IEEE 399 1980

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IEEE Recommended Practice for Power System Analysis (IEEE Brown Book)

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
IEEE	1980	223

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Description

New IEEE Standard – Inactive – Superseded. Superseded by 399-1990. This recommended practice is a reference source for engineers involved in industrial and commercial power systems analysis. It contains a thorough analysis of the power system data required, and the techniques most commonly used in computer-aided analysis, in order to perform specific power system studies of the following: short-circuit, load flow, motorstarting, cable ampacity, stability, harmonic analysis, switching transient, reliability, ground mat, protective coordination, DC auxiliary power system, and power system modeling.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
2	Fig 50
8	Table
9	Table
12	Table
15	Table
17	Table
19	Fig
20	1 Introduction 1.1 General Discussion 1.2 History of Power System Studies
21	and Commercial Power Systems 1.4 Purposes of this Recommended Practice 1.4.1 WhyaStudy How to Prepare for a Power System Study
22	1.4.3 The Most Important System Studies 1.5 Standard References
23	Applications of Power System Analysis 2.1 Introduction
24	2.2 Load Flow Studies 2.3 Fault and Short-circuit Studies 2.4 Stability Studies Fig
25	2.5 Motor Starting Studies 2.6 System Transients Studies 2.7 Reliability Analysis 2.8 Power Generation Planning Fig
27	3 Analytical Procedures 3.1 Introduction
28	3.2 The Fundamentals 3.2.1 Linearity Linearity
29	3.2.2 Superposition
30	Superposition The Thevenin Equivalent
31	3.2.3 The Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
32	Current Flow of a Thevenin Equivalent Representation
33	3.2.4 The Sinusoidal Forcing Function Fault Flow Fig
34	3.2.5 Phasor Representation The Sinusoidal Forcing Function
35	The Phasor Representation The Fourier Representation Fig
36	3.2.6 The Fourier Representation 3.2.7 The Single-phase Equivalent Circuit
37	and (c) One-Line Diagram
38	3.2.8 The Symmetrical Component Analysis and (c) One-Line Diagram
39	The Symmetrical Component Analysis
41	3.2.9 The Per Unit Method
42	3.3 References and Bibliography (a) Classical Ohmic Representation (b) Per Unit Representation
43	4 System Modeling 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Modeling
44	4.3 Review of Basics 4.3.1 Passive Elements
45	4.3.2 Active Elements Susceptance Impedance and Admittance
46	Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Model Four Expressions for Power Quantities
47	Section of a Typical Industrial Plant Impedance Diagram
48	4.4 Power Network Solution Fundamental Equations for Translation and Rotation
49	Single Line Diagram
50	ImpedanceDi agram
51	4.5 ImpedanceDiagram
52	Flow Diagram
53	Suggested Format Raw Data Diagram Fig
54	Extent of the Model 4.6.1 General 4.6.2 Utility Supplied Systems 4.6.3 Isolated Systems
55	4.6.4 Swing Bus 4.7 Models of Branch Elements 4.7.1 Lines Equivalent Circuit of Short Conductor Fig
56	Equivalent Circuit
57	4.7.1.1 Long Lines 4.7.1.2 Medium Lines
58	4.7.1.3 Short Lines 4.7.2 Cables Medium Line Equivalent Circuits (a) Nominal n (b) Nominal T Fig Short Line Equivalent Circuit Fig
59	4.7.3 Determination of Constants 4.7.3.1 Resistance Comparison of Overhead Lines and Cable Constants ConductorData
60	4.7.3.2 Inductive Reactance
61	4.7.3.3 Shunt Capacitive Reactance 4.7.4 Reactors 4.7.5 Capacitors
62	4.7.6 Transformers 4.7.6.1 Two-Winding Transformers Two-Winding Transformer Equivalent Circuits Fig
63	4.7.6.2 Transformer Taps Two-Winding Transformer Approximate Equivalent Circuits Fig
64	4.7.6.3 Three-Winding Transformers (a) Simplified-Delta (b) Simplified-Wye
65	4.7.6.4 Phase-Shifting Transformers 4.7.6.5 Other Transformer Models Power System Data Development 4.8.1 Per Unit Representations
66	(b) Flow Diagram
67	4.8.2 Applications Example
68	Impedance Diagram Raw Data Fig
69	System Base Values
70	CableData
71	4.9 Models of Bus Elements 4.9.1 Loads in General
72	Impedance Diagram Per Unit data Fig
73	Effect of Voltage Variations for Three Types of Loads Fig
74	4.9.2 Induction Motors Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit Fig
75	Induction Motor Torque Versus Speed Fig Induction Motor Current Versus Speed Fig
76	4.9.2.1 Constant kVA Model Induction Motor Power Factor Versus Speed Fig
77	Models for Short-circuit Studies Characteristics Model of Induction Motor for Short-circuit Study Fig
78	4.9.2.3 Constant Impedance Model 4.9.3 Synchronous Machines 4.9.3.1 Steady State Models 4.9.3.1.1 Generators
79	4.9.3.1.2 Synchronous Condenser 4.9.3.1.3 Synchronous Motors 4.9.3.2 Short-circuit Models
80	0.8 Lead Power Factor
82	Models of Synchronous Machines for Short-circuit Studies Fig
83	4.9.3.3 Stability Models 4.9.3.3.1 Classical Model 4.9.3.3.2 The H Constant General Model for AC Machines in Short-circuit Studies Fig
84	4.9.3.3.3 Stability Model Variations 4.9.3.4 Exciter Models
85	Saturation Curves Fig IEEE Type 1 Excitation System Fig 40
86	Fig Lagcircuit
87	4.9.3.5 Prime Movers and Governor Models 4.10 Miscellaneous Bus Elements Models 4.10.1 Lighting and Electric Heating 4.10.2 Electric Furnaces Leadcircuit Fig
88	4.10.3 ShuqCapacitors 4.10.4 Shunt Reactors 4.11 References
90	5 Load Flow Studies 5.1 Introduction
91	5.2 System Representation
92	Generators Connected to their Bus Fig Connection of Buses Fig Auxiliary Bus Fig
93	5.3 System Data Organization 5.4 Load Flow Study Example 5.4.1 General 5.4.2 Input Requirements
94	One-Line Connection Diagram Fig
95	Fig ImpedanceDi agram
96	InputDataSheet Form1 Fig
98	Input Data Sheet Form Fig
99	Input Data Sheet Form 3 Fig
100	5.4.3 Special Data Input Card Preparation
101	Load Flow Results
102	Printed Computer Output Fig Fig
103	Printed Computer Output Fig
104	Load Flow Analysis Fig
105	Load Flow Output Presentation Load Flow Analysis Fig
106	Typical Industrial Plant Electric System Fig Fig
107	5.10 Conclusions Fig
108	6 Short-circuit Studies 6.1 Introduction Short-circuit Study Procedure Preparing a One-Line Diagram Fig
109	6.2.2 Determining Depth and Accuracy of a Study Calculating Impedance Values Fig
110	Developing an Impedance Diagram Converting Impedances to a Common Base Interpretation and Application of the Study Short-circuit Studies
111	Use of the Computer
112	Short-circuit Study Example
114	arenotKnown Duty Calculations
115	Study Example
116	Impedance Diagram for Short-circuit Study Example Fig
118	Digital Computer Program Output Records
119	Input Data Paper Tape Medium Voltage Interrupting Calculation
120	Program Listing of Input Data from Data Tape Fig
121	Interrupting Case Short-circuit Study
122	Buses Medium Voltage Interrupting Case Short-circuit Study
123	6.6 References Sample Summary of Results for Example Short-circuit Study Table
124	7 Transient Stability Studies 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Stability Fundamentals Definition of Stability 7.2.2 Steady-State Stability Simplified Two-Machine Power System
125	7.2.3 Transient Stability
126	Machines in Steady State
127	7.2.4 Two-Machine Systems 7.2.5 Multimachine Systems 7.3 Problems Caused by Instability
128	System Disturbances that can Cause Instability Solutions to Stability Problems 7.5.1 System Design
129	Design and Selection of Rotating Equipment 7.5.3 System Protection Voltage Regulator and Exciter Characteristics Transient Stability Studies 7.6.1 History
130	How Stability Programs Work 7.6.3 Simulation of the System
131	Simulation of Disturbances Data Requirements for Stability Studies
132	Stability Program Output
133	Interpreting Results-Swing Curves 7.7 Stability Studies on a Typical System
134	System in Fig
135	Figs62and64
136	ShowninFig63
137	with On-Site Generation
138	7.8 References
139	Motor Starting Studies 8.1 Introduction Need for Motor Starting Studies 8.2.1 Problems Revealed 8.2.2 Voltage Dips
140	8.2.3 Weak Source Generation Special Torque Requirements Exciter Regulator Systems
141	8.3 Recommendations 8.3.1 Voltage Dips
142	Typical Wound Rotor Motor Speed-Torque Characteristics
143	Analyzing Starting Requirements Types of Studies 8.4.1 The Voltage Drop Snapshot The Detailed Voltage Profile 8.4.3 The Motor Torque and Acceleration Time Analysis
144	8.4.4 Adaptations 8.5 Data Requirements 8.5.1 Basic Information Typical Motor and Load Speed-Torque Characteristics
145	8.5.2 Simplifying Assumptions Solution Procedures and Examples Simplified Equivalent Circuit for a Motor on Starting
146	The Mathematical Relationships Simplified Impedance Diagram
147	Typical One-Line Diagram
148	8.6.2 Other Factors Impedance Diagram for System in Fig
149	ofGenerator
150	Simplified Representation of Generator Exciter/Regulator System
151	Auto-Transformer-Line Starting Current Table
152	8.6.3 The Simple Voltage Drop Determination
153	Load Flow Computer Output – Steady State
154	Load Flow Computer Output – Voltage Dip on Motor Starting
155	Time-Dependent Bus Voltages During Motor Starting
156	Typical Output – Generator Motor Starting Program Typical Output Generator Motor Starting Program
157	Typical Output Plot of Generator Voltage Dip Typical Output Plot of Motor Voltage Dip
158	8.6.5 The Speed-Torque and Motor Accelerating Time Analysis Models for Use in Computer Programs Speed-Torque Calculations
159	Typical Motor Speed-Current Characteristic Interval Defined by a Speed Change
160	TimeProgram
163	Harmonic Analysis Studies 9.1 Introduction 9.2 History
164	9.3 General Theory What are Harmonics? 6.Phase 6-Pulse Rectifier 6.Phase 6-Pulse Rectifier
165	9.3.2 Resonance SeriesCircuit Impedance Versus Frequency
166	9.4 Modeling Parallelcircuit Impedance Versus Frequency
167	Typical Thyristor Drive Characteristics
168	Solutions to Harmonic Problems
169	No 1 Scheme for Adequate Filtering No 2 Scheme for Adequate Filtering No 3 Scheme for Adequate Filtering
170	6-Phase Rectifier Transformers 24-Phase System
171	Partial One-Line Diagram
172	First Computer Solution: Without Filters Table
173	Second Computer Solution: With Filters Table
174	9.6 When is a Harmonic Study Required?
175	9.7 References
176	Switching Transient Studies 10 10.1 Introduction Basic Concept of Switching Transients
177	Control of Switching Transients Methods of Analysis
178	10.5 Analysis Aids
179	Data Required for a Switching Transient Study
180	Switching Transient Problem Areas
181	Switching Transient Study Objectives Switching Transient Study via Transient Network Analyzer (TNA)
182	10.9.1 Model Components
183	10.9.2 Model Scale Factors 10.9.3 Accuracy
184	10.9.4 Study Procedures Example of TNA Study Case Documentation
185	Switching Transient Study
186	Case Sheet of Fig
187	10.10 Field Measurements 10.10.1 Signal Derivation Signal Circuits Terminations and Grounding
188	10.10.3 Transient Measurement/Monitoring Instrumentation
189	Objectives of Field Measurements
190	Reliability Studies 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Definitions
192	System Reliability Indexes 11.4 Data Needed for System Reliability Evaluations Method for System Reliability Evaluation
193	Service Interruption Definition Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
194	Computation of Quantitative Reliability Indexes Interruptions Associated with Forced Outages Only
195	11.6 References
196	12 Grounding Mat Studies 12.1 Introduction The Human Factor
198	TouchPotenti al Fig Step Potential Fig
199	The Physical Circuit 12.3.1 Ground Resistivity
200	Fault Current-Magnitude and Duration Representative Values of Soil Resistivities Table Effect of Asymmetrical ac Currents
201	Fault Current-The Role of Grid Resistance
202	12.3.4 GridGeometry
204	Point a Due to a Single Conductor
205	12.4 The Computer in Action
206	Experimental Grids Showing Various (Mesh) Arrangements Fig
207	Input Data Requirements
208	Soil and System Data
209	Potentials as Identified by Computer Analysis
210	Meshes with Hazardous Touch Potentials
211	Hazardous Touch Potentials
212	Critical Step and Touch Potentials Near Grid Corners
213	Typical Computer Output 12.7 Conclusion 12.8 References
215	Gridpotentials
216	Computer Services 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Computer Systems 13.2.1 In-House Systems
217	Commercial Computing Services Types of Computing Service
218	Use of Computing Services
219	Availability of Computing Services
220	Index