IEEE 493 1998

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IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (Gold Book)

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
IEEE	1998	508

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Description

Revision Standard – Inactive – Superseded. This IEEE Standars product is part of the Color Books family. The design of reliable industrial and commercial power distribution systems is important because of the high cost associated with power outages and their significant impact on society. It is necessary to consider the cost of power outages when making decisions for new power distribution systems. It is also necessary to have the ability to make quantitative cost-versus-reliability trade-off studies. The IEEE Gold Book provides credible data concerning equipment reliability and the cost of power outages so that these trade-off studies can be conducted. The purpose of the IEEE Gold Book is to provide sufficient information so that reliability analysis can be performed on power systems without requiring cross-references to other texts. Information included in the book is the result of extensive surveys of reliability of electrical equipment in industrial plants and the costs of power outages for both industrial plants and commercial buildings. The reliability surveys provide historical experience to those who are not able to collect their own data. The IEEE Gold Book covers many aspects of reliability analysis. The basic concepts of reliability analysis by probability methods, fundamentals of power system reliability evaluation, the economic evaluation of reliability, and cost of power outage data are included in the book. Reliability data, as well as electrical preventive maintenance for different types of equipment, are provided. Some concepts of emergency and standby power, such as reliability compliance testing, are also included in the IEEE Gold Book. The book also focuses on the improvement and evaluation of reliability in existing facilities. Voltage sags, and a methodology for estimating the frequency of these sags, are also discussed. You will receive an email from Customer Service with the URL needed to access this publication online.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	Title Page
4	Introduction
5	Participants
7	CONTENTS
11	Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Objectives and scope
12	1.2 IEEE reliability surveys of industrial plants
13	1.3 How to use this book
14	1.4 Definitions
17	2.1 Fundamentals of power system reliability evaluation 2.1.1 Reliability evaluation fundamentals 2.1.2 Power system design consideration 2.1.3 Definitions 2.1.4 System reliability indexes
18	2.1.5 Data needed for system reliability evaluations
19	2.1.6 Method for system reliability evaulation 2.1.7 Service interruption definition
20	2.1.8 Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) 2.1.9 Computation of quantitative reliability indexes
21	2.1.10 Component failure modes
22	2.1.11 Expressions for outage events
25	2.1.12 Example
26	2.1.13 Incomplete redundancy
30	2.2 Costs of interruptions—economic evaluation of reliability 2.2.1 Costs of interruptions vs. capital cost
33	2.2.2 “Order of magnitude” cost of interruptions
35	2.2.3 Economic analysis of reliability in electrical systems
40	2.2.4 Examples
41	2.2.5 Worth of improved reliability in electrical components 2.2.6 Maintenence costs of electrical components 2.3 Cost of scheduled electrical preventive maintenance
42	2.4 Effect of scheduled electrical preventive maintenance on failure rate
43	2.4.1 Example 2.5 Bibliography
47	3.1 Introduction
48	3.2 Part 1: Most recent equipment reliability surveys (1976–1989) 3.2.1 1979 switchgear bus reliability data
53	3.2.2 1980 generator survey data
54	3.2.3 1979 survey of the reliability of transformers
61	3.2.4 1983 IEEE survey on the reliability of large motors
71	3.2.5 1994 IEEE-PES survey of overhead transmission lines
72	3.3 Part 2: Equipment reliability surveys conducted prior to 1976 3.3.1 Introduction
73	3.3.2 Reliability of electrical equipment (1974 survey)
86	3.4 Bibliography
89	4.1 Introduction
90	4.2 Utility supply availability
92	4.3 Where to begin—the plant one-line diagram
93	4.4 Plant reliability analysis
94	4.5 Circuit analysis and action
96	4.6 Other vulnerable areas
97	4.7 Conclusion
98	4.8 Bibliography
99	5.1 Introduction 5.2 Definitions 5.3 Relationship of maintenance practice and equipment failure
101	5.4 Design for electrical preventive maintenance
102	5.5 Electrical equipment preventive maintenance
103	5.6 Bibliography
105	6.1 Introduction 6.2 Interruption frequency and duration 6.3 Equipment selection
106	6.4 Descriptions and applications of available components 6.4.1 Engine-driven generators 6.4.2 Turbine-driven generators 6.4.3 Mechanical stored-energy systems
107	6.4.4 Inverter/battery systems
109	6.4.5 Mechanical uninterruptible power supplies
110	6.5 Selection and application data 6.6 Bibliography
111	7.1 Examples of reliability and availability analysis of common low-voltage industrial power dist… 7.1.1 Quantitative reliability and availability predictions 7.1.2 Introduction
112	7.1.3 Definition of terminology 7.1.4 Procedure for reliability and availability analysis
114	7.1.5 Reliability data from 1973–75 IEEE surveys
117	7.1.6 Example 1—Reliability and availability analysis of a simple radial system
120	7.1.7 Example 2—Reliability and availability analysis of primary-selective system to 13.8 kV util…
123	7.1.8 Example 3—Primary-selective system to load side of 13.8 kV circuit breaker 7.1.9 Example 4—Primary-selective system to primary of transformer
127	7.1.10 Example 5—Secondary selective system
130	7.1.11 Example 6—Simple radial system with spares 7.1.12 Example 7—Simple radial system with cogeneration
134	7.1.13 Overall results from seven examples
135	7.1.14 Discussion—Cost of power outages 7.1.15 Discussion—Definition of power failure 7.1.16 Discussion—Electric utility power supply
136	7.1.17 Other discussion
137	7.1.18 Spot network 7.1.19 Protective devices other than drawout circuit breakers
138	7.2 Cost data applied to examples of reliability and availability analysis of common low-voltage … 7.2.1 Cost evaluation of reliability and availability predictions 7.2.2 Description of cost evaluation problem
139	7.2.3 Procedures for cost analyses
140	7.2.4 Reliability data for examples
143	7.2.5 Assumed cost values 7.2.6 Results and conclusions
144	7.3 Bibliography
145	8.1 Introduction 8.2 Definitions 8.3 Basic probability theory 8.3.1 Sample space 8.3.2 Event
146	8.3.3 Probability 8.3.4 Combinatorial properties of event probabilities
147	8.3.5 Random variable 8.3.6 Probability distribution function
148	8.3.7 Expectation
149	8.3.8 Exponential distribution 8.4 Reliability measures
150	8.5 Reliability evaluation methods 8.5.1 Minimal cut-set method
153	8.5.2 State-space method
156	8.5.3 Network reduction method 8.5.4 Series system
157	8.5.5 Parallel system
158	8.6 Bibliography
159	9.1 Introduction
160	9.2 Voltage sag characteristics and reporting 9.2.1 Number of phases
161	9.2.2 Accounting for reclosing—how many sags? 9.2.3 Reporting sag duration
162	9.3 Line faults—A major cause for voltage sags
163	9.4 Voltage sag predictions
164	9.4.1 Magnitude of individual sags
167	9.4.2 Duration of sags 9.4.3 Frequency—How often sags occur
170	9.4.4 Waveform 9.4.5 Effect of transformer connections
172	9.4.6 Effect of pre-fault voltage 9.4.7 Effect of fault impedance
173	9.5 Examples for rectangular sag calculations
174	9.5.1 Radial distribution example
176	9.5.2 Transmission network example
178	9.6 Nonrectangular sags
179	9.6.1 Induction motor influence on sag shape
180	9.6.2 Stochastic assessment
182	9.6.3 Other types of load
183	9.7 Development of voltage sag coordination charts 9.7.1 Electric supply sag characteristics display
185	9.7.2 Adding rectangular equipment sensitivity
186	9.7.3 Non-rectangular equipment sensitivity
188	9.7.4 Example of system performance using typical measured data
190	9.8 Conclusions and future work 9.9 Bibliography
193	10.1 Introduction
194	10.2 Definition of success ratio
195	10.3 Acceptance sampling plan 10.4 Minimizing manufacturer and customer risks
197	10.5 Sequential testing plan
198	10.6 Development of a sequential testing plan
199	10.7 Compliance sequential test acceptance limits
200	10.8 Compliance sequential test rejection limits
202	10.9 Case study
204	10.10 Discussion of sequential tests
205	10.11 Conclusion
206	10.12 Bibliography
208	Appendix A
270	Appendix B
298	Appendix C
308	Appendix D
314	Appendix E
324	Appendix F
330	Appendix G
342	Appendix H
370	Appendix I
382	Appendix J
392	Appendix K
410	Appendix L
428	Appendix M
448	Appendix N
486	Appendix O
496	Appendix P
502	Index

Additional information

Standard Title	IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (Gold Book)
Published Code	IEEE
Publication Date	1998
Pages Count	508

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IEEE 493 1998

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