IEEE 1100 1999

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IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding Electronic Equipment

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
IEEE	1999	419

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Description

Revision Standard – Inactive – Superseded. Superseded by IEEE Std 1100-2005 Abstract: Recommended design, installation, and maintenance practices for electrical powerand grounding (including both power- related and signal-related noise control) of sensitive elec-tronic processing equipment used in commercial and industrial applications are presented. Themain objective is to provide a consensus of recommended practices in an area where conflict-ing information and confusion, stemming primarily from different viewpoints of the sameproblem, have dominated. Practices herein address electronic equipment performance issueswhile maintaining a safe installation. A brief description is given of the nature of power qualityproblems, possible solutions, and the resources available for assistance in dealing with prob-lems. Fundamental concepts are reviewed. Instrumentation and procedures for conducting asurvey of the power distribution system are described. Site surveys and site power analysesare considered. Case histories are given to illustrate typical problems.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	Title
4	Introduction
5	Participants
7	CONTENTS
11	Chapter 1 Overview 1.1 Scope 1.2 Purpose 1.3 Background
13	1.4 Text organization
14	1.5 Bibliography
15	Chapter 2 Definitions 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Alphabetical listing of terms
25	2.3 Words avoided
26	2.4 Abbreviations and acronyms
30	2.5 References 2.6 Bibliography
33	Chapter 3 General needs guidelines 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Historical perspective
34	3.1.2 Proliferation of power electronic equipment 3.1.3 Proliferation of microelectronic equipment
35	3.1.4 The need for quality of power standards 3.1.5 Conflicting design philosophies for performance and safety
36	3.2 Power quality considerations 3.2.1 General discussion 3.2.2 Classification of disturbances
37	3.2.3 Origin of disturbances
38	3.2.4 Expectation of voltage sag disturbance 3.2.5 Prediction of sag-related upset and damage
39	3.2.6 Expectation of surge disturbance
46	3.2.7 Measurement of power quality 3.2.8 Power quality survey data
48	3.3 Grounding considerations 3.3.1 Grounding for safety
49	3.3.2 Referencing for performance 3.3.3 Difficult installation scenario 1—An electronic processing system with separately located a…
51	3.3.4 Difficult installation scenario 2—A single electronic component has connections to more tha…
52	3.3.5 Difficult installation scenario 3—An electronic processing system with power, data, or cont…
54	3.4 Protection of susceptible equipment 3.4.1 General information 3.4.2 Noise protection
55	3.4.3 Surge protection
56	3.4.4 Sag protection 3.5 Information technology equipment (ITE) 3.5.1 Powering ITE
62	3.5.2 Grounding ITE
63	3.6 Shielded, filtered, enclosed EMI/EMC areas 3.6.1 General information 3.6.2 Electrical safety requirements
64	3.6.3 Other requirements 3.7 Safety systems
65	3.8 Coordination with other codes, standards, and agencies 3.8.1 General information 3.8.2 National Electrical Code (NEC)
66	3.8.3 UL standards 3.8.4 Other laboratories and testing agencies 3.8.5 National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards 3.8.6 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 3.8.7 International standards
67	3.9 References
68	3.10 Bibliography
71	Chapter 4 Fundamentals 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Impedance considerations 4.2.1 Frequencies of interest
72	4.2.2 Power source dynamic impedance
78	4.2.3 Building ac distribution system impedance
82	4.2.4 Load impedance
83	4.2.5 AC system resonance considerations
88	4.3 High- and low-frequency regimes defined 4.3.1 Definition of the basic current loop
89	4.3.2 Velocity of propagation
90	4.3.3 Small and large circuits defined
93	4.4 Electric power supplier’s distribution system voltage disturbances
95	4.5 Load and power source interactions
97	4.5.1 Transient voltage disturbance sources/characteristics
100	4.5.2 Potential impacts of transient voltage disturbances
103	4.5.3 Steady-state voltage distortion sources/characteristics
110	4.5.4 Potential impacts of steady-state current distortions
117	4.6 Voltage surges 4.6.1 Sources/characteristics
127	4.6.2 Surge coupling mechanisms
133	4.6.3 Interaction with buried cables
134	4.6.4 Interaction with above-ground conductors
135	4.6.5 Potential impact of EMI
138	4.6.6 Surge voltage frequency and transmission path losses
139	4.7 Grounding subsystems
140	4.7.1 Basic grounding and bonding concepts
145	4.7.2 Earth electrode subsystem
147	4.7.3 Grounding for fault/personnel protection subsystem
149	4.7.4 Introduction to SRS
174	4.7.5 Lightning protection subsystem
175	4.8 Shielding concepts 4.8.1 Electrostatic shielding
177	4.8.2 Electromagnetic shielding for EMI
180	4.9 References
181	4.10 Bibliography
187	Chapter 5 Instrumentation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Range of available instrumentation
188	5.3 Voltage and current measurements 5.3.1 Voltage measurements
190	5.3.2 Current measurements
193	5.4 Descriptions of site survey tools 5.4.1 Infrared detector 5.4.2 Receptacle circuit testers 5.4.3 Ground circuit impedance testers
194	5.4.4 Earth ground resistance testers 5.4.5 Oscilloscope measurements
195	5.4.6 Power line monitors
201	5.4.7 Harmonic measurements 5.4.8 Expert systems
202	5.4.9 Circuit tracers 5.4.10 Electrostatic discharge 5.4.11 Radio-frequency interference (RFI) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) 5.4.12 Temperature and relative humidity 5.5 Measurement considerations
203	5.5.1 Bandwidth 5.5.2 Sampling rate 5.5.3 Resolution 5.5.4 True rms considerations
205	5.5.5 Instrument calibration verification 5.6 Reference 5.7 Bibliography
207	Chapter 6 Site surveys and site power analyses 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Objectives and approaches
208	6.3 Coordinating involved parties 6.3.1 Equipment user or owner
209	6.3.2 Electronic equipment manufacturer/supplier 6.3.3 Independent consultant 6.3.4 Electrical contractor or facility electrician
210	6.3.5 Electric utility company 6.4 Conducting a site survey
211	6.4.1 Condition of the premises wiring and grounding system
224	6.4.2 Quality of ac voltage and current
231	6.4.3 Electronic equipment environment
232	6.5 Harmonic current and voltage measurements
233	6.5.1 Harmonics measurement instruments 6.5.2 Harmonic measurement location 6.5.3 Harmonic measurement techniques
234	6.6 Applying data to select cost-effective solutions 6.7 Long-term power monitoring
235	6.8 Conclusions
236	6.9 References 6.10 Bibliography
239	Chapter 7 Specification and selection of equipment and materials 7.1 General discussion
242	7.2.1 Isolation transformers
244	7.2.2 Noise filters 7.2.3 Harmonic current filters
245	7.2.4 Surge suppressors
246	7.2.5 Voltage regulators
248	7.2.6 Power line conditioners
251	7.2.7 Computer power distribution units (PDU) 7.2.8 Standby power systems (battery-inverter type)
253	7.2.9 Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs)
256	7.3 Equipment procurement specifications 7.3.1 Facility planner’s considerations
260	7.3.2 Reliability considerations
264	7.3.3 Installation cost considerations
265	7.3.4 Cost of operation considerations
266	7.3.5 Specifying engineer’s considerations: operational specifications
268	7.3.6 Transfer characteristics 7.3.7 Power technology considerations
269	7.4 Equipment and material specifications 7.4.1 General discussion
270	7.4.2 Using vendor-supplied specifications 7.4.3 Creative specifications
271	7.4.4 “Mixed” vendor specifications
272	7.4.5 Generic specifications for multiple vendors 7.5 Verification testing
273	7.5.1 Visual inspection 7.5.2 Load tests 7.5.3 Transfer test 7.5.4 Synchronization test
274	7.5.5 AC input failure and return test 7.5.6 Efficiency test 7.5.7 Load performance test 7.5.8 Load imbalance test 7.5.9 Overload capability test 7.5.10 Harmonic component test 7.6 Equipment maintenance 7.6.1 Preventative maintenance
275	7.6.2 Wear and aging of components
276	7.6.3 Restoring system operation after failure
277	7.7 Distribution power quality solutions/customer power products 7.7.1 SSB: description and applications
278	7.7.2 SSTS
279	7.7.3 DVR
280	7.7.4 Distribution STATCON
281	7.8 Bibliography
283	Chapter 8 Recommended design/installation practices 8.1 Introduction
284	8.1.1 Safety
285	8.2 Equipment room wiring and grounding 8.2.1 NFPA 75-1999 8.2.2 UL 1950-1998 8.3 Electrical power system selection considerations
286	8.3.1 Selection of system voltage
287	8.3.2 System arrangement
292	8.3.3 Engineering studies
295	8.3.4 Alternate/standby power requirements
296	8.4 Equipment selection and installation considerations 8.4.1 Dry-type transformer
303	8.4.2 Switchboards and panelboards
305	8.4.3 Circuit breaker considerations
307	8.4.4 Fuses
308	8.4.5 Conductors
309	8.4.6 Busways 8.4.7 Wiring devices
310	8.4.8 Raceways
313	8.4.9 Pull boxes and junction boxes 8.4.10 Power enhancement devices
314	8.4.11 Metal-clad cable
315	8.4.12 Cable tray systems
317	8.5 Grounding considerations
319	8.5.1 Grounding electrode system
320	8.5.2 System grounding
331	8.5.3 Equipment grounding
336	8.5.4 High-frequency grounding configuration
347	8.6 Lightning/surge protection considerations
348	8.6.1 Selection 8.6.2 Installation 8.6.3 Service entrance surge protection 8.6.4 Premise electrical system surge protection 8.6.5 UPS system surge protection
349	8.6.6 Data/communication/telecommunication systems surge protection 8.6.7 Surge reference equalizers
352	8.6.8 Exterior building systems and piping lightning/surge protection 8.7 380–480 Hz systems 8.7.1 Recommended location of the 415 Hz ac system 8.7.2 General grounding and shielding of 415 Hz systems
353	8.7.3 Controlling 415 Hz wiring losses
354	8.7.4 415 Hz line-drop compensators 8.7.5 415 Hz conductor ampacity
355	8.7.6 Component derating at 415 Hz 8.8 References
357	8.9 Bibliography
359	Chapter 9 Telecommunications and distributed computing 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Nomenclature
360	9.3 Scope 9.3.1 Applications not covered 9.4 General 9.4.1 Objectives 9.4.2 Background
361	9.5 Recommended practices
363	9.6 Recommended power and grounding topologies 9.6.1 Isolated bonding network (IBN) electronic equipment
365	9.6.2 CBN electronic equipment
366	9.7 Industry guidelines
367	9.8 General compliance 9.9 Power and grounding telecommunications and distributed computing systems 9.10 Isolated ground receptacle (IGR) 9.11 Power
368	9.11.1 Power for different network topologies 9.11.2 Grounding
369	9.11.3 Signal cabling considerations
372	9.12 References 9.13 Bibliography
373	Annex 9A
387	Chapter 10 Case histories 10.1 General discussion 10.2 Typical utility-sourced power quality problems 10.2.1 Voltage sags due to utility fault clearing
388	10.2.2 Voltage surges due to utility power-factor/voltage-regulation capacitor switching
390	10.3 Premises switching generated surges
391	10.4 Electronic loads 10.4.1 Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)—unfiltered input
392	10.4.2 UPS—unfiltered output 10.4.3 Automated office
393	10.4.4 Interaction between power-factor/voltage-regulation capacitors and electronic loads
394	10.5 Premises-wiring-related problems 10.5.1 Service problems
395	10.5.2 Feeder and branch-circuit level miswiring 10.5.3 Receptacle level miswiring
398	10.5.4 Ground-fault circuit interrupter problems
399	10.5.5 Ground discontinuity
402	10.6 Transient voltage surge suppression network design— primary and secondary network design 10.7 Typical radiated EMI problems
403	10.8 Typical electrical inspection problems
404	10.9 Typical life-safety system problems
405	10.10 Typical misapplication of equipment problems 10.11 References 10.12 Bibliography
407	INDEX