IEEE 142 1982

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IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Green Book)

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
IEEE	1982	135

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Description

New IEEE Standard – Inactive – Superseded. The problems of system grounding, that is, connection to ground of neutral, of the corner of the delta, or of the midtap of one phase, are covered. The advantages and disadvantages of grounded versus ungrounded systems are discussed. Information is given on how to ground the system, where the system should be grounded, and how to select equipment for the grounding of the neutral circuits. Connecting the frames and enclosures of electric apparatus, such as motors, switchgear, transformers, buses, cables conduits, building frames, and portable equipment, to a ground system is addressed. The fundamentals of making the interconnection or ground-conductor system between electric equipment and the ground rods, water pipes, etc. are outlined. The problems of static electricityhow it is generated, what processes may produce it, how it is measured, and what should be done to prevent its generation or to drain the static charges to earth to prevent sparkingare treated. Methods of protecting structures against the effects of lightning are also covered. Obtaining a low-resistance connection to the earth, use of ground rods, connections to water pipes, etc. is discussed. A separate chapter on sensitive electronic equipment is included.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
16	1 System Grounding 1.1 Introduction Ground at the Power Source and Not at the Load
17	1.2 Definitions
18	Factors Influencing the Choice of Grounded or Ungrounded System 1.3.1 Service Continuity Multiple Faults to Ground 1.3.3 Arcing Fault Bumdowns
19	1.3.4 Location of Faults
20	1.3.5 Safety
21	Fig 1 Voltage to Ground under Steady-State Conditions
22	1.3.6 Abnormal Voltage Hazards 1.3.7 Power System Overvoltages 1.3.8 Lightning 1.3.9 Switching Surges
23	1.3.10 Static 1.3.11 Contact with Higher Voltage System 1.3.12 Line-to-Ground Faults 1.3.13 Resonant Conditions
24	1.3.14 Restriking Ground Faults 1.3.15 Cost 1.3.16 Trends in the Application of System Grounding
25	Methods of System Grounding Grounding the System Neutral 1.4.2 Solid Grounding
26	Various Types of Grounded-Neutral Systems
27	1.4.3 Resistance Grounding
28	1.4.4 Reactance Grounding 1.4.5 Ground-Fault Neutralizer
29	1.4.6 Grounding at Points Other than System Neutral
30	One Phase of a Delta System Grounded at Midpoint
31	Transformer Fig 16 Earth Surface Potential around Ground Rod during Current Flow
32	Suggested Grounding Methods for Systems 600 V and below Used as Grounding Transformer with Line-to-Ground Fault
33	Ungrounded Power System to Form Neutral for System Grounding
34	1.5.4 Systems 2.4-15 kV Systems above 15 kV
35	Circuit Zero-Sequence (Doughnut) Current Transformer
36	Criteria for Limiting Transient Overvoltages Selection of System Grounding Points
37	1.6.4 Neutrai Circuit Arrangements 1.6.5 Single Power Source 1.6.6 Multiple Power Sources
38	1.7 Calculation of Ground-Fault Currents 1.7.1 General 1.7.2 Resistance Grounding
39	1.7.3 Reactance Grounding 1.7.4 Solid Grounding 1.8 Selection of Grounding Equipment Ratings 1.8.1 General
40	1.8.2 Resistor Ratings 1.8.3 Reactor Ratings
41	1.8.4 Grounding-Transformer Ratings
42	Safety in Systems 600 V and below 1.10 Autotransformers 1.11 Systems with Utility Supply 1.1 2 Unit-Connected Generators
43	1.13 Three-phase Four-Wire Systems 1.14 Systems with Emergency or Standby Power Sources
44	1.15 References
45	1.16 Bibliography
46	2 Equipment Grounding 2.1 Basic Objectives 2.1.1 General 2.1.2 Voltage Exposure
47	2.1.3 Avoidance of Thermal Distress
48	Variation of R and X with Conductor Size and Spacing
49	2.1.4 Preservation of System Performance 2.2 Fundamental Concepts 2.2.1 A Single Wire as a Grounding Conductor Fig 9 Single Wire as Grounding Conductor
51	i?ig 10 Magnetic Field of Wire as Grounding Conductor
52	Fig 11 Electromagnetic Induction of Wire as Grounding Conductor
53	2.2.2 Cabling of Conductors 2.2.3 Enclosing Metal Shell
54	Fig 12 Raceway as Grounding Conductor
55	2.2.4 Circuit Impedance Components
56	2.2.5 Electromagnetic Interference Suppression Bonding of Metal Sleeves Enclosing a Grounding Conductor Voltage Protection Equipment
57	Fig 13 Bonding of Metal Enclosure
58	Fig 14 Surge Arrester Location on Transformer
59	2.2.8 Connection to Earth Fig 15 Surge Protection Equipment on Motor
61	Equipment Grounding as Influenced by Type of Use
62	2.4 Outdoor Open-Frame Substations 2.4.1 General Current Flow
63	Arresters and Low-Voltage Side Grounding Resistors
64	2.4.3 Design of Earthing Connections
65	Fg i8 Thermal-Weld Junction in Underground Grounding Conductor
66	2.4.4 Surge-Voltage Protective Equipment 2.4.5 Control of Surface Voltage Gradient Fence
67	2.5 Outdoor Unit Substations
68	Fig 19 Outdoor Unit Substation
69	2.6 Outdoor Installations Serving Heavy Portable Electric Machinery 2.7 Interior Wiring Systems 2.7.1 General
70	Fig 20 Heavy-Duty Portable Apparatus-Physical Environment
71	Troblem
73	2.7.2 Building Service Equipment
74	2.7.3 Interior Electric Circuits
75	2.7.4 Special Considerations
76	2.8 Interior Unit Substations and Switching Centers 2.8.1 Switching Centers
77	Fig 22 Indoor Unit Substation-Typical Unitized Assembly
78	Grounding Conductor with Each Circuit
79	2.8.2 Transformation Unit Substations
80	2.9 Terminal Apparatus
81	Grounded Conductors
86	3 Static and Lightning Protection Grounding 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Static Grounding 3.2.1 Purpose of Static Grounding
87	3.2.2 Fundamental Causes of Static Electricity
89	3.2.3 Magnitudes
90	Conditions Required for a Static Charge to Cause Ignition
91	3.2.5 Measurement and Detection of Static Electricity
92	3.2.6 Methods of Static Control
93	Fig 25 Charged and Uncharged Bodies Insulated from Ground Fig 26 Both Insulated Bodies Share the Same Charge Pig 27 Both Bodies are Grounded and Have No Charge
94	Fig 28 Methods of Grounding Metal Rollers or Shafting
96	Fig 29 Static Collectors Fig 30 Electrically Energized Neutralizer
98	Static Control Methods
101	Layers
104	Lightning Protection Grounding Nature of Lightning
106	Equipment and Structures to Be Considered
107	Fig 32 Annual Isoceraunic Map of Continentd Unikd Et&s
108	Requirements for Good Protection Fig 33 Annual Isoceraunic E, gf Can319
111	Practices for Lightning Protection
113	Fig 35 Lightning Protzctlctn f3r Stacks
114	3.4 References
115	Fig 36 Typicd ?Jethad of Grzsunding Surge Arrester
117	3.5 Bibliography
118	4 Connection to Earth 4.1 Resistance to Earth Nature of Grounding Resistance
120	Recommended Acceptable Values
121	Resistivity of Soils Table 5 Resistivity of Eds ox! Rzsis? axes of Single Rods
123	Calculation of Resistance to Earth 4.1.5 Current-Loading Capacity
124	4.1.6 Soil Treatment 4.2 Ground Electrodes 4.2.1 Existing Electrodes 4.2.2 Made Electrodes
125	Driven Rod or Pipe 4.2.4 Concrete-Encased Rods or Wires Buried Strip Wire and Cable
126	4.2.6 Grid Systems 4.2.7 Plates 4.3 Methods and Techniques of Construction Choice of Rods
127	Methods of Driving Rods Locating a Water Main (New Construction) 4.3.4 Connecting to Electrodes
128	Joining to Underground Piping Systems Joining to Structural Steel Preparing the Joint 4.4 Measurement of Resistance to Earth 4.4.1 Need for Measurement Methods for Measuring
129	4.4.3 Periodic Testing Earth Resistivity Measurement 4.4.5 Cathodic Protection
130	4.5 References

Additional information

Standard Title	IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Green Book)
Published Code	IEEE
Publication Date	1982
Pages Count	135

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IEEE 142 1982

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