IEEE 446-1987

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IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for Industrial and Commerical Applications

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
IEEE	1987	273

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Description

Revision Standard – Superseded. Recommended engineering principles, practices, and guidelines for the selection and application of emergency and standby power systems are presented. Industrial and commercial users’ needs are outlined and discussed, and the material is primarily presented from a user’s viewpoint. General requirements, protection, grounding, applications by specific industry, and maintenance guidelines are included.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
2	4.2.24 Additional Information
24	1 Scope
26	2 Definitions 2.1 Introduction
28	2.2 References
30	3 General Need Guidelines 3.1 Introduction
31	Average Number of Thunderstorm Days per Year Fig 2 Approximate Density of Tornadoes
35	3.1.1 1 s-1 min 3.1.2 10-40Cycles 3.1.3 0-8 Cycles 3.1.4 0.001-1 Cycles
36	Less than 0.001 Cycle
38	(Completed September
44	3.2 Lighting 3.2.1 Introduction Lighting for Evacuation Purposes Perimeter and Security Lighting
45	Table 2 Condensed General Criteria for Preliminary Consideration
55	3.2.4 Warning Lights 3.2.5 Health Care Facilities Standby Lighting for Equipment Repair Lighting for Production Lighting to Reduce Hazards to Machine Operators Supplemental Lighting for High-Voltage Discharge Systems Codes Rules and Regulations
56	Recommended Systems Table 3 Typical Emergency and Standby Lighting Recommendations
57	3.3 Startup Power 3.3.1 Introduction Example of a System Utilizing Startup Power 3.3.3 Lighting 3.3.4 Engine-Driven Generators
58	3.3.5 Battery Systems 3.3.6 Other Systems 3.3.7 System Justifcation 3.4 Transportation 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Elevators
59	Conveyors and Escalators Fig 3 Elevator Emergency Power Transfer System
60	Other Transportation Systems Mechanical Utility Systems 3.5.1 Introduction Be Necessary
61	Orderly Shutdown of Mechanical Utility Systems Alternates to Orderly Shutdown 3.6 Heating Maintaining Steam Production 3.6.2 Process Heating
62	Table 4 Systems for Continued Steam Production
63	3.6.3 Building Heating 3.7 Refrigeration Requirements of Selected Refrigeration Applications
64	Refrigeration to Reduce Hazards Typical System to Maintain Refrigeration 3.8 Production Facility
65	Equations for Determining Cost of Power Interruptions 3.8.3 Commercial Buildings Additional Losses Due to Power Interruptions
66	Determining the Likelihood of Power Failures Table 5 Example of Recorded Power Failures Table 6 Example of Recorded Short-Term Dips
67	Factors that Increase the Likelihood of Power Failures 3.8.7 Power Reserves Examples of Standby Power Applications for Production Types of Systems to Consider
68	3.9 Space Conditioning 3.9.1 Definition 3.9.2 Description Codes and Standards 3.9.4 Application Considerations
69	May Be Justified Typical Auxiliary Power Systems
70	3.10 Fire Protection Codes Rules and Regulations 3.10.2 Arson 3.10.3 Typical Needs 3.10.4 Application Considerations
71	Feeder Routing to Fire Protection Equipment 3.1 1 Data Processing Classification of Systems
73	Viewpoint
74	Power Requirements for Data Processing Equipment Major Computer Manufacturers
76	Manufacturers
79	Sources
82	Justification of Supplemental Power
83	Power Quality Improvement Techniques
84	Table 8 Performance of Power Conditioning Equipment
85	Selection Factors for Supplemental Power
86	Table 9 Summary of Typical Power-Line Disturbances
87	Eliminating or Moderating Power Disturbances (US Navy)
89	3.12 Life Safety and Life Support Systems 3.12.1 Introduction 3.12.2 Health Care Facilities
91	Fig 5 Typical Hospital Wiring Arrangement
92	Table 11 Sensitive Hospital Loads
93	3.12.3 Other Critical Life Systems 3.13 Communication Systems 3.13.1 Description
94	3.13.2 Commonly Used Auxiliary Power Systems Evaluating the Need for an Auxiliary Power System
95	3.14 Signal Circuits 3.14.1 Description 3.14.2 Signal Circuits in Health Care Facilities 3.14.3 Signal Circuits in Industrial and Commercial Buildings 3.14.4 Types of Auxiliary Power Systems
96	3.15 References
97	3.16 Bibliography
100	4 Generator and Electric Utility Systems 4.1 Guidelines for Use
102	4.2 Engine-Driven Generators 4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 Diesel-Engine Generators 4.2.3 Gasoline-Engine Generators 4.2.4 Gas-Engine Generators
103	4.2.5 Derating Requirements Typical Diesel Engine-Driven Generator Sets Table 12 Typical Ratings of Engine-Driven Generator Sets
104	Multiple Engine-Generator Set Systems 4.2.7 Construction and Controls Typical Engine-Generator Systems
105	Two Engine-Generator Sets Operating in Parallel Peaking Power Control System
106	Three-Source Priority Load Selection
107	Fig 10 combination On-Site Power and Emergency Transfer System
108	4.2.9 Special Considerations Engine-Generator Set Rating Motor-Starting Considerations Fig 11 Dual Engine-Generator Standby System
109	4.2.12 Load Transient Considerations 4.2.13 Manual Systems 4.2.14 Automatic Systems
110	4.2.15 Automatic Transfer Devices Engine-Generator Set Reliability
111	Air Supply and Exhaust 4.2.18 Noise Reduction 4.2.19 Fuel Systems Governors and Regulation
112	4.2.21 Starting Methods 4.2.22 Battery Charging Generators Multiple Utility Services 4.3.1 Introduction
113	4.3.2 Closed-Transition Transfer Utility Services Separation Simple Automatic Transfer Schemes Fig 12 Two-Utility-Source System Using One Automatic Transfer Switch
114	Be Closed
115	4.3.5 Overcurrent Protection Provide Varying Degrees of Emergency Power
116	Transfer Device Ratings and Accessories
117	ofLoad
119	4.3.7 Voltage Tolerances Transferring Motor Loads
120	Fig 16 Inphase Motor Load Transfer Fig 17 Motor Load Disconnect Circuit
121	Fig 18 Neutral Off Position
122	Speed) Fig 20 Closed Transition Transfer
123	Multiple Utility Services and Maintenance May 1984 p
124	Fig 21 Typical System Supplying Electric Power to Manufacturing Plant
125	4.3.10 Bypass-Isolation Switches Fig 22 Bypass to Normal
126	Fig 23 Test Position Fig 24 Complete Isolation
127	Nonautomatic Transfer Switches
128	4.3.12 Conclusion 4.4 Turbine-Driven Generators 4.4.1 Introduction Steam Turbine Generators and Several Automatic Transfer Switches
129	Dual-Utility Supply
130	Gas and Oil Turbine Generators
131	Advantages and Disadvantages Power System
132	Fig 28 Modular Packaged Gas-Turbine-Generator Set Mounted on Trailer Fig 29 Typical Performance Correction Factor for Altitude
133	4.5 Mobile Equipment 4.5.1 Introduction 4.5.2 Special Requirements
134	Fig 30 Typical Trailer-Mounted Model (15-45 kW Capacity)
135	Fig 31 Typical 2800 kW Mobile Turbine-Driven Generator Set
136	4.5.3 Special Precautions 4.5.4 Maintenance
137	4.5.5 Application 4.5.6 Rental 4.5.7 Fuel Systems 4.5.8 Agricultural Applications 4.6 References
138	4.7 Bibliography
140	5 Stored Energy Systems 5.1 Introduction
141	Mechanical Energy Storage 5.2.1 Introduction 5.2.2 Kinetic Energy
142	5.3 Battery Systems 5.3.1 Introduction Stationary Battery Construction
143	5.3.3 Recharge/Equalize Charging Fig 32 Battery ﬁFloatﬂ Diagram Table 13 Number of Cells for Desired Voltage
144	5.3.4 Battery Sizing
145	Fig 33 Typical Redundant Charger Circuit Temperature
146	Unit Lighting Equipment
147	Fig 35 Typical Battery Unit Table 14 General Differences for Various Battery Types
148	Central Battery Lighting Systems Systems
149	Multiple Sources Used for Normal Lighting 5.4 Batteryhverter Systems 5.4.1 Introduction
150	Battery/Inverter Supply Used as Standby Source Nonredundant Uninterruptible Power Supply Fig 36 Short-Interruption Standby System Fig 37 Oscillogram of Output Voltage of System in Fig 36 During Transfer
151	Fig 38 Nonredundant Uninterruptible Power Supply
152	Table 15 Typical Nonredundant 34 UPS Performance Specifications
154	Redundant Uninterruptible Power Supply Fig 39 Oscillogram of System in Fig 38 with Powerline Failure
155	Fig 40 Redundant Uninterruptible Power Supply Failure Fig 42 Uninterruptible Power Supply with Static Transfer Switch
156	Transfer Switch Parallel Redundant Uninterruptible Power Supply Cold Standby Redundant Power Supply Fig 43 Oscillogram of Static Switch in System in Fig 42 Load Voltage
157	Fig 44 Parallel-Supplied Parallel Redundant Uninterruptible Power Supply Fig 45 Cold Standby Redundant Uninterruptible Power Supply
158	With Static Bypass Switch Motor-Generators and Rotating UPS Systems 5.5.1 Introduction
159	Fig 46 Parallel-Supplied Nonredundant Uninterruptible Power Supply
160	5.5.2 AC Motor-Generators and Belt
161	AC Motor-Generator with Flywheel Frames on a Base Fig 49 Motor and Generator with Common Rotor
162	Battery/DC Motor/AC Motor-Generator Set Fig 50 Battery/DC Motor/AC Motor-Generator Set
163	Battery/DC Motor/AC Generator Fig 51 Battery/DC Motor/AC Generator
164	Off-Line Inverter/Motor-Generator System On-Line Inverter/Motor-Generator System 5.5.8 Engine/Motor-Generator System Fig 52 Off-Line Inverter/Motor-Generator System
165	Fig 53 On-Line Inverter/Motor-Generator System Fig 54 Engine/Motor-Generator System
166	5.5.9 Engine-Generator/Motor-Generator System Fig 55 Engine-Generator/Motor-Generator System
167	5.5.10 Parallel Systems Redundant Systems 5.5.12 Bypass Circuits 5.6 References
168	5.7 Bibliography
172	6 Protection 6.1 Introduction Short-circuit Current Considerations
174	Fig 56 Three-phase Decrement Curves for Engine-Generators
175	Breakers in Series
176	Fig 58 Three-phase Decrements for 900 kW Turbine Generator
177	6.3 Transfer Devices Codes and Standards Current Withstand Ratings
178	Significance of X/R Ratio
179	Withstand Ratings with Respect to Time Switches
180	Requirements Table 18 Automatic Transfer Switch Withstand Requirements Table 19 Fuse Interrupting Test Requirements
181	Transfer Switch Dielectric Strength
182	Protection with Circuit Breakers Table 20 Typical Transfer Switch Characteristics When Used with Fuses
183	Fig 59 Emergency Power System with All Circuit Breaker Protection Circuit Breaker Protection
184	Protection with Fuses
185	6.3.8 Ground-Fault Protection Fig 61 Emergency Power System with All-Fuse Protection
186	6.4 Generator Protection Protection
187	Codes and Standards Armature Winding Protection
189	Relative to Generator-Capability Curves
191	Short-circuit Current
195	Rotor and Excitation System Prime Mover Protection 6.5.1 General Requirements
196	Equipment Malfunction Protection
197	Fuel System Protection
198	Electric Utility Power Supply
199	Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) 6.7.1 Battery Protection
201	Batteries
203	Battery Charger Protection
204	6.7.3 Inverter Protection
205	Static Transfer Switch Protection
206	6.7.5 Overvoltage Protection
207	Equipment Physical Protection 6.9 Grounding 6.10 Conclusions
208	6.11 References
209	6.12 Bibliography
210	7 Grounding 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 General Circuit Protective Equipment System and Equipment Grounding
211	System and Equipment Grounding Functions 7.2.1 General System Grounding Functions Equipment Grounding Functions
212	Service-Supplied System
213	Derived System System
214	Supplemental Equipment Bonding Objectionable Current Through Grounding Conductors
215	Service Conductor Grounded Circuit Conductor
216	System Grounding Requirements Types of Equipment Grounding Conductors
217	Grounding for Separately Derived and Service-Supplied Systems Systems
218	Service-Supplied Systems
219	Systems with a Grounded Circuit Conductor Solidly Interconnected Multiple-Grounded Neutral
220	Equipment and at Source of Alternate Power Supply
221	Neutral Conductor Transferred by Transfer Means Two Locations
222	Grounded at Two Locations
223	Grounded at Two Locations
224	and at Source of Alternate Power Supply
225	Neutral Conductor
226	Neutral Conductor Isolated by a Transformer Switchgear for Two On-Site Generators Connected in Parallel
227	Transformer
228	Service Equipment Only Transformer
229	Equipment Only
230	Ground Fault Indicated Though None Exists
231	Multiple Transfer Switches Neutral Conductor Grounded at Service Equipment Only
232	Multiple Engine-Generator Sets Transferring Neutral Conductor
233	7.10 Ground-Fault Alarm 7.11 Systems Without a Grounded Circuit Circuit Conductor Solidly Grounded Service
234	Without a Grounded Circuit Conductor
235	High-Resistance Grounded Service Supply Without a Grounded Circuit Conductor
236	Grounded Circuit Conductor
237	7.12 Mobile Engine-Generator Sets Alternate Supply
238	Alternate Supply
239	7.13 References 7.14 Bibliography
242	8 Maintenance 8.1 Introduction
243	Internal Conbustion Engines Typical Maintenance Schedule
244	8.3 Gas Turbine 8.3.1 General Operating Factors Affecting Maintenance
245	Typical Maintenance Schedule
246	8.4 Generators
247	Static Uninterruptible Power Supplies
248	8.6 Batteries 8.6.1 General 8.6.2 Safety 8.6.3 BatteryTypes Typical Maintenance Schedules
249	Automatic Transfer Switches 8.8 Conclusions 8.9 References
250	9 Specific Industry Applications
253	Needs for the Agri-Business Industry
254	Needs for the Cement Industry
255	Needs for the Commercial Building Industry
257	Needs for the Communications Industry
258	Needs for the Financial Data Processing Industry
259	Needs for the Health Industry
260	Needs for the Mining Industry
261	Needs for the Petrochemical Industry
262	Needs for the Ski Resort Industry
263	Needs for the Waste Water Industry
273	INDEX

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Standard Title	IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for Industrial and Commerical Applications
Published Code	IEEE
Publication Date	1987
Pages Count	273

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