IEEE 399 1990

$42.79

IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power System Analysis

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
IEEE	1990	384

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Description

Revision Standard – Inactive – Superseded. Superseded by 399-1997. This recommended practice is a reference source for engineers involved in industrial and commercial power systems analysis. It contains a thorough analysis of the power system data required, and the techniques most commonly used in computer-aided analysis, in order to perform specific power system studies of the following: short-circuit, load flow, motorstarting, cable ampacity, stability, harmonic analysis, switching transient, reliability, ground mat, protective coordination, DC auxiliary power system, and power system modeling.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
2	F1 Energizing Voltages -Case Post-Switching Voltages – Case system Voltages -Case
3	F1 PI F1 Fl F1 1 /o 2/0 3/0 4/0 250 350 500 750 1000
4	O.Ol89 F1
5	Fl Fl
7	0 woo
10	LOAD
11	SYINOTOR LOAD 10
12	LOAD
13	LOAD 12
14	LOAD
15	14
16	LOAD 1 os Size Rows
17	LOAD LOAD LOAD
24	1 Introduction 1.1 General Discussion History of Power system Studies
25	and Commercial Power Systems Purposes of This Recommended Practice Why a Study? How to Prepare for a Power System Study
26	The Most Common System Studies
27	1.5 References
28	Power System
30	2 Applications of Power System Analysis 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Digital Computer Transient Network Analyzer (TNA) Load Flow Analysis
31	2.3 Short-Circuit Analysis 2.4 Stability Analysis Motor Starting Analysis UTILITY UTILITY
32	2.6 Harmonic Analysis FDR
33	Switching Transients Analysis 2.8 ReliabilityAnalysis 2.9 Cable AmpacityAnalysis 2.10 Ground Mat Analysis FDR
34	2.1 1 Protective Device Coordination Analysis FDR
35	3 Analytical Procedures 3.1 Introduction
36	3.2 The Fundamentals 3.2.1 Linearity
37	3.2.2 Superposition Linearity
38	The Thevenin Equivalent Circuit Superposition
39	The Thevenin Equivalent
40	Current Flow of a Thevenin Equivalent Representation
41	The Sinusoidal Forcing Function Fault Flow PDR
42	3.2.5 Phasor Representation The Sinusoidal Forcing Function FDR
43	The Fourier Representation The Phasor Representation
44	The Laplace Transform The Fourier Representation
46	Laplace Transform Pairs
47	s-Domain Equivalent Circuits
48	RL Network
49	Current Response (Eq RC Network
50	The Single-phase Equivalent Circuit CurrentResponse(Eq
51	Voltage Response
52	The Symmetrical Component Analysis (c) Single-Line Impedance Diagram
53	(c) Single-Line Impedance Diagram
54	Fig 17 The Symmetrical Component Analysis
56	3.2.10 The Per Unit Method
57	and (c) Simplified Per Unit Representation
59	References and Bibliography
60	4 System Modeling 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Modeling
61	4.3 Review of Basics 4.3.1 Passive Elements
62	4.3.2 Active Elements Impedance and Admittance
63	Fig 19 Equivalent Circuit Diagrams Showing Si Convention
64	Fig 20 Vector Diagram Four Defining Expressions for Power Quantities
65	4.4 Power Network Solution Fundamental Equations for Translation and Rotation
66	Fig 21 Section of Qpical Single-Line Diagram (Simplified)
68	Fig 22 ImpedanceDiagram
69	4.5 Impedance Diagram
70	4.6 Extent of the Model 4.6.1 General Fig23 FlowDiagram FDR FDR
71	Data Presentation for Impedance and Other Diagrams PDR
72	4.6.2 Utility Supplied Systems 4.6.3 Isolated Systems 4.7 Models of Branch Elements 4.7.1 Lines Fig 25 Equivalent Circuit of Short Conductor
73	Equivalent Circuit
75	4.7.2 Cables
76	4.7.3 Determination of Constants Medium Line Equivalent Circuits (a) Nominal T (b) Nominal T Fig 28 Short Line Equivalent Circuit
77	Comparison of Overhead Lines and Cable Constants
78	Conductor Data
80	4.7.4 Reactors 4.7.5 Capacitors 4.7.6 Transformers
81	Fig 29 Two-Winding Transformer Equivalent Circuits
82	Fig 30 Two-Winding Transformer Approximate Equivalent Circuits
83	(a) Simplified-Delta (b) Simplified-Wye
84	(b) Flow Diagram
85	4.8 Power System Data Development 4.8.1 Per Unit Representations
87	4.8.2 Applications Example Fig 33 Impedance Diagram Raw Data
89	System Base Values (Base Power 10 OOO kVA)
90	Cable Data FDR
91	PDR
93	Impedance Diagram Per Unit Data (Base MVA =
94	4.9 Models of Bus Elements 4.9.1 Loads in General
95	4.9.2 Induction Motors Effect of Voltage Variations for Three Types of Loads
96	Fg 36 Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit
97	Fig 37 Induction Motor Torque versus Speed Fig 38 Induction Motor Current versus Speed
98	Fig 39 Induction Motor Power Factor versus Speed
99	Characteristics
100	4.9.3 Synchronous Machines Model of Induction Motor for Short-circuit Study FDR
102	0.8 Lead Power Factor
105	Models of Synchronous Machines for Short-circuit Studies
106	General Model for AC Machines in Short-circuit Studies
108	Saturation Curves
109	IEEE Type 1 Excitation System Lag Circuit
110	Fig48 Lead Circuit
111	4.10 Miscellaneous Bus Element Models 4.10.1 Lighting and Electric Heating 4.10.2 Electric Furnaces 4.10.3 Shunt Capacitors 4.10.4 Shunt Reactors
112	4.11 References
114	5 Computer Solutions and Systems 5.1 Introduction
115	Numerical Solution Techniques Matrix Algebra Fundamentals
118	Power System Network Matrixes Single-Line Diagram
119	Impedance Diagram and Mesh (Loop) Current Analysis
120	Admittance Diagram and Node (Bus) Voltage Analysis
121	Solution of Simultaneous Algebraic Equations
126	Computer Program Using Gauss-Seidel Method
128	Form f(x) =
129	Solution of Differential Equations
130	Block Diagram of an Exciter Control System
131	5.3 Computer Systems 5.3.1 Computer Terminology
132	Fig
133	5.3.2 Computer Hardware
134	Power System Analysis Software
136	5.4 Bibliography Full-Screen Data Input
137	Forms for 80-Column File Input
140	6 Load Flow Studies 6.1 Introduction
141	System Representation
142	Load Flow Study Example
143	Bus and Generator Representation Representation of Loads Lines and Transformers
144	Input Data 6.3.1 System Data 6.3.2 BusData
145	6.3.3 Generator Data
146	6.3.4 LineData 6.3.5 Transformer Data
147	Load Flow Solution Methods 6.4.1 Problem Formulation
148	Iterative Solution Algorithms
149	Gauss-Seidel Iterative Technique Load Flow Bus Specifications
150	Three-Bus DC Network
152	Factors
153	Newton-Raphson Iterative Technique
155	Comparison of Load Flow Solution Techniques
156	Load Flow Analysis
158	Load Flow Study Example
159	Load Flow Study Example
160	Input Data File for Sample System
161	Data Listing for Sample System
162	Analysis of Sample System
163	Sample Load Flow Output
164	Example System Base Case Load Flow Output
167	Load Flow Programs
168	Example System Load Flow Output After Corrective Changes
169	Conclusions References
170	7 Short-circuit Studies 7.1 Introduction
171	Short-circuit Study Procedure Preparation of a Study Single-Line Diagram Determination of Study Requirements
172	Determination and Use of System Impedances
174	Preparation of an Impedance Diagram 7.2.5 Calculations Short-circuit Studies
175	Duty Calculations
176	Interpretation and Application of Study Results Use When Exact Values Are Not Known
177	Use of the Computer
178	Short-circuit Study Example The Computer Program Capability
179	Short-circuit Computer Program
180	Input Data Requirements
181	Short-circuit Study Example
182	Study Example
185	Computer Program Input and Output Records
186	Computer Input File For Medium-Voltage Faults
187	Momentary Duties
188	Interrupting Duties
189	Computer Input File for Low-Voltage Faults
190	Momentary Duty
191	Short-circuit Diagram Three-phase Momentary Fault Duties
192	Short-circuit Diagram Three-phase Interrupting Fault Duties
193	7.5 References Short-circuit Study
194	8 Stability Studies 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Stability Fundamentals Definition of Stability 8.2.2 Steady-State Stability
195	Transient and Dynamic Stability Simplified Two-Machine Power System
196	Steady State
198	8.2.4 Two-Machine Systems 8.2.5 Multimachine Systems Problems Caused by Instability
199	System Disturbances That Can Cause Instability Solutions to Stability Problems 8.5.1 System Design
200	Design and Selection of Rotating Equipment 8.5.3 System Protection Voltage Regulator and Exciter Characteristics Transient Stability Studies
201	8.6.1 History How Stability Programs Work Simulation of the System
202	Simulation of Disturbances Data Requirements for Stability Studies
204	Stability Program Output Interpreting Results – Swing Curves
205	Stability Studies on a mical System inFig80
206	Figs 79 and81 Shown in Fig
208	with On-Site Generation
209	8.8 References
210	9 Motor Starting Studies 9.1 Introduction Need for Motor Starting Studies 9.2.1 Problems Revealed 9.2.2 Voltage Dips
212	Weak Source Generation When Starting Motors
213	Special Torque Requirements Exciter/Regulator Systems
214	9.3 Recommendations 9.3.1 Voltage Dips
215	Typical Wound Rotor Motor Speed-Torque Characteristics
216	Analyzing Starting Requirements Types of Studies The Voltage Drop Snapshot The Detailed Voltage Profile The Speed-Torque and Acceleration Time Analysis
217	9.4.4 Adaptations 9.5 Data Requirements 9.5.1 Basic Information
218	9.5.2 Simplifying Assumptions Typical Motor and Load Speed-Torque Characteristics
219	Solution Procedures and Examples Simplified Equivalent Circuit for a Motor on Starting
220	The Mathematical Relationships Simplified Impedance Diagram
221	Typical Single-Line Diagram
222	Impedance Diagram for System in Fig
223	9.6.2 Other Factors
224	ofGenerator
225	System Auto-Transformer Line Starting Current
227	The Simple Voltage Drop Determination Time-Dependent Bus Voltages
228	Load Flow Computer Output (Steady State)
229	Load Flow Computer Output (Voltage Dip on Motor Starting)
230	The Speed-Torque and Motor Accelerating Time Analysis Motor Starting
231	Typical Output -Generator Motor Starting Program Typical Output Generator Motor Starting Program
232	Typical Output -Plot of Generator Voltage Dip Typical Output Plot of Motor Voltage Dip
233	for Use in Computer Programs Speed-Torque Calculations
234	Defined by a Speed Change
235	9.7 Summary 9.8 References Fig 101 Typical Motor Speed-Current Characteristic
236	Time Program
238	10 Harmonic Analysis Studies 10.1 Introduction 10.2 History
239	10.3 General Theory 10.3.1 What Are Harmonics?
240	Fig 103 6.Phase 6-Pulse Rectifier Schematic
241	Current Waveforms FDR
242	10.3.2 Resonance Fig 105 Series Circuit Fig 106 Impedanceversus Frequency FDR
243	Fig 107 Series Cicuit (Utility Source Contains No Harmonics) Fig 108 Series Circuit (Utility Source Contains Harmonics) Fig 109 Parallel Circuit Fig 110 Impedance versus Frequency
244	10.4 Modeling
245	10.4.1 Analysis Techniques Fig 11 1 Typical Thyristor Driver Characteristics
247	Diagram (c) Related Impedance Diagram
249	10.5 Solutions to Harmonic Problems
250	versusFrequency Plot Fig 114 (a) Broad Band Filter (b) Impedance versus Frequency Plot Broad Band Filter (b) Impedance versus Frequency Plot
252	10.5.1 Examples Fig 116 12-Pulse System Fig 117 24-Pulse System
253	Fig 118 Partial Single-Line Diagram
254	First Computer Solution – Without Filters
255	Second Computer Solution – With Filters
256	Fig 119 Partial Single-Line Diagram
257	10.6 When Is a Harmonic Study Required?
259	10.7 Distortion Limits 10.7.1 Pending IEEE Std 519-1981 Revision 10.8 References Systems
260	Revision (Pending)) &-Generators) (IEEE Std 519-1981 Revision (Pending))
262	11 Switching Transient Studies 11.1 Power System Switching Transients 11.1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.2 Circuit Elements
264	11.1.3 Analytical Techniques 11.1.4 Transient Analysis Based on Laplace Transform
265	Fg 120 Double-Energy Network
266	Fig 121 Capacitor Voltage
267	Fg 122 Parallel RLCCircuit
268	10.6.1 Data Required
269	Fig 123 Series RLC Circuit
271	11.1.5 Normalized Damping Curves
272	11.1.6 Switching Transient Examples Fig 124 Normalized Damping Curves 1 I QP
273	Fig 125 Normalized Damping Curves 0.1 I: Qp
274	Fig 126 Test Setup of Unloaded Transformer Fig 127 Equivalent RLC Circuit for Unloaded Transformer
275	Fig 128 Capacitor Bank Switching
276	Fig 129 Equivalent Circuit for Capacitor Switching
277	11.1.7 Transient Recovery Voltage Fg 130 Simplified Diagram to Illustrate TRV
279	11.1.8 Summary 11.2 Switching Transient Studies 11.2.1 Introduction Fig 131 Transient Recovery Voltage
280	11.2.2 Switching Transient Study Objectives 11.2.3 Control of Switching Transients
281	11.2.4 Transient Network Analyzer (TNA)
282	11.2.5 Capacitor Bank Switching-TNA Case Study
283	11.2.6 Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP)
284	Fig 132 System Single-Line Diagram
285	Fig 133 System Voltages-Case
286	1 1.2.7 Capacitor Bank Switching – EMTP Case Study Fig 134 Probability Distribution – Case
287	Fig 135 Voltage Oscillograms Locations 1 and 4-Case
288	Fig 136 Current Oscillograms Location 4-Case
289	Fig 137 System Voltages-Case
290	Fig 138 Probability Distribution – Case
291	11.2.8 Summary 11.2.9 Switching Transient Problem Areas Fig 139 Voltage Oscillograms Locations 3 and 5-Case
292	Fig 140 Current Oscillograms Locations 4 and 5 -Case
293	Expanded Time Scale
294	Fig 142 System Single-Line Diagram
295	Filter Energization -Cases Studied
296	Fig 143 Voltage Oscillograms at STPT and DFBT Buses-Case
297	1 1.3 Switching Transients – Field Measurements 11.3.1 Introduction Fig 144 Voltage Oscillograms at DFLT and YFLT Buses – Case
298	Fig 145 Voltage Oscillograms at STPT and DFBT Buses-Case
299	1 1.3.2 Sial Derivation Fig 146 Voltage Oscillograms at DFLT and YFLT Buses-Case
300	Fig 147 Voltage Oscillograms at STI” and DFLT Buses-Case
301	11.3.3 Sial Circuits Terminations and Grounding Fig 148 Voltage Oscillograms at DFLT and YFLT Buses – Case
302	Summary of Maximum Calculated Voltages in kV Summary of Maximum Calculated Voltages in pu
303	11.3.4 Equipment for Measuring Transients
304	11.4 Typical Circuit Parameters for Transient Studies 11.4.1 Introduction 11.4.2 System and Equipment Data Requirements
305	25- to 6O.Cycle Self.Cooled Two-Winding Power Transformers
306	11.5 References Outdoor Bushing Capacitance to Ground
307	Synchronous Machine Constants
308	11.6 Bibliography and Grounded)
309	Generator Armature Capacitance to Ground
310	Phase Bus Capacitance Mical Values of Inductance Between Capacitor Banks
311	mical Transmission Line Characteristics of 69 to 230 kV
312	Ground
313	Fig 150 Typical X/R Ratio and Resistance of Reactors
314	Fig 151 Typical X/R Ratio of Generators Fig 152 Typical Charging Current for Cable
315	Fig 153 Typical X/R Ratio of Transformers Fig 154 Typical X/R Ratio of Induction Motors
316	12 Reliability Studies 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Definitions
318	System Reliability Indexes Data Needed for System Reliability Evaluations
319	Method for System Reliability Evaluation 12.5.1 Service Interruption Definition 12.5.2 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
320	12.5.3 Computation of Quantitative Reliability Indexes
321	12.6 Reference Interruptions Associated with Forced Outages Only
322	13 Cable Ampacity Studies 13.1 Introduction
323	Heat Flow Analysis
324	Thermal Resistances
326	Application of Computer Program
327	Ampacity Adjustment Factors
328	Determine the Cable Ampacity (3-1/C Cables Shown)
330	Factor) 13.4.2 Fth (Thermal Resistivity Adjustment Factor)
331	and Ambient Temperatures When T 75 “C and T 40 “C and Ambient Temperatures When T 90 “C and T 40 “C
334	13.4.3 Fg (Grouping Adjustment Factor) 13.5 Example
338	Fig 157 3 X 5 Duct Bank Arrangement
339	13.5.1 Base Ampacities 13.5.2 Manual Method 13.5.3 Computer Method
340	13.6 Conclusion
342	13.7 References 13.8 Bibliography
344	Ground Mat Studies 14.1 Introduction Justification for Ground Mat Studies Modeling the Human Body
345	Fig 158 Touch Potential
346	Fig 159 Step Potential
347	Traditional Analysis of the Ground Mat 14.4.1 Ground Resistivity
348	14.4.2 Fault Current -Magnitude and Duration
349	14.4.3 Fault Current-The Role of Grid Resistance
350	14.4.4 Grid Geometry
352	Advanced Grid Modeling Single Conductor
354	14.6 Benchmark Problems 14.7 Input/Output Techniques
355	Fig 161 Experimental Grids Showing Various (Mesh) Arrangements
356	14.8 Sample Problem System Data
357	14.9 Conclusion Potentials as Identified by Computer Analysis
358	with Hazardous Touch Potentials
359	14.10 Reference 14.11 Bibliography Touch Potentials
360	Critical Step and Touch Potentials Near Grid Corners
361	Grid Potentials
362	and Ground Fault Conditions
364	15 Coordination Studies 15.1 Introduction
365	Basics of Coordination Light Table
366	Computer Programs for Coordination
367	Coordination
368	Fig 171 Manually Produced Time-Current Curve
369	Fig 172 Computer-Produced Time-Current Curve Plotted on a Printer
370	15.3.1 Coordination Programs 15.3.2 TCC Plotting Programs Common Structure for Computer Programs 15.4.1 Project Data Base Files
371	15.4.2 Interactive Data Entry 15.4.3 User-Defined Device Libraries 15.4.4 Single-Line Diagram Generator 15.4.5 Graphics Monitor
372	15.4.6 PlotterPrinter Graphical Interface 15.4.7 Graphical Output Reports Computer Method
373	15.4.8 Device Setting Report Generator How to Make Use of Coordination Software 15.5.1 In-House Mainframe Computer Fig 174 Example of Screen Plot
374	Fig 175 Example of Plot on K&E 48-5258 Form
375	15.5.2 Personal Computer 15.5.3 Time Share
376	15.5.4 Consulting Service 15.6 Equipment Needs 15.7 Conclusion 15.8 References