1672	pthread_condattr_init
1673	pthread_condattr_setclock
1674	pthread_condattr_setpshared
1675	pthread_create
1678	pthread_detach
1680	pthread_equal
1681	pthread_exit
1683	pthread_getconcurrency
1685	pthread_getcpuclockid
1686	pthread_getschedparam
1689	pthread_getspecific
1691	pthread_join
1694	pthread_key_create
1697	pthread_key_delete
1699	pthread_kill
1701	pthread_mutex_consistent
1703	pthread_mutex_destroy
1709	pthread_mutex_getprioceiling
1712	pthread_mutex_init
1713	pthread_mutex_lock
1717	pthread_mutex_setprioceiling
1718	pthread_mutex_timedlock
1721	pthread_mutex_trylock
1722	pthread_mutexattr_destroy
1727	pthread_mutexattr_getprioceiling
1729	pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol
1732	pthread_mutexattr_getpshared
1734	pthread_mutexattr_getrobust
1736	pthread_mutexattr_gettype
1738	pthread_mutexattr_init
1739	pthread_mutexattr_setprioceiling
1740	pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol
1741	pthread_mutexattr_setpshared
1742	pthread_mutexattr_setrobust
1743	pthread_mutexattr_settype
1744	pthread_once
1746	pthread_rwlock_destroy
1749	pthread_rwlock_rdlock
1752	pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock
1754	pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock
1756	pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock
1757	pthread_rwlock_trywrlock
1759	pthread_rwlock_unlock
1761	pthread_rwlock_wrlock
1762	pthread_rwlockattr_destroy
1764	pthread_rwlockattr_getpshared
1766	pthread_rwlockattr_init
1767	pthread_rwlockattr_setpshared
1768	pthread_self
1769	pthread_setcancelstate
1771	pthread_setconcurrency
1772	pthread_setschedparam
1773	pthread_setschedprio
1775	pthread_setspecific
1776	pthread_sigmask
1780	pthread_spin_destroy
1782	pthread_spin_lock
1784	pthread_spin_unlock
1786	pthread_testcancel
1787	ptsname
1789	putc
1790	putc_unlocked
1791	putchar
1792	putchar_unlocked
1793	putenv
1795	putmsg
1799	puts
1801	pututxline
1802	putwc
1803	putwchar
1804	pwrite
1805	qsort
1807	raise
1809	rand
1812	random
1813	read
1820	readdir
1825	readlink
1828	readv
1830	realloc
1832	realpath
1835	recv
1838	recvfrom
1841	recvmsg
1844	regcomp
1851	remainder
1853	remove
1855	remque
1856	remquo
1858	rename
1863	rewind
1864	rewinddir
1865	rint
1867	rmdir
1870	round
1871	scalbln
1873	scandir
1874	scanf
1875	sched_get_priority_max
1876	sched_getparam
1877	sched_getscheduler
1878	sched_rr_get_interval
1879	sched_setparam
1881	sched_setscheduler
1883	sched_yield
1884	seed48
1885	seekdir
1887	select
1888	sem_close
1890	sem_destroy
1891	sem_getvalue
1893	sem_init
1895	sem_open
1898	sem_post
1900	sem_timedwait
1904	sem_trywait
1906	sem_unlink
1908	sem_wait
1909	semctl
1912	semget
1914	semop
1919	send
1922	sendmsg
1926	sendto
1930	setbuf
1932	setegid
1933	setenv
1935	seteuid
1936	setgid
1938	setgrent
1939	sethostent
1940	setitimer
1941	setjmp
1943	setkey
1944	setlocale
1949	setlogmask
1950	setnetent
1951	setpgid
1954	setpgrp
1955	setpriority
1956	setprotoent
1957	setpwent
1958	setregid
1960	setreuid
1962	setrlimit
1963	setservent
1964	setsid
1966	setsockopt
1968	setstate
1969	setuid
1972	setutxent
1973	setvbuf
1975	shm_open
1980	shm_unlink
1982	shmat
1984	shmctl
1986	shmdt
1988	shmget
1990	shutdown
1992	sigaction
1999	sigaddset
2000	sigaltstack
2002	sigdelset
2003	sigemptyset
2005	sigfillset
2006	sighold
2009	siginterrupt
2011	sigismember
2012	siglongjmp
2013	signal
2016	signbit
2017	signgam
2018	sigpause
2019	sigpending
2020	sigprocmask
2021	sigqueue
2023	sigrelse
2024	sigsetjmp
2026	sigsuspend
2028	sigtimedwait
2032	sigwait
2034	sigwaitinfo
2035	sin
2037	sinh
2039	sinl
2040	sleep
2043	snprintf
2044	sockatmark
2046	socket
2048	socketpair
2050	sprintf
2051	sqrt
2053	srand
2054	srand48
2055	srandom
2056	sscanf
2057	stat
2058	statvfs
2059	stdin
2061	stpcpy
2062	stpncpy
2063	strcasecmp
2065	strcat
2066	strchr
2067	strcmp
2069	strcoll
2071	strcpy
2074	strcspn
2075	strdup
2077	strerror
2081	strfmon
2086	strftime
2095	strlen
2097	strncasecmp
2098	strncat
2099	strncmp
2100	strncpy
2102	strndup
2103	strnlen
2104	strpbrk
2105	strptime
2110	strrchr
2111	strsignal
2112	strspn
2113	strstr
2114	strtod
2118	strtoimax
2120	strtok
2123	strtol
2126	strtold
2127	strtoll
2128	strtoul
2131	strtoumax
2132	strxfrm
2134	swab
2135	swprintf
2136	swscanf
2137	symlink
2140	sync
2141	sysconf
2148	syslog
2149	system
2154	tan
2157	tanh
2159	tanl
2160	tcdrain
2162	tcflow
2164	tcflush
2166	tcgetattr
2168	tcgetpgrp
2170	tcgetsid
2171	tcsendbreak
2173	tcsetattr
2176	tcsetpgrp
2178	tdelete
2183	telldir
2184	tempnam
2186	tfind
2187	tgamma
2190	time
2193	timer_create
2196	timer_delete
2197	timer_getoverrun
2200	times
2203	timezone
2204	tmpfile
2206	tmpnam
2208	toascii
2209	tolower
2211	toupper
2213	towctrans
2215	towlower
2217	towupper
2219	trunc
2220	truncate
2222	truncf
2223	tsearch
2224	ttyname
2226	twalk
2227	tzset
2229	ulimit
2231	umask
2233	uname
2235	ungetc
2237	ungetwc
2239	unlink
2245	unlockpt
2246	unsetenv
2247	uselocale
2249	utime
2252	utimensat
2253	va_arg
2254	vfprintf
2256	vfscanf
2257	vfwprintf
2259	vfwscanf
2260	vprintf
2261	vscanf
2262	vsnprintf
2263	vsscanf
2264	vswprintf
2265	vswscanf
2266	vwprintf
2267	vwscanf
2268	wait
2278	waitid
2281	waitpid
2282	wcpcpy
2283	wcpncpy
2284	wcrtomb
2286	wcscasecmp
2288	wcscat
2289	wcschr
2290	wcscmp
2291	wcscoll
2293	wcscpy
2294	wcscspn
2295	wcsdup
2296	wcsftime
2298	wcslen
2299	wcsncasecmp
2300	wcsncat
2301	wcsncmp
2302	wcsncpy
2304	wcsnlen
2305	wcsnrtombs
2306	wcspbrk
2307	wcsrchr
2308	wcsrtombs
2310	wcsspn
2311	wcsstr
2312	wcstod
2316	wcstoimax
2317	wcstok
2319	wcstol
2322	wcstold
2323	wcstoll
2324	wcstombs
2326	wcstoul
2329	wcstoumax
2330	wcswidth
2331	wcsxfrm
2333	wctob
2334	wctomb
2336	wctrans
2338	wctype
2340	wcwidth
2341	wmemchr
2342	wmemcmp
2343	wmemcpy
2344	wmemmove
2345	wmemset
2346	wordexp
2351	wprintf
2352	write
2361	writev
2363	wscanf
2364	y0
2367	XCU
2369	1 Introduction 1.1 Relationship to Other Documents 1.1.1 System Interfaces
2373	1.1.2 Concepts Derived from the ISO C Standard
2375	1.2 Utility Limits
2377	1.3 Grammar Conventions
2378	1.4 Utility Description Defaults
2385	1.5 Considerations for Utilities in Support of Files of Arbitrary Size
2386	1.6 Built-In Utilities
2387	2 Shell Command Language 2.1 Shell Introduction
2388	2.2 Quoting 2.2.1 Escape Character (Backslash) 2.2.2 Single-Quotes 2.2.3 Double-Quotes
2389	2.3 Token Recognition
2390	2.3.1 Alias Substitution
2391	2.4 Reserved Words 2.5 Parameters and Variables 2.5.1 Positional Parameters
2392	2.5.2 Special Parameters
2393	2.5.3 Shell Variables
2395	2.6 Word Expansions
2396	2.6.1 Tilde Expansion 2.6.2 Parameter Expansion
2399	2.6.3 Command Substitution
2400	2.6.4 Arithmetic Expansion
2401	2.6.5 Field Splitting
2402	2.6.6 Pathname Expansion 2.6.7 Quote Removal 2.7 Redirection
2403	2.7.1 Redirecting Input 2.7.2 Redirecting Output 2.7.3 Appending Redirected Output
2404	2.7.4 Here-Document
2405	2.7.5 Duplicating an Input File Descriptor 2.7.6 Duplicating an Output File Descriptor 2.7.7 Open File Descriptors for Reading and Writing 2.8 Exit Status and Errors 2.8.1 Consequences of Shell Errors
2406	2.8.2 Exit Status for Commands
2407	2.9 Shell Commands 2.9.1 Simple Commands
2410	2.9.2 Pipelines
2411	2.9.3 Lists
2413	2.9.4 Compound Commands
2416	2.9.5 Function Definition Command
2417	2.10 Shell Grammar 2.10.1 Shell Grammar Lexical Conventions 2.10.2 Shell Grammar Rules
2423	2.11 Signals and Error Handling 2.12 Shell Execution Environment
2424	2.13 Pattern Matching Notation 2.13.1 Patterns Matching a Single Character
2425	2.13.2 Patterns Matching Multiple Characters 2.13.3 Patterns Used for Filename Expansion
2426	2.14 Special Built-In Utilities
2428	break
2431	colon
2433	continue
2435	dot
2437	eval
2439	exec
2441	exit
2443	export
2446	readonly
2449	return
2451	set
2458	shift
2460	times
2462	trap
2466	unset
2469	3 Batch Environment Services 3.1 General Concepts 3.1.1 Batch Client-Server Interaction
2470	3.1.2 Batch Queues 3.1.3 Batch Job Creation 3.1.4 Batch Job Tracking
2471	3.1.5 Batch Job Routing 3.1.6 Batch Job Execution
2472	3.1.7 Batch Job Exit 3.1.8 Batch Job Abort 3.1.9 Batch Authorization 3.1.10 Batch Administration
2473	3.1.11 Batch Notification 3.2 Batch Services
2474	3.2.1 Batch Job States
2475	3.2.2 Deferred Batch Services
2484	3.2.3 Requested Batch Services
2491	3.3 Common Behavior for Batch Environment Utilities 3.3.1 Batch Job Identifier
2492	3.3.2 Destination
2493	3.3.3 Multiple Keyword-Value Pairs
2495	4 Utilities
2496	admin
2501	alias
2504	ar
2512	asa
2515	at
2524	awk
2560	basename
2563	batch
2566	bc
2581	bg
2584	c99
2596	cal
2599	cat
2603	cd
2608	cflow
2611	chgrp
2614	chmod
2621	chown
2625	cksum
2630	cmp
2634	comm
2638	command
2644	compress
2647	cp
2655	crontab
2659	csplit
2663	ctags
2668	cut
2673	cxref
2676	date
2683	dd
2692	delta
2696	df
2700	diff
2709	dirname
2712	du
2716	echo
2719	ed
2735	env
2739	ex
2812	expand
2815	expr
2820	false
2822	fc
2828	fg
2830	file
2838	find
2848	fold
2852	fort77
2858	fuser
2861	gencat
2865	get
2873	getconf
2879	getopts
2884	grep
2889	hash
2892	head
2895	iconv
2899	id
2903	ipcrm
2905	ipcs
2912	jobs
2916	join
2921	kill
2926	lex
2938	link
2940	ln
2945	locale
2951	localedef
2955	logger
2958	logname
2960	lp
2965	ls
2975	m4
2985	mailx
3011	make
3034	man
3038	mesg
3041	mkdir
3044	mkfifo
3047	more
3059	mv
3065	newgrp
3069	nice
3073	nl
3077	nm
3082	nohup
3086	od
3094	paste
3098	patch
3105	pathchk
3110	pax
3149	pr
3154	printf
3160	prs
3165	ps
3172	pwd
3175	qalter
3185	qdel
3188	qhold
3191	qmove
3194	qmsg
3197	qrerun
3200	qrls
3203	qselect
3212	qsig
3215	qstat
3220	qsub
3233	read
3236	renice
3240	rm
3245	rmdel
3247	rmdir
3250	sact
3253	sccs
3258	sed
3268	sh
3286	sleep
3289	sort
3297	split
3301	strings
3304	strip
3306	stty
3315	tabs
3319	tail
3323	talk
3327	tee
3330	test
3339	time
3343	touch
3349	tput
3352	tr
3359	true
3361	tsort
3364	tty
3366	type
3368	ulimit
3370	umask
3374	unalias
3376	uname
3379	uncompress
3382	unexpand
3385	unget
3388	uniq
3393	unlink
3395	uucp
3399	uudecode
3402	uuencode
3407	uustat
3410	uux
3414	val
3417	vi
3472	wait
3476	wc
3479	what
3482	who
3486	write
3489	xargs
3496	yacc
3513	zcat
3515	XRAT
3519	A Rationale for Base Definitions A.1 Introduction A.1.1 Scope
3522	A.1.2 Conformance A.1.3 Normative References A.1.4 Change History A.1.5 Terminology
3524	A.1.6 Definitions and Concepts A.1.7 Portability
3525	A.2 Conformance A.2.1 Implementation Conformance
3529	A.2.2 Application Conformance A.2.3 Language-Dependent Services for the C Programming Language
3530	A.2.4 Other Language-Related Specifications A.3 Definitions
3553	A.4 General Concepts A.4.1 Concurrent Execution A.4.2 Default Initialization A.4.3 Directory Protection A.4.4 Extended Security Controls A.4.5 File Access Permissions
3554	A.4.6 File Hierarchy A.4.7 Filenames
3556	A.4.8 Filename Portability A.4.9 File Times Update A.4.10 Host and Network Byte Order A.4.11 Measurement of Execution Time
3557	A.4.12 Memory Synchronization
3558	A.4.13 Pathname Resolution
3560	A.4.14 Process ID Reuse A.4.15 Scheduling Policy A.4.16 Seconds Since the Epoch
3561	A.4.17 Semaphore
3562	A.4.18 Thread-Safety A.4.19 Tracing A.4.20 Treatment of Error Conditions for Mathematical Functions A.4.21 Treatment of NaN Arguments for Mathematical Functions A.4.22 Utility A.4.23 Variable Assignment A.5 File Format Notation
3563	A.6 Character Set A.6.1 Portable Character Set
3564	A.6.2 Character Encoding A.6.3 C Language Wide-Character Codes A.6.4 Character Set Description File
3567	A.7 Locale A.7.1 General A.7.2 POSIX Locale
3568	A.7.3 Locale Definition
3575	A.7.4 Locale Definition Grammar A.7.5 Locale Definition Example
3579	A.8 Environment Variables A.8.1 Environment Variable Definition A.8.2 Internationalization Variables
3580	A.8.3 Other Environment Variables
3581	A.9 Regular Expressions
3582	A.9.1 Regular Expression Definitions
3583	A.9.2 Regular Expression General Requirements
3584	A.9.3 Basic Regular Expressions
3587	A.9.4 Extended Regular Expressions
3588	A.9.5 Regular Expression Grammar
3589	A.10 Directory Structure and Devices A.10.1 Directory Structure and Files
3590	A.10.2 Output Devices and Terminal Types A.11 General Terminal Interface
3591	A.11.1 Interface Characteristics
3595	A.11.2 Parameters that Can be Set
3596	A.12 Utility Conventions A.12.1 Utility Argument Syntax
3597	A.12.2 Utility Syntax Guidelines
3600	A.13 Headers A.13.1 Format of Entries A.13.2 Removed Headers in Issue 7
3603	B Rationale for System Interfaces B.1 Introduction B.1.1 Change History
3606	B.1.2 Relationship to Other Formal Standards B.1.3 Format of Entries
3607	B.2 General Information B.2.1 Use and Implementation of Interfaces
3608	B.2.2 The Compilation Environment
3613	B.2.3 Error Numbers
3617	B.2.4 Signal Concepts
3627	B.2.5 Standard I/O Streams
3628	B.2.6 STREAMS B.2.7 XSI Interprocess Communication
3629	B.2.8 Realtime
3675	B.2.9 Threads
3703	B.2.10 Sockets
3706	B.2.11 Tracing
3731	B.2.12 Data Types
3733	B.2.13 Status Information B.2.14 File Descriptor Allocation B.3 System Interfaces B.3.1 System Interfaces Removed in this Version
3736	B.3.2 System Interfaces Removed in the Previous Version B.3.3 Examples for Spawn
3749	C Rationale for Shell and Utilities C.1 Introduction C.1.1 Change History
3750	C.1.2 Relationship to Other Documents
3751	C.1.3 Utility Limits
3754	C.1.4 Grammar Conventions C.1.5 Utility Description Defaults
3758	C.1.6 Considerations for Utilities in Support of Files of Arbitrary Size C.1.7 Built-In Utilities
3760	C.2 Shell Command Language C.2.1 Shell Introduction C.2.2 Quoting
3762	C.2.3 Token Recognition
3763	C.2.4 Reserved Words C.2.5 Parameters and Variables
3769	C.2.6 Word Expansions
3777	C.2.7 Redirection
3779	C.2.8 Exit Status and Errors
3780	C.2.9 Shell Commands
3788	C.2.10 Shell Grammar
3789	C.2.11 Signals and Error Handling C.2.12 Shell Execution Environment
3790	C.2.13 Pattern Matching Notation
3791	C.2.14 Special Built-In Utilities C.3 Batch Environment Services and Utilities
3795	C.3.1 Batch General Concepts
3797	C.3.2 Batch Services
3798	C.3.3 Common Behavior for Batch Environment Utilities C.4 Utilities C.4.1 Utilities Removed in this Version C.4.2 Utilities Removed in the Previous Version C.4.3 Exclusion of Utilities
3805	D Portability Considerations (Informative) D.1 User Requirements
3806	D.1.1 Configuration Interrogation D.1.2 Process Management D.1.3 Access to Data D.1.4 Access to the Environment D.1.5 Access to Determinism and Performance Enhancements
3807	D.1.6 Operating System-Dependent Profile D.1.7 I/O Interaction D.1.8 Internationalization Interaction D.1.9 C-Language Extensions D.1.10 Command Language D.1.11 Interactive Facilities D.1.12 Accomplish Multiple Tasks Simultaneously
3808	D.1.13 Complex Data Manipulation D.1.14 File Hierarchy Manipulation D.1.15 Locale Configuration D.1.16 Inter-User Communication D.1.17 System Environment D.1.18 Printing D.1.19 Software Development
3809	D.2 Portability Capabilities D.2.1 Configuration Interrogation
3810	D.2.2 Process Management D.2.3 Access to Data
3811	D.2.4 Access to the Environment
3812	D.2.5 Bounded (Realtime) Response D.2.6 Operating System-Dependent Profile D.2.7 I/O Interaction
3813	D.2.8 Internationalization Interaction D.2.9 C-Language Extensions D.2.10 Command Language
3814	D.2.11 Interactive Facilities D.2.12 Accomplish Multiple Tasks Simultaneously D.2.13 Complex Data Manipulation
3815	D.2.14 File Hierarchy Manipulation D.2.15 Locale Configuration D.2.16 Inter-User Communication
3816	D.2.17 System Environment D.2.18 Printing D.2.19 Software Development D.2.20 Future Growth
3817	D.3 Profiling Considerations D.3.1 Configuration Options D.3.2 Configuration Options (Shell and Utilities)
3819	D.3.3 Configurable Limits D.3.4 Configuration Options (System Interfaces)
3824	D.3.5 Configurable Limits
3827	D.3.6 Optional Behavior
3831	E Subprofiling Considerations (Informative) E.1 Subprofiling Option Groups
3837	Index

Additional information

Standard Title	IEEE Standard for Information Technology–Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX(TM)) Base Specifications, Issue 7 (Approved Draft)
Published Code	IEEE
Publication Date	2017
Pages Count	3946

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