IEEE 1003.1-2024

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IEEE/Open Group Standard for Information Technology–Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX™) Base Specifications, Issue 8 (Published)

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
IEEE	2024	4107

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Description

Revision Standard – Active. POSIX.1-2024 is simultaneously IEEE Std 1003.1™-2024 and The Open Group Standard Base Specifications, Issue 8. POSIX.1-2024 defines a standard operating system interface and environment, including a command interpreter (or “shell”), and common utility programs to support applications portability at the source code level. POSIX.1-2024 is intended to be used by both application developers and system implementors and comprises four major components (each in an associated volume): –General terms, concepts, and interfaces common to all volumes of this standard, including utility conventions and C-language header definitions, are included in the Base Definitions volume. –Definitions for system service functions and subroutines, language-specific system services for the C programming language, function issues, including portability, error handling, and error recovery, are included in the System Interfaces volume. –Definitions for a standard source code-level interface to command interpretation services (a “shell”) and common utility programs for application programs are included in the Shell and Utilities volume. –Extended rationale that did not fit well into the rest of the document structure, which contains historical information concerning the contents of POSIX.1-2024 and why features were included or discarded by the standard developers, is included in the Rationale (Informative) volume.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	IEEE Std 1003.1™-2024 Front Cover
2	Title Page
5	Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Standards Documents
9	Participants
12	Introduction
19	Contents
39	Trademarks
40	Acknowledgements
41	Referenced Documents
49	XBD
51	1 Introduction 1.1 Scope
52	1.2 Word Usage 1.3 Conformance
53	1.4 Normative References 1.5 Change History 1.6 Terminology
54	1.7 Definitions and Concepts
55	1.8 Portability 1.8.1 Codes
60	1.8.2 Margin Code Notation
63	2 Conformance 2.1 Implementation Conformance 2.1.1 Requirements
64	2.1.2 Documentation
65	2.1.3 POSIX Conformance
67	2.1.4 XSI Conformance
68	2.1.5 Option Groups
73	2.1.6 Options
75	2.2 Application Conformance 2.2.1 Strictly Conforming POSIX Application
76	2.2.2 Conforming POSIX Application 2.2.3 Conforming POSIX Application Using Extensions
77	2.2.4 Strictly Conforming XSI Application 2.2.5 Conforming XSI Application Using Extensions 2.3 Language-Dependent Services for the C Programming Language 2.4 Other Language-Related Specifications
79	3 Definitions 3.1 Abortive Release 3.2 Absolute Pathname 3.3 Access Mode 3.4 Additional File Access Control Mechanism 3.5 Address Space 3.6 Advisory Information
80	3.7 Affirmative Response 3.8 Alert 3.9 Alert Character () 3.10 Alias Name 3.11 Alignment 3.12 Alternate File Access Control Mechanism
81	3.13 Alternate Signal Stack 3.14 Ancillary Data 3.15 Angle Brackets 3.16 Anonymous Memory Object 3.17 Apostrophe Character () 3.18 Application 3.19 Application Address 3.20 Application Program Interface (API)
82	3.21 Appropriate Privileges 3.22 Argument 3.23 Arm (a Timer) 3.24 Asterisk Character () 3.25 Async-Cancel-Safe Function 3.26 Asynchronous Events 3.27 Asynchronous Input and Output
83	3.28 Async-Signal-Safe Function 3.29 Asynchronously-Generated Signal 3.30 Asynchronous I/O Completion 3.31 Asynchronous I/O Operation 3.32 Atomic Operation 3.33 Authentication
84	3.34 Authorization 3.35 Background Job 3.36 Background Process 3.37 Background Process Group 3.38 Backquote Character 3.39 Backslash Character ()
85	3.40 Backspace Character () 3.41 Barrier 3.42 Basename 3.43 Basic Regular Expression (BRE) 3.44 Bind 3.45 Blank Character () 3.46 Blank Line 3.47 Blocked Process (or Thread)
86	3.48 Blocking 3.49 Block-Mode Terminal 3.50 Block Special File 3.51 Braces 3.52 Brackets 3.53 Broadcast
87	3.54 Built-In Utility (or Built-In) 3.55 Byte 3.56 Byte Input/Output Functions 3.57 Carriage-Return Character () 3.58 Character
88	3.59 Character Array 3.60 Character Class 3.61 Character Set 3.62 Character Special File 3.63 Character String 3.64 Child Process 3.65 Circumflex Character ()
89	3.66 Clock 3.67 Clock Jump 3.68 Clock Tick 3.69 Code Block 3.70 Coded Character Set 3.71 Codeset 3.72 Collating Element
90	3.73 Collation 3.74 Collation Sequence 3.75 Column Position 3.76 Command 3.77 Command Language Interpreter
91	3.78 Composite Graphic Symbol 3.79 Condition Variable 3.80 Connected Socket 3.81 Connection 3.82 Connection Mode 3.83 Connectionless Mode 3.84 Control Character
92	3.85 Control Operator 3.86 Controlling Process 3.87 Controlling Terminal 3.88 Conversion Descriptor 3.89 Core Image 3.90 CPU Time (Execution Time) 3.91 CPU-Time Clock
93	3.92 CPU-Time Timer 3.93 Current Job 3.94 Current Working Directory 3.95 Cursor Position 3.96 Datagram 3.97 Data Race 3.98 Data Segment 3.99 Decimal-Point Character 3.100 Declaration Utility
94	3.101 Device 3.102 Device ID 3.103 Directory 3.104 Directory Entry (or Hard Link) 3.105 Directory Stream 3.106 Disarm (a Timer) 3.107 Display 3.108 Display Line 3.109 Dollar-Sign Character ()
95	3.110 Dot 3.111 Dot-Dot 3.112 Dot-Po File 3.113 Double-Quote Character 3.114 Downshifting 3.115 Driver 3.116 Effective Group ID 3.117 Effective User ID
96	3.118 Eight-Bit Transparency 3.119 Empty Directory 3.120 Empty Line 3.121 Empty String (or Null String) 3.122 Empty Wide-Character String 3.123 Encoding Rule 3.124 Entire Regular Expression 3.125 Epoch
97	3.126 Equivalence Class 3.127 Era 3.128 Event Management 3.129 Executable File 3.130 Execute 3.131 Execution Time 3.132 Execution Time Monitoring
98	3.133 Expand 3.134 Extended Regular Expression (ERE) 3.135 Extended Security Controls 3.136 Feature Test Macro 3.137 Field
99	3.138 FIFO Special File (or FIFO) 3.139 File 3.140 File Description 3.141 File Descriptor 3.142 File Group Class 3.143 File Lock
100	3.144 File Mode 3.145 File Mode Bits 3.146 Filename 3.147 Filename String 3.148 File Offset 3.149 File Other Class 3.150 File Owner Class
101	3.151 File Permission Bits 3.152 File Serial Number 3.153 File System 3.154 File Type 3.155 Filter 3.156 First Open (of a File) 3.157 Flow Control
102	3.158 Foreground Job 3.159 Foreground Process 3.160 Foreground Process Group 3.161 Foreground Process Group ID 3.162 Form-Feed Character () 3.163 Graphic Character
103	3.164 Group Database 3.165 Group ID 3.166 Group Name 3.167 Hard Limit 3.168 Hard Link 3.169 Hole
104	3.170 Home Directory 3.171 Host Byte Order 3.172 Incomplete Line 3.173 Inf 3.174 Interactive Device 3.175 Interactive Shell 3.176 Internationalization 3.177 Interprocess Communication
105	3.178 Intrinsic Utility 3.179 Invoke 3.180 Job 3.181 Job Control 3.182 Job ID
106	3.183 Joinable Thread 3.184 Last Close (of a File) 3.185 Line 3.186 Linger 3.187 Link 3.188 Link Count
107	3.189 Live Process 3.190 Live Thread 3.191 Local Customs 3.192 Local Interprocess Communication (Local IPC) 3.193 Locale 3.194 Localization 3.195 Lock-Free Operation
108	3.196 Login 3.197 Login Name 3.198 Map 3.199 Matched 3.200 Memory Mapped Files 3.201 Memory Object 3.202 Memory-Resident
109	3.203 Message 3.204 Message Catalog 3.205 Message Catalog Descriptor 3.206 Message Queue 3.207 Messages Object 3.208 Mode 3.209 Monotonic Clock
110	3.210 Mount Point 3.211 Multi-Character Collating Element 3.212 Multi-Threaded Library 3.213 Multi-Threaded Process 3.214 Multi-Threaded Program 3.215 Mutex
111	3.216 Name 3.217 NaN (Not a Number) 3.218 Native Language 3.219 Negative 3.220 Negative Response 3.221 Network 3.222 Network Address
112	3.223 Network Byte Order 3.224 Newline Character () 3.225 Nice Value 3.226 Non-Blocking 3.227 Non-Spacing Characters 3.228 NUL
113	3.229 Null Byte 3.230 Null Pointer 3.231 Null String 3.232 Null Terminator 3.233 Null Wide-Character Code 3.234 Number-Sign Character () 3.235 Object File 3.236 Octet
114	3.237 OFD-Owned File Lock 3.238 Offset Maximum 3.239 Opaque Address 3.240 Open File 3.241 Open File Description 3.242 Operand 3.243 Operator
115	3.244 Option 3.245 Option-Argument 3.246 Orientation 3.247 Orphaned Process Group 3.248 Page 3.249 Page Size
116	3.250 Parameter 3.251 Parent Directory 3.252 Parent Process 3.253 Parent Process ID 3.254 Pathname
117	3.255 Pathname Component 3.256 Path Prefix 3.257 Pattern 3.258 Period Character () 3.259 Permissions 3.260 Persistence
118	3.261 Pipe 3.262 Polling 3.263 Portable Character Set 3.264 Portable Filename 3.265 Portable Filename Character Set 3.266 Portable Messages Object Source File (or Dot-Po File)
119	3.267 Positional Parameter 3.268 Positive 3.269 Preallocation 3.270 Preempted Process (or Thread) 3.271 Previous Job 3.272 Printable Character 3.273 Printable File
120	3.274 Priority 3.275 Priority Inversion 3.276 Priority Scheduling 3.277 Priority-Based Scheduling 3.278 Privilege 3.279 Process 3.280 Process Group 3.281 Process Group ID 3.282 Process Group Leader
121	3.283 Process Group Lifetime 3.284 Process ID 3.285 Process Lifetime 3.286 Process Memory Locking 3.287 Process Termination
122	3.288 Process Virtual Time 3.289 Process-Owned File Lock 3.290 Process-To-Process Communication 3.291 Program 3.292 Protocol 3.293 Pseudo-Terminal 3.294 Radix Character (or Decimal-Point Character)
123	3.295 Read-Only File System 3.296 Read-Write Lock 3.297 Real Group ID 3.298 Real Time 3.299 Realtime Signal Extension 3.300 Real User ID 3.301 Record
124	3.302 Record Lock 3.303 Redirection 3.304 Redirection Operator 3.305 Referenced Shared Memory Object 3.306 Refresh 3.307 Regular Built-In Utility (or Regular Built-In) 3.308 Regular Expression 3.309 Region
125	3.310 Regular File 3.311 Relative Pathname 3.312 Relocatable File 3.313 Relocation 3.314 (Time) Resolution 3.315 Robust Mutex 3.316 Root Directory 3.317 Runnable Process (or Thread) 3.318 Running Process (or Thread)
126	3.319 Saved Resource Limits 3.320 Saved Set-Group-ID 3.321 Saved Set-User-ID 3.322 Scheduling 3.323 Scheduling Allocation Domain 3.324 Scheduling Contention Scope
127	3.325 Scheduling Policy 3.326 Screen 3.327 Scroll 3.328 Semaphore 3.329 Session 3.330 Session Leader 3.331 Session Lifetime
128	3.332 Shared Memory Object 3.333 Shell 3.334 Shell, the 3.335 Shell Script 3.336 Signal 3.337 Signal Stack 3.338 Single-Quote Character 3.339 Single-Threaded Process
129	3.340 Single-Threaded Program 3.341 Slash Character () 3.342 Socket 3.343 Socket Address 3.344 Soft Limit 3.345 Source Code
130	3.346 Space Character () 3.347 Sparse File 3.348 Spawn 3.349 Special Built-In Utility (or Special Built-In) 3.350 Special Parameter 3.351 Spin Lock 3.352 Sporadic Server 3.353 Standard Error
131	3.354 Standard Input 3.355 Standard Output 3.356 Standard Utilities 3.357 Stream 3.358 String
132	3.359 Subshell 3.360 Successfully Transferred 3.361 Supplementary Group ID 3.362 Suspended Job 3.363 Symbolic Constant
133	3.364 Symbolic Link 3.365 Synchronization Operation 3.366 Synchronized Input and Output 3.367 Synchronized I/O Completion 3.368 Synchronized I/O Data Integrity Completion 3.369 Synchronized I/O File Integrity Completion
134	3.370 Synchronized I/O Operation 3.371 Synchronous I/O Operation 3.372 Synchronously-Generated Signal 3.373 System 3.374 System Boot 3.375 System Clock 3.376 System Console 3.377 System Crash
135	3.378 System Databases 3.379 System Documentation 3.380 System Process 3.381 System Reboot 3.382 System-Wide 3.383 Tab Character () 3.384 Terminal (or Terminal Device) 3.385 Text Column
136	3.386 Text Domain 3.387 Text File 3.388 Thread 3.389 Thread ID
137	3.390 Thread Lifetime 3.391 Thread List 3.392 Thread Termination 3.393 Thread-Safe 3.394 Thread-Specific Data Key
138	3.395 Tilde Character () 3.396 Timeouts 3.397 Timer 3.398 Timer Overrun 3.399 Token 3.400 Typed Memory Name Space 3.401 Typed Memory Object 3.402 Typed Memory Pool
139	3.403 Typed Memory Port 3.404 Unbind 3.405 Unit Data 3.406 Upshifting 3.407 User Database 3.408 User ID 3.409 User Name
140	3.410 Utility 3.411 Variable 3.412 Vertical-Tab Character () 3.413 White Space 3.414 White-Space Byte 3.415 White-Space Character 3.416 White-Space Wide Character
141	3.417 Wide-Character Code (C Language) 3.418 Wide-Character Input/Output Functions 3.419 Wide-Character String 3.420 Word 3.421 Working Directory (or Current Working Directory) 3.422 Worldwide Portability Interface 3.423 Write 3.424 XSI
142	3.425 XSI-Conformant 3.426 Zombie Process 3.427 Zombie Thread 3.428 Plus or Minus Zero
143	4 General Concepts 4.1 Case Insensitive Comparisons 4.2 Concurrent Execution 4.3 Default Initialization
144	4.4 Directory Operations 4.5 Directory Protection 4.6 Extended Security Controls
145	4.7 File Access Permissions 4.8 File Hierarchy 4.9 Filenames
146	4.10 Filename Portability 4.11 File System Cache 4.12 File Times Update
147	4.13 Host and Network Byte Orders 4.14 Measurement of Execution Time
148	4.15 Memory Ordering and Synchronization 4.15.1 Memory Ordering
152	4.15.2 Memory Synchronization
153	4.16 Pathname Resolution
154	4.17 Process ID Reuse
155	4.18 Scheduling Policy 4.19 Seconds Since the Epoch
156	4.20 Semaphore 4.21 Special Device Drivers 4.22 Thread-Safety
157	4.23 Treatment of Error Conditions for Mathematical Functions 4.23.1 Domain Error 4.23.2 Pole Error
158	4.23.3 Range Error 4.24 Treatment of NaN Arguments for the Mathematical Functions
159	4.25 Utility 4.26 Variable Assignment
161	5 File Format Notation
165	6 Character Set 6.1 Portable Character Set
168	6.2 Character Encoding 6.3 C Language Wide-Character Codes
169	6.4 Character Set Description File
173	6.4.1 State-Dependent Character Encodings
175	7 Locale 7.1 General
176	7.2 POSIX Locale 7.3 Locale Definition
179	7.3.1 LC_CTYPE
187	7.3.2 LC_COLLATE
195	7.3.3 LC_MONETARY
199	7.3.4 LC_NUMERIC
200	7.3.5 LC_TIME
207	7.3.6 LC_MESSAGES
208	7.4 Locale Definition Grammar 7.4.1 Locale Lexical Conventions
209	7.4.2 Locale Grammar
215	8 Environment Variables 8.1 Environment Variable Definition
217	8.2 Internationalization Variables
222	8.3 Other Environment Variables
227	9 Regular Expressions 9.1 Regular Expression Definitions
228	9.2 Regular Expression General Requirements
229	9.3 Basic Regular Expressions 9.3.1 BREs Matching a Single Character or Collating Element 9.3.2 BRE Ordinary Characters
230	9.3.3 BRE Special Characters 9.3.4 Periods in BREs 9.3.5 RE Bracket Expression
233	9.3.6 BREs Matching Multiple Characters
234	9.3.7 BRE Precedence 9.3.8 BRE Expression Anchoring
235	9.4 Extended Regular Expressions 9.4.1 EREs Matching a Single Character or Collating Element 9.4.2 ERE Ordinary Characters
236	9.4.3 ERE Special Characters 9.4.4 Periods in EREs 9.4.5 ERE Bracket Expression
237	9.4.6 EREs Matching Multiple Characters
238	9.4.7 ERE Alternation 9.4.8 ERE Precedence 9.4.9 ERE Expression Anchoring
239	9.5 Regular Expression Grammar 9.5.1 BRE/ERE Grammar Lexical Conventions
240	9.5.2 RE and Bracket Expression Grammar
242	9.5.3 ERE Grammar
245	10 Directory Structure and Devices 10.1 Directory Structure and Files 10.2 Output Devices and Terminal Types
247	11 General Terminal Interface 11.1 Interface Characteristics 11.1.1 Opening a Terminal Device File 11.1.2 Process Groups
248	11.1.3 The Controlling Terminal 11.1.4 Terminal Access Control
249	11.1.5 Input Processing and Reading Data
250	11.1.6 Canonical Mode Input Processing 11.1.7 Non-Canonical Mode Input Processing
251	11.1.8 Writing Data and Output Processing 11.1.9 Special Characters
253	11.1.10 Modem Disconnect 11.1.11 Closing a Terminal Device File 11.2 Parameters that Can be Set 11.2.1 The termios Structure
254	11.2.2 Input Modes
255	11.2.3 Output Modes
257	11.2.4 Control Modes
258	11.2.5 Local Modes
260	11.2.6 Special Control Characters
261	12 Utility Conventions 12.1 Utility Argument Syntax
263	12.2 Utility Syntax Guidelines
267	13 Namespace and Future Directions
269	14 Headers
270
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274
275
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282
283
286
288
290
294
300
304
309
311
312
314
316
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319
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327
328
330
345
348
356
357
359
361
362
366
371
372
373
375
382
384
387
389
391
393
394
404
407
408
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414
415
417
424
429
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497
500
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506
528
530
534
536
539	XSH
541	1 Introduction 1.1 Relationship to Other Formal Standards 1.2 Format of Entries
543	2 General Information 2.1 Use and Implementation of Interfaces 2.1.1 Use and Implementation of Functions
544	2.1.2 Use and Implementation of Macros 2.2 The Compilation Environment 2.2.1 POSIX.1 Symbols
546	2.2.2 The Name Space
555	2.3 Error Numbers
561	2.3.1 Additional Error Numbers 2.4 Signal Concepts 2.4.1 Signal Generation and Delivery
563	2.4.2 Realtime Signal Generation and Delivery
564	2.4.3 Signal Actions
568	2.4.4 Signal Effects on Other Functions
569	2.5 Standard I/O Streams
570	2.5.1 Interaction of File Descriptors and Standard I/O Streams
572	2.5.2 Stream Orientation and Encoding Rules
573	2.6 File Descriptor Allocation
574	2.7 XSI Interprocess Communication 2.7.1 IPC General Description
575	2.8 Realtime
576	2.8.1 Realtime Signals 2.8.2 Asynchronous I/O
577	2.8.3 Memory Management
579	2.8.4 Process Scheduling
583	2.8.5 Clocks and Timers
585	2.9 Threads 2.9.1 Thread-Safety
586	2.9.2 Thread IDs
587	2.9.3 Thread Mutexes
588	2.9.4 Thread Scheduling
590	2.9.5 Thread Cancellation
595	2.9.6 Thread Read-Write Locks 2.9.7 Thread Interactions with File Operations
596	2.9.8 Use of Application-Managed Thread Stacks 2.9.9 Synchronization Object Copies and Alternative Mappings
597	2.10 Sockets 2.10.1 Address Families 2.10.2 Addressing 2.10.3 Protocols
598	2.10.4 Routing 2.10.5 Interfaces 2.10.6 Socket Types
599	2.10.7 Socket I/O Mode 2.10.8 Socket Owner 2.10.9 Socket Queue Limits 2.10.10 Pending Error
600	2.10.11 Socket Receive Queue 2.10.12 Socket Out-of-Band Data State
601	2.10.13 Connection Indication Queue 2.10.14 Signals 2.10.15 Asynchronous Errors
602	2.10.16 Use of Options
605	2.10.17 Use of Sockets for Local UNIX Connections
606	2.10.18 Use of Sockets over Internet Protocols 2.10.19 Use of Sockets over Internet Protocols Based on IPv4 2.10.20 Use of Sockets over Internet Protocols Based on IPv6
609	2.11 Data Types
610	2.11.1 Defined Types
611	2.11.2 The char Type 2.12 Status Information
613	3 System Interfaces
614	CMPLX
615	FD_CLR
616	_Exit
622	_Fork
623	a64l
625	abort
627	abs
628	accept
632	access
636	acos
638	acosh
640	acosl
641	aio_cancel
643	aio_error
645	aio_fsync
648	aio_read
651	aio_return
653	aio_suspend
655	aio_write
658	alarm
660	aligned_alloc
662	alphasort
665	asctime
668	asin
670	asinh
672	asinl
673	asprintf
674	assert
675	at_quick_exit
677	atan
679	atan2
682	atanf
683	atanh
685	atanl
686	atexit
688	atof
689	atoi
691	atol
692	atomic_compare_exchange_strong
694	atomic_exchange
695	atomic_fetch_add
697	atomic_flag_clear
698	atomic_flag_test_and_set
699	atomic_init
700	atomic_is_lock_free
701	atomic_load
702	atomic_signal_fence
704	atomic_store
705	basename
708	be16toh
710	bind
714	bindtextdomain
718	bsearch
721	btowc
722	c16rtomb
724	cabs
725	cacos
727	cacosh
729	cacosl
730	call_once
732	calloc
734	carg
736	casin
738	casinh
740	casinl
741	catan
743	catanh
745	catanl
746	catclose
747	catgets
749	catopen
752	cbrt
753	ccos
755	ccosh
757	ccosl
758	ceil
760	cexp
762	cfgetispeed
764	cfgetospeed
765	cfsetispeed
766	cfsetospeed
767	chdir
769	chmod
774	chown
778	cimag
779	clearerr
780	clock
782	clock_getcpuclockid
783	clock_getres
787	clock_nanosleep
790	clock_settime
791	clog
793	close
799	closedir
801	closelog
805	cnd_broadcast
807	cnd_destroy
809	cnd_timedwait
811	confstr
815	conj
816	connect
820	copysign
821	cos
823	cosh
825	cosl
826	cpow
827	cproj
828	creal
829	creat
831	crypt
833	csin
835	csinh
837	csinl
838	csqrt
840	ctan
842	ctanh
844	ctanl
845	ctermid
847	ctime
849	daylight
850	dbm_clearerr
855	dcgettext
856	difftime
857	dirfd
859	dirname
862	div
863	dladdr
865	dlclose
867	dlerror
869	dlopen
872	dlsym
875	dngettext
876	dprintf
877	drand48
881	dup
884	duplocale
886	encrypt
888	endgrent
890	endhostent
892	endnetent
894	endprotoent
896	endpwent
899	endservent
901	endutxent
904	environ
905	erand48
906	erf
909	erfc
911	erff
912	errno
914	exec
928	exit
930	exp
932	exp2
934	expm1
936	fabs
938	faccessat
939	fchdir
940	fchmod
942	fchmodat
943	fchown
945	fchownat
946	fclose
949	fcntl
961	fdatasync
963	fdim
965	fdopen
968	fdopendir
972	feclearexcept
973	fegetenv
974	fegetexceptflag
975	fegetround
977	feholdexcept
978	feof
979	feraiseexcept
980	ferror
981	fesetenv
982	fesetexceptflag
983	fesetround
984	fetestexcept
986	feupdateenv
988	fexecve
989	fflush
993	ffs
994	fgetc
996	fgetpos
998	fgets
1000	fgetwc
1002	fgetws
1004	fileno
1005	flockfile
1007	floor
1009	fma
1011	fmax
1012	fmemopen
1016	fmin
1017	fmod
1019	fmtmsg
1022	fnmatch
1024	fopen
1031	fork
1036	fpathconf
1042	fpclassify
1043	fprintf
1057	fputc
1059	fputs
1061	fputwc
1064	fputws
1066	fread
1068	free
1070	freeaddrinfo
1076	freelocale
1078	freopen
1083	frexp
1085	fscanf
1093	fseek
1097	fsetpos
1100	fstat
1103	fstatat
1109	fstatvfs
1112	fsync
1114	ftell
1116	ftok
1118	ftruncate
1121	ftrylockfile
1122	funlockfile
1123	futimens
1127	fwide
1129	fwprintf
1137	fwrite
1139	fwscanf
1147	gai_strerror
1148	getaddrinfo
1149	getc
1150	getc_unlocked
1152	getchar
1153	getchar_unlocked
1154	getcwd
1157	getdate
1162	getdelim
1165	getegid
1167	getentropy
1168	getenv
1171	geteuid
1173	getgid
1175	getgrent
1176	getgrgid
1180	getgrnam
1183	getgroups
1185	gethostent
1186	gethostid
1187	gethostname
1188	getline
1189	getlocalename_l
1191	getlogin
1194	getnameinfo
1197	getnetbyaddr
1198	getopt
1203	getpeername
1205	getpgid
1206	getpgrp
1207	getpid
1208	getppid
1209	getpriority
1212	getprotobyname
1213	getpwent
1214	getpwnam
1218	getpwuid
1222	getresgid
1223	getresuid
1224	getrlimit
1228	getrusage
1230	getservbyname
1231	getsid
1232	getsockname
1234	getsockopt
1236	getsubopt
1240	gettext
1248	getuid
1250	getutxent
1251	getwc
1252	getwchar
1253	glob
1259	gmtime
1261	grantpt
1263	hcreate
1266	htobe16
1267	htonl
1268	hypot
1270	iconv
1273	iconv_close
1274	iconv_open
1276	if_freenameindex
1277	if_indextoname
1278	if_nameindex
1279	if_nametoindex
1280	ilogb
1283	imaxabs
1284	imaxdiv
1285	in6addr_any
1286	inet_addr
1288	inet_ntop
1290	initstate
1293	insque
1296	isalnum
1298	isalpha
1300	isatty
1301	isblank
1303	iscntrl
1305	isdigit
1307	isfinite
1308	isgraph
1310	isgreater
1312	isinf
1313	isless
1314	islower
1317	isnan
1318	isnormal
1319	isprint
1321	ispunct
1323	isspace
1325	isunordered
1326	isupper
1328	iswalnum
1330	iswalpha
1332	iswblank
1334	iswcntrl
1336	iswctype
1339	iswdigit
1341	iswgraph
1343	iswlower
1345	iswprint
1347	iswpunct
1349	iswspace
1351	iswupper
1353	iswxdigit
1355	isxdigit
1357	j0
1359	jrand48
1360	kill
1363	kill_dependency
1364	killpg
1366	l64a
1367	labs
1368	lchown
1371	lcong48
1372	ldexp
1374	ldiv
1375	le16toh
1376	lfind
1377	lgamma
1380	link
1385	lio_listio
1389	listen
1391	llabs
1392	lldiv
1393	llrint
1395	llround
1397	localeconv
1402	localtime
1406	lockf
1409	log
1411	log10
1413	log1p
1415	log2
1417	logb
1419	logf
1420	longjmp
1422	lrand48
1423	lrint
1425	lround
1427	lsearch
1429	lseek
1432	lstat
1433	malloc
1435	mblen
1437	mbrlen
1439	mbrtoc16
1441	mbrtowc
1443	mbsinit
1444	mbsrtowcs
1447	mbstowcs
1449	mbtowc
1451	memccpy
1452	memchr
1453	memcmp
1454	memcpy
1455	memmem
1456	memmove
1457	memset
1458	mkdir
1462	mkdtemp
1465	mkfifo
1469	mknod
1473	mkostemp
1474	mkstemp
1475	mktime
1481	mlock
1483	mlockall
1485	mmap
1493	modf
1495	mprotect
1497	mq_close
1498	mq_getattr
1500	mq_notify
1503	mq_open
1507	mq_receive
1510	mq_send
1512	mq_setattr
1514	mq_timedreceive
1515	mq_timedsend
1516	mq_unlink
1518	mrand48
1519	msgctl
1521	msgget
1523	msgrcv
1526	msgsnd
1529	msync
1532	mtx_destroy
1534	mtx_lock
1536	munlock
1537	munlockall
1538	munmap
1540	nan
1542	nanosleep
1544	nearbyint
1545	newlocale
1548	nextafter
1550	nftw
1555	ngettext
1556	nice
1558	nl_langinfo
1561	nrand48
1562	ntohl
1563	open
1574	open_memstream
1577	openat
1578	opendir
1579	openlog
1580	optarg
1581	pathconf
1582	pause
1583	pclose
1585	perror
1587	pipe
1590	poll
1595	popen
1604	posix_close
1605	posix_devctl
1611	posix_fadvise
1613	posix_fallocate
1615	posix_getdents
1620	posix_madvise
1622	posix_mem_offset
1624	posix_memalign
1626	posix_openpt
1629	posix_spawn
1638	posix_spawn_file_actions_addchdir
1640	posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose
1644	posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2
1646	posix_spawn_file_actions_addfchdir
1647	posix_spawn_file_actions_addopen
1648	posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy
1650	posix_spawnattr_destroy
1652	posix_spawnattr_getflags
1654	posix_spawnattr_getpgroup
1656	posix_spawnattr_getschedparam
1658	posix_spawnattr_getschedpolicy
1660	posix_spawnattr_getsigdefault
1662	posix_spawnattr_getsigmask
1664	posix_spawnattr_init
1665	posix_spawnattr_setflags
1666	posix_spawnattr_setpgroup
1667	posix_spawnattr_setschedparam
1668	posix_spawnattr_setschedpolicy
1669	posix_spawnattr_setsigdefault
1670	posix_spawnattr_setsigmask
1671	posix_spawnp
1672	posix_typed_mem_get_info
1674	posix_typed_mem_open
1677	pow
1680	ppoll
1681	pread
1682	printf
1683	pselect
1689	psiginfo
1691	pthread_atfork
1694	pthread_attr_destroy
1697	pthread_attr_getdetachstate
1699	pthread_attr_getguardsize
1702	pthread_attr_getinheritsched
1704	pthread_attr_getschedparam
1706	pthread_attr_getschedpolicy
1708	pthread_attr_getscope
1710	pthread_attr_getstack
1713	pthread_attr_getstacksize
1715	pthread_attr_init
1716	pthread_attr_setdetachstate
1717	pthread_attr_setguardsize
1718	pthread_attr_setinheritsched
1719	pthread_attr_setschedparam
1720	pthread_attr_setschedpolicy
1721	pthread_attr_setscope
1722	pthread_attr_setstack
1723	pthread_attr_setstacksize
1724	pthread_barrier_destroy
1726	pthread_barrier_wait
1728	pthread_barrierattr_destroy
1730	pthread_barrierattr_getpshared
1732	pthread_barrierattr_init
1733	pthread_barrierattr_setpshared
1734	pthread_cancel
1736	pthread_cleanup_pop
1741	pthread_cond_broadcast
1744	pthread_cond_clockwait
1751	pthread_cond_destroy
1754	pthread_cond_signal
1755	pthread_cond_timedwait
1756	pthread_condattr_destroy
1758	pthread_condattr_getclock
1760	pthread_condattr_getpshared
1762	pthread_condattr_init
1763	pthread_condattr_setclock
1764	pthread_condattr_setpshared
1765	pthread_create
1768	pthread_detach
1770	pthread_equal
1771	pthread_exit
1773	pthread_getcpuclockid
1774	pthread_getschedparam
1777	pthread_getspecific
1779	pthread_join
1782	pthread_key_create
1785	pthread_key_delete
1787	pthread_kill
1789	pthread_mutex_clocklock
1792	pthread_mutex_consistent
1794	pthread_mutex_destroy
1800	pthread_mutex_getprioceiling
1803	pthread_mutex_init
1804	pthread_mutex_lock
1808	pthread_mutex_setprioceiling
1809	pthread_mutex_timedlock
1810	pthread_mutex_trylock
1811	pthread_mutexattr_destroy
1816	pthread_mutexattr_getprioceiling
1818	pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol
1821	pthread_mutexattr_getpshared
1823	pthread_mutexattr_getrobust
1825	pthread_mutexattr_gettype
1827	pthread_mutexattr_init
1828	pthread_mutexattr_setprioceiling
1829	pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol
1830	pthread_mutexattr_setpshared
1831	pthread_mutexattr_setrobust
1832	pthread_mutexattr_settype
1833	pthread_once
1835	pthread_rwlock_clockrdlock
1837	pthread_rwlock_clockwrlock
1839	pthread_rwlock_destroy
1842	pthread_rwlock_rdlock
1845	pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock
1846	pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock
1847	pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock
1848	pthread_rwlock_trywrlock
1850	pthread_rwlock_unlock
1852	pthread_rwlock_wrlock
1853	pthread_rwlockattr_destroy
1855	pthread_rwlockattr_getpshared
1857	pthread_rwlockattr_init
1858	pthread_rwlockattr_setpshared
1859	pthread_self
1860	pthread_setcancelstate
1862	pthread_setschedparam
1863	pthread_setschedprio
1865	pthread_setspecific
1866	pthread_sigmask
1870	pthread_spin_destroy
1872	pthread_spin_lock
1874	pthread_spin_unlock
1876	pthread_testcancel
1877	ptsname
1879	putc
1880	putc_unlocked
1881	putchar
1882	putchar_unlocked
1883	putenv
1885	puts
1887	pututxline
1888	putwc
1889	putwchar
1890	pwrite
1891	qsort
1893	quick_exit
1894	raise
1896	rand
1899	random
1900	read
1906	readdir
1912	readlink
1915	readv
1917	realloc
1920	realpath
1923	recv
1926	recvfrom
1929	recvmsg
1932	regcomp
1940	remainder
1942	remove
1944	remque
1945	remquo
1947	rename
1953	rewind
1954	rewinddir
1955	rint
1957	rmdir
1960	round
1961	scalbln
1963	scandir
1964	scanf
1965	sched_get_priority_max
1966	sched_getparam
1967	sched_getscheduler
1968	sched_rr_get_interval
1969	sched_setparam
1971	sched_setscheduler
1973	sched_yield
1974	secure_getenv
1975	seed48
1976	seekdir
1978	select
1979	sem_clockwait
1983	sem_close
1985	sem_destroy
1987	sem_getvalue
1989	sem_init
1991	sem_open
1995	sem_post
1997	sem_timedwait
1998	sem_trywait
2000	sem_unlink
2002	sem_wait
2003	semctl
2006	semget
2008	semop
2013	send
2016	sendmsg
2020	sendto
2024	setbuf
2026	setegid
2027	setenv
2029	seteuid
2030	setgid
2032	setgrent
2033	sethostent
2034	setjmp
2036	setkey
2038	setlocale
2043	setlogmask
2044	setnetent
2045	setpgid
2048	setpriority
2049	setprotoent
2050	setpwent
2051	setregid
2053	setresgid
2055	setresuid
2056	setreuid
2058	setrlimit
2059	setservent
2060	setsid
2062	setsockopt
2064	setstate
2065	setuid
2068	setutxent
2069	setvbuf
2071	shm_open
2076	shm_unlink
2078	shmat
2080	shmctl
2082	shmdt
2084	shmget
2086	shutdown
2088	sig2str
2090	sigaction
2098	sigaddset
2099	sigaltstack
2102	sigdelset
2103	sigemptyset
2105	sigfillset
2106	sigismember
2107	siglongjmp
2108	signal
2111	signbit
2112	signgam
2113	sigpending
2114	sigprocmask
2115	sigqueue
2117	sigsetjmp
2119	sigsuspend
2121	sigtimedwait
2125	sigwait
2127	sigwaitinfo
2128	sin
2130	sinh
2132	sinl
2133	sleep
2136	snprintf
2137	sockatmark
2139	socket
2142	socketpair
2145	sprintf
2146	sqrt
2148	srand
2149	srand48
2150	srandom
2151	sscanf
2152	stat
2153	statvfs
2154	stdin
2156	stpcpy
2157	stpncpy
2158	str2sig
2159	strcasecmp
2161	strcat
2162	strchr
2163	strcmp
2165	strcoll
2167	strcpy
2170	strcspn
2171	strdup
2173	strerror
2177	strfmon
2182	strftime
2193	strlcat
2195	strlen
2197	strncasecmp
2198	strncat
2199	strncmp
2200	strncpy
2202	strndup
2203	strnlen
2204	strpbrk
2205	strptime
2213	strrchr
2215	strsignal
2217	strspn
2218	strstr
2219	strtod
2223	strtoimax
2225	strtok
2228	strtol
2231	strtold
2232	strtoll
2233	strtoul
2236	strtoumax
2237	strxfrm
2239	swab
2240	swprintf
2241	swscanf
2242	symlink
2246	sync
2247	sysconf
2254	syslog
2255	system
2260	tan
2263	tanh
2265	tanl
2266	tcdrain
2268	tcflow
2270	tcflush
2272	tcgetattr
2274	tcgetpgrp
2276	tcgetsid
2277	tcgetwinsize
2281	tcsendbreak
2283	tcsetattr
2286	tcsetpgrp
2288	tcsetwinsize
2290	tdelete
2295	telldir
2296	textdomain
2297	tfind
2298	tgamma
2301	thrd_create
2303	thrd_current
2304	thrd_detach
2305	thrd_equal
2306	thrd_exit
2308	thrd_join
2310	thrd_sleep
2312	thrd_yield
2313	time
2316	timer_create
2319	timer_delete
2320	timer_getoverrun
2323	times
2326	timespec_get
2327	timezone
2328	tmpfile
2331	tmpnam
2333	tolower
2335	toupper
2337	towctrans
2339	towlower
2341	towupper
2343	trunc
2344	truncate
2347	truncf
2348	tsearch
2349	tss_create
2351	tss_delete
2353	tss_get
2355	ttyname
2357	twalk
2358	tzset
2360	umask
2362	uname
2364	ungetc
2366	ungetwc
2368	unlink
2374	unlockpt
2375	unsetenv
2376	uselocale
2378	utimensat
2379	va_arg
2380	vasprintf
2381	vfprintf
2383	vfscanf
2384	vfwprintf
2386	vfwscanf
2387	vprintf
2388	vscanf
2389	vsnprintf
2390	vsscanf
2391	vswprintf
2392	vswscanf
2393	vwprintf
2394	vwscanf
2395	wait
2405	waitid
2408	waitpid
2409	wcpcpy
2410	wcpncpy
2411	wcrtomb
2413	wcscasecmp
2415	wcscat
2416	wcschr
2417	wcscmp
2418	wcscoll
2420	wcscpy
2422	wcscspn
2423	wcsdup
2424	wcsftime
2426	wcslcat
2428	wcslen
2430	wcsncasecmp
2431	wcsncat
2432	wcsncmp
2433	wcsncpy
2435	wcsnlen
2436	wcsnrtombs
2437	wcspbrk
2438	wcsrchr
2439	wcsrtombs
2441	wcsspn
2442	wcsstr
2443	wcstod
2447	wcstoimax
2448	wcstok
2450	wcstol
2453	wcstold
2454	wcstoll
2455	wcstombs
2457	wcstoul
2460	wcstoumax
2461	wcswidth
2462	wcsxfrm
2464	wctob
2465	wctomb
2467	wctrans
2469	wctype
2471	wcwidth
2472	wmemchr
2473	wmemcmp
2474	wmemcpy
2475	wmemmove
2477	wmemset
2478	wordexp
2483	wprintf
2484	write
2492	writev
2494	wscanf
2495	y0
2499	XCU
2501	1 Introduction 1.1 Relationship to Other Documents 1.1.1 System Interfaces
2505	1.1.2 Concepts Derived from the ISO C Standard
2507	1.2 Utility Limits
2509	1.3 Grammar Conventions
2510	1.4 Utility Description Defaults
2517	1.5 Considerations for Utilities in Support of Files of Arbitrary Size
2518	1.6 Built-In Utilities 1.7 Intrinsic Utilities
2520	2 Shell Command Language 2.1 Shell Introduction 2.2 Quoting
2521	2.2.1 Escape Character (Backslash) 2.2.2 Single-Quotes 2.2.3 Double-Quotes
2522	2.2.4 Dollar-Single-Quotes
2523	2.3 Token Recognition
2525	2.3.1 Alias Substitution
2526	2.4 Reserved Words 2.5 Parameters and Variables
2527	2.5.1 Positional Parameters 2.5.2 Special Parameters
2529	2.5.3 Shell Variables
2531	2.6 Word Expansions
2533	2.6.1 Tilde Expansion 2.6.2 Parameter Expansion
2537	2.6.3 Command Substitution
2538	2.6.4 Arithmetic Expansion
2539	2.6.5 Field Splitting
2541	2.6.6 Pathname Expansion 2.6.7 Quote Removal 2.7 Redirection
2542	2.7.1 Redirecting Input 2.7.2 Redirecting Output
2543	2.7.3 Appending Redirected Output 2.7.4 Here-Document
2545	2.7.5 Duplicating an Input File Descriptor 2.7.6 Duplicating an Output File Descriptor 2.7.7 Open File Descriptors for Reading and Writing 2.8 Exit Status and Errors 2.8.1 Consequences of Shell Errors
2547	2.8.2 Exit Status for Commands 2.9 Shell Commands
2548	2.9.1 Simple Commands
2552	2.9.2 Pipelines
2553	2.9.3 Lists
2556	2.9.4 Compound Commands
2559	2.9.5 Function Definition Command
2560	2.10 Shell Grammar 2.10.1 Shell Grammar Lexical Conventions
2561	2.10.2 Shell Grammar Rules
2566	2.11 Job Control
2569	2.12 Signals and Error Handling
2570	2.13 Shell Execution Environment
2571	2.14 Pattern Matching Notation 2.14.1 Patterns Matching a Single Character
2572	2.14.2 Patterns Matching Multiple Characters
2573	2.14.3 Patterns Used for Filename Expansion
2574	2.15 Special Built-In Utilities
2575	break
2578	colon
2580	continue
2582	dot
2584	eval
2586	exec
2589	exit
2592	export
2596	readonly
2599	return
2601	set
2609	shift
2611	times
2613	trap
2619	unset
2621	3 Utilities
2622	admin
2628	alias
2632	ar
2640	asa
2643	at
2653	awk
2692	basename
2695	batch
2699	bc
2714	bg
2717	c17
2731	cal
2734	cat
2738	cd
2745	cflow
2749	chgrp
2752	chmod
2759	chown
2763	cksum
2768	cmp
2772	comm
2776	command
2783	compress
2789	cp
2797	crontab
2801	csplit
2805	ctags
2810	cut
2815	cxref
2818	date
2824	dd
2835	delta
2839	df
2843	diff
2852	dirname
2855	du
2859	echo
2863	ed
2882	env
2886	ex
2960	expand
2963	expr
2968	false
2970	fc
2976	fg
2979	file
2988	find
3000	fold
3004	fuser
3008	gencat
3012	get
3021	getconf
3027	getopts
3033	gettext
3039	grep
3045	hash
3048	head
3051	iconv
3055	id
3059	ipcrm
3062	ipcs
3069	jobs
3074	join
3079	kill
3085	lex
3097	link
3099	ln
3104	locale
3110	localedef
3115	logger
3119	logname
3121	lp
3126	ls
3138	m4
3150	mailx
3178	make
3212	man
3216	mesg
3219	mkdir
3223	mkfifo
3226	more
3239	msgfmt
3246	mv
3252	newgrp
3256	ngettext
3257	nice
3261	nl
3265	nm
3270	nohup
3274	od
3282	paste
3286	patch
3293	pathchk
3298	pax
3338	pr
3344	printf
3352	prs
3358	ps
3365	pwd
3368	read
3373	readlink
3375	realpath
3378	renice
3382	rm
3388	rmdel
3391	rmdir
3394	sact
3397	sccs
3402	sed
3414	sh
3433	sleep
3436	sort
3444	split
3448	strings
3451	strip
3453	stty
3463	tabs
3467	tail
3472	talk
3476	tee
3479	test
3488	time
3493	timeout
3498	touch
3504	tput
3507	tr
3514	true
3516	tsort
3519	tty
3521	type
3524	ulimit
3528	umask
3532	unalias
3535	uname
3538	uncompress
3539	unexpand
3542	unget
3545	uniq
3550	unlink
3552	uucp
3556	uudecode
3559	uuencode
3564	uustat
3567	uux
3571	val
3574	vi
3629	wait
3634	wc
3638	what
3641	who
3645	write
3648	xargs
3656	xgettext
3661	yacc
3679	zcat
3681	XRAT
3685	A Rationale for Base Definitions A.1 Introduction A.1.1 Scope
3687	A.1.2 Word Usage A.1.3 Conformance A.1.4 Normative References A.1.5 Change History A.1.6 Terminology
3690	A.1.7 Definitions and Concepts A.1.8 Portability
3691	A.2 Conformance A.2.1 Implementation Conformance
3695	A.2.2 Application Conformance
3696	A.2.3 Language-Dependent Services for the C Programming Language A.2.4 Other Language-Related Specifications A.3 Definitions
3724	A.4 General Concepts A.4.1 Case Insensitive Comparisons A.4.2 Concurrent Execution
3725	A.4.3 Default Initialization A.4.4 Directory Operations A.4.5 Directory Protection A.4.6 Extended Security Controls A.4.7 File Access Permissions
3726	A.4.8 File Hierarchy A.4.9 Filenames
3727	A.4.10 Filename Portability
3728	A.4.11 File System Cache A.4.12 File Times Update
3729	A.4.13 Host and Network Byte Order A.4.14 Measurement of Execution Time A.4.15 Memory Ordering and Synchronization
3731	A.4.16 Pathname Resolution
3733	A.4.17 Process ID Reuse A.4.18 Scheduling Policy A.4.19 Seconds Since the Epoch
3734	A.4.20 Semaphore A.4.21 Special Device Drivers
3735	A.4.22 Thread-Safety A.4.23 Treatment of Error Conditions for Mathematical Functions A.4.24 Treatment of NaN Arguments for Mathematical Functions A.4.25 Utility A.4.26 Variable Assignment
3736	A.5 File Format Notation A.6 Character Set A.6.1 Portable Character Set
3737	A.6.2 Character Encoding A.6.3 C Language Wide-Character Codes
3738	A.6.4 Character Set Description File
3740	A.7 Locale A.7.1 General
3741	A.7.2 POSIX Locale A.7.3 Locale Definition
3749	A.7.4 Locale Definition Grammar A.7.5 Locale Definition Example
3752	A.8 Environment Variables A.8.1 Environment Variable Definition
3753	A.8.2 Internationalization Variables
3754	A.8.3 Other Environment Variables
3757	A.9 Regular Expressions A.9.1 Regular Expression Definitions
3758	A.9.2 Regular Expression General Requirements
3759	A.9.3 Basic Regular Expressions
3763	A.9.4 Extended Regular Expressions
3764	A.9.5 Regular Expression Grammar
3765	A.10 Directory Structure and Devices A.10.1 Directory Structure and Files A.10.2 Output Devices and Terminal Types
3766	A.11 General Terminal Interface
3767	A.11.1 Interface Characteristics
3771	A.11.2 Parameters that Can be Set
3772	A.12 Utility Conventions A.12.1 Utility Argument Syntax
3773	A.12.2 Utility Syntax Guidelines
3776	A.13 Namespace and Future Directions A.14 Headers A.14.1 Format of Entries A.14.2 Removed Headers in Issue 8
3779	B Rationale for System Interfaces B.1 Introduction B.1.1 Change History
3783	B.1.2 Relationship to Other Formal Standards B.1.3 Format of Entries B.2 General Information B.2.1 Use and Implementation of Interfaces
3785	B.2.2 The Compilation Environment
3790	B.2.3 Error Numbers
3794	B.2.4 Signal Concepts
3805	B.2.5 Standard I/O Streams
3806	B.2.6 File Descriptor Allocation B.2.7 XSI Interprocess Communication
3807	B.2.8 Realtime
3854	B.2.9 Threads
3883	B.2.10 Sockets
3885	B.2.11 Data Types
3888	B.2.12 Status Information B.3 System Interfaces B.3.1 System Interfaces Removed in this Version
3890	B.3.2 System Interfaces Removed in the Previous Version B.3.3 Examples for Spawn
3903	C Rationale for Shell and Utilities C.1 Introduction C.1.1 Change History
3904	C.1.2 Relationship to Other Documents
3905	C.1.3 Utility Limits
3908	C.1.4 Grammar Conventions C.1.5 Utility Description Defaults
3912	C.1.6 Considerations for Utilities in Support of Files of Arbitrary Size C.1.7 Built-In Utilities
3913	C.1.8 Intrinsic Utilities
3914	C.2 Shell Command Language C.2.1 Shell Introduction C.2.2 Quoting
3919	C.2.3 Token Recognition
3921	C.2.4 Reserved Words
3922	C.2.5 Parameters and Variables
3928	C.2.6 Word Expansions
3938	C.2.7 Redirection
3942	C.2.8 Exit Status and Errors
3943	C.2.9 Shell Commands
3953	C.2.10 Shell Grammar
3954	C.2.11 Job Control
3955	C.2.12 Signals and Error Handling C.2.13 Shell Execution Environment
3956	C.2.14 Pattern Matching Notation
3960	C.2.15 Special Built-In Utilities C.3 Utilities C.3.1 Utilities Removed in this Version C.3.2 Utilities Removed in the Previous Version
3961	C.3.3 Exclusion of Utilities
3967	D Portability Considerations (Informative) D.1 User Requirements
3968	D.1.1 Configuration Interrogation D.1.2 Process Management D.1.3 Access to Data D.1.4 Access to the Environment D.1.5 Access to Determinism and Performance Enhancements
3969	D.1.6 Operating System-Dependent Profile D.1.7 I/O Interaction D.1.8 Internationalization Interaction D.1.9 C-Language Extensions D.1.10 Command Language D.1.11 Interactive Facilities D.1.12 Accomplish Multiple Tasks Simultaneously
3970	D.1.13 Complex Data Manipulation D.1.14 File Hierarchy Manipulation D.1.15 Locale Configuration D.1.16 Inter-User Communication D.1.17 System Environment D.1.18 Printing D.1.19 Software Development
3971	D.2 Portability Capabilities D.2.1 Configuration Interrogation
3972	D.2.2 Process Management D.2.3 Access to Data
3973	D.2.4 Access to the Environment
3974	D.2.5 Bounded (Realtime) Response D.2.6 Operating System-Dependent Profile D.2.7 I/O Interaction
3975	D.2.8 Internationalization Interaction D.2.9 C-Language Extensions D.2.10 Command Language
3976	D.2.11 Interactive Facilities D.2.12 Accomplish Multiple Tasks Simultaneously D.2.13 Complex Data Manipulation
3977	D.2.14 File Hierarchy Manipulation D.2.15 Locale Configuration D.2.16 Inter-User Communication
3978	D.2.17 System Environment D.2.18 Printing D.2.19 Software Development D.2.20 Future Growth
3979	D.3 Profiling Considerations D.3.1 Configuration Options D.3.2 Configuration Options (Shell and Utilities)
3980	D.3.3 Configurable Limits
3981	D.3.4 Configuration Options (System Interfaces)
3985	D.3.5 Configurable Limits
3988	D.3.6 Optional Behavior
3991	E Subprofiling Considerations (Informative) E.1 Subprofiling Option Groups
3999	Index
4107	Back Cover

Additional information

Standard Title	IEEE/Open Group Standard for Information Technology–Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX™) Base Specifications, Issue 8 (Published)
Published Code	IEEE
Publication Date	2024
Pages Count	4107

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