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IEEE 551 2006

IEEE 551 2006

$78.00

Recommended Practice for Calculating AC Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems

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IEEE 2006 314
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New IEEE Standard – Active. This recommended practice provides short-circuit current information including calculated short-circuit current duties for the application in industrial plants and commercial buildings, at all power system voltages, of power system equipment that senses, carries, or interrupts short-circuit currents. Equipment coverage includes, but should not be limited to, protective device sensors such as series trips and relays, passive equipment that may carry short circuit current such as bus, cable, reactors, and transformers as well as interrupters such as circuit breakers and fuses.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
1 IEEE Recommended Practice for Calculating Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
3 Title page
6 Introduction
Notice to users
7 Participants
10 CONTENTS
15 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Scope
16 1.2 Definitions
22 1.3 Acronyms and abbreviations
24 1.4 Bibliography
25 1.5 Manufacturers’ data sources
27 Chapter 2 Description of a short-circuit current
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Available short-circuit current
28 2.3 Symmetrical and asymmetrical currents
31 2.4 Short-circuit calculations
34 2.5 Total short-circuit current
36 2.6 Why short-circuit currents are asymmetrical
2.7 DC component of short-circuit currents
37 2.8 Significance of current asymmetry
2.9 The application of current asymmetry information
38 2.10 Maximum peak current
45 2.11 Types of faults
46 2.12 Arc resistance
48 2.13 Bibliography
51 Chapter 3 Calculating techniques
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fundamental principles
56 3.3 Short-circuit calculation procedure
57 3.4 One-line diagram
59 3.4.1 Single-phase equivalent circuit
61 3.4.2 Bus numbers
62 3.4.3 Impedance diagrams
3.4.4 Short-circuit flow diagrams
3.4.5 Relaying one-line diagrams
64 3.5 Per-unit and ohmic manipulations
66 3.6 Network theorems and calculation techniques
3.6.1 Linearity
67 3.6.2 Superposition
68 3.6.3 Thevenin equivalent circuit
70 3.6.4 Norton equivalent circuit
3.6.5 Millman’s theorem
3.6.6 Reciprocity
3.6.7 The sinusoidal forcing function
71 3.6.8 Phasor representation
72 3.6.9 Fourier representation
73 3.6.10 Equivalence
74 3.6.11 Parallel impedances
75 3.6.12 Analysis of unbalanced faults using symmetrical components
80 3.6.13 Sequence impedances
81 3.7 Extending a three-phase short-circuit calculation procedures program to calculate short-circuit currents for single-phase branches
83 3.8 Representing transformers with non-base voltages
92 3.9 Specific time period and variations on fault calculations
95 3.10 Determination of X/R ratios for ANSI fault calculations
3.11 Three-winding transformers
96 3.12 Duplex reactor
97 3.13 Significant cable lengths
98 3.14 Equivalent circuits
99 3.15 Zero sequence line representation
100 3.16 Equipment data required for short-circuit calculations
3.16.1 Utility sources
101 3.16.2 Generators
102 3.16.3 Synchronous motors
103 3.16.4 Induction motors
3.16.5 Transformers
104 3.16.6 Reactors
105 3.16.7 Capacitors
3.16.8 Static regenerative drives
106 3.16.9 Breakers, contactors, and current transformers
3.16.10 Cables
107 3.16.11 Transmission lines
108 3.17 Bibliography
109 Chapter 4 Calculating short-circuit currents for systems without ac delay
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Purpose
110 4.3 ANSI guidelines
112 4.4 Fault calculations
4.5 Sample calculations
4.5.1 Sample calculation #1
114 4.5.2 Sample calculation #2
116 4.5.3 Sample calculation #3
117 4.6 Sample computer printout
119 4.6.1 Raw data printout
123 4.6.2 Per-unit data
126 4.6.3 Computer short-circuit printout
127 4.7 Conclusions
128 4.8 Bibliography
129 Chapter 5 Calculating ac short-circuit currents for systems with contributions from synchronous machines
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Purpose
5.3 ANSI guidelines
130 5.4 Fault calculations
5.5 Nature of synchronous machine contributions
133 5.6 Synchronous machine reactances
135 5.7 One-line diagram data
5.8 Sample calculations
5.8.1 Sample calculation #1
137 5.9 Sample computer printout
138 5.10 Sample computer printout for larger system calculations
140 5.11 Conclusions
5.12 Bibliography
141 Chapter 6 Calculating ac short-circuit currents for systems with contributions from induction motors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Purpose
6.3 ANSI guidelines
143 6.4 Fault calculations
6.5 Nature of induction motor contributions
146 6.6 Large induction motors with prolonged contributions
147 6.7 Data accuracy
6.8 Details of induction motor contribution calculations according to ANSI-approved standard application guides
149 6.9 Recommended practice based on ANSI-approved standards for representing induction motors in multivoltage system studies
151 6.10 One-line diagram data
152 6.11 Sample calculations
6.11.1 Sample calculation #1
156 6.12 Sample computer printout
159 6.13 Bibliography
161 Chapter 7 Capacitor contributions to short-circuit currents
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Capacitor discharge current
162 7.2.1 Example
163 7.3 Transient simulations
7.3.1 Standard capacitor bank
169 7.3.2 Harmonic filter bank
174 7.3.3 Medium-voltage motor capacitors
176 7.3.4 Low-voltage motor capacitors
179 7.4 Summary
7.5 Bibliography
181 Chapter 8 Static converter contributions to short-circuit currents
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Definitions of converter types
182 8.3 Converter circuits and their equivalent parameters
184 8.4 Short-circuit current contribution from the dc system to an ac short circuit
190 8.5 Analysis of converter dc faults
191 8.6 Short circuit between the converter dc terminals
201 8.7 Arc-back short circuits
205 8.8 Examples
211 8.9 Conclusions
8.10 Bibliography
213 Chapter 9 Calculating ac short-circuit currents in accordance with ANSI-approved standards
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basic assumptions and system modeling
214 9.3 ANSI recommended practice for ac decrement modeling
9.3.1 General definitions and duty types
215 9.3.2 Induction motor ac decrement modeling
218 9.3.3 Synchronous generator ac decrement modeling
9.4 ANSI practice for dc decrement modeling
221 9.4.1 DC decrement curves for totally rated circuit breakers
222 9.4.2 DC decrement applied to symmetrically rated breakers
226 9.5 ANSI-conformable fault calculations
9.5.1 First cycle calculations
227 9.5.2 Interrupting calculations
228 9.5.3 Time delayed calculations
9.6 ANSI-approved standards and interrupting duties
9.6.1 General considerations
229 9.6.2 Interrupting device evaluation aspects
230 9.6.3 First cycle currents
9.7 One-line diagram layout and data
233 9.8 First cycle duty sample calculations
9.8.1 First cycle duty calculations at bus 4:MILL-2
235 9.8.2 First cycle duty calculations at bus 8:FDR L
236 9.8.3 First cycle duty calculations at bus 37:T14 SEC
237 9.9 Interrupting duty sample calculations
9.9.1 Interrupting duty calculations for bus 4:MILL-2
239 9.9.2 Interrupting duty calculations for bus 8:FDR L
242 9.10 Applying ANSI calculations to non-60 Hz systems
9.10.1 Asymmetry factor equations
243 9.10.2 Breaker contact-parting times and X/R ratio
9.11 Normative references
244 9.12 Bibliography
245 Chapter 10 Application of short-circuit interrupting equipment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Purpose
10.3 Application considerations
247 10.4 Equipment data
248 10.5 Fully-rated systems
10.6 Low-voltage series rated equipment
249 10.7 Low-voltage circuit breaker short-circuit capabilities less than rating
250 10.8 Equipment checklist for short-circuit currents evaluation
251 10.9 Equipment phase duty calculations
10.9.1 13.8 kV Breakers
256 10.9.2 13.8 kV bus disconnect switch
257 10.9.3 13.8 kV transformer primary fuse
10.9.4 480 V load center
258 10.9.5 480 V motor control center
10.9.6 480 V lighting panelboard
10.9.7 Cables
259 10.10 Equipment ground fault duty calculations
10.11 Capacitor switching
260 10.12 Normative references
263 Chapter 11 Unbalanced short-circuit currents
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Purpose
264 11.3 ANSI guidelines
265 11.4 Procedure
271 11.5 Connection of sequence networks
272 11.6 Sample calculations
276 11.6.1 Line-to-ground fault calculation
281 11.6.2 Line-to-line fault calculation
284 11.7 Conclusions
285 11.8 Normative references
11.9 Bibliography
287 Chapter 12 Short-circuit calculations under international standards
12.1 Introduction
12.2 System modeling and methodologies
289 12.3 Voltage factors
12.4 Short-circuit currents per IEC 60909
290 12.5 Short circuits “far from generator”
12.5.1 Definitions and generalities
291 12.5.2 Calculation of maximum fault currents
12.5.3 Network feeders
12.5.4 Initial short-circuit current calculations
293 12.5.5 Symmetrical breaking current
12.5.6 Steady-state fault current
12.5.7 Peak fault current
294 12.5.8 Non-meshed current paths
12.5.9 Meshed current paths
12.5.9.1 Dominant X/R ratio technique
12.5.9.2 Short-circuit location X/R technique
295 12.5.9.3 Equivalent frequency technique
12.5.10 Calculation of minimum fault currents
12.6 Short circuits “near generator”
12.6.1 Definition and generalities
296 12.6.2 Impedance correction factors
12.6.3 Generator impedance correction factor
297 12.6.4 Power station unit correction factors
299 12.6.5 Calculation of generator maximum Initial fault currents
12.6.6 Calculation of generator peak short-circuit currents
12.6.7 Calculation of generator symmetrical breaking currents
301 12.6.8 Steady-state fault currents calculation
12.6.9 Maximum steady-state fault current, Ikmax
12.6.10 Maximum steady-state fault current, Ikmin
302 12.6.11 Coefficients lmax, lmin
304 12.7 Influence of motors
12.7.1 General considerations
305 12.7.2 Synchronous motors
12.7.3 Induction motors
306 12.7.4 Static drives
12.8 Fault calculations in complex systems
12.9 Comparing the ANSI-approved standards with IEC 909
307 12.10 Sample calculations
12.10.1 Rotating equipment impedances
12.10.1.1 Network feeders
308 12.10.1.2 Synchronous motors
12.10.1.3 Induction motors
309 12.10.2 Calculation of maximum initial fault currents
12.10.2.1 Fault at bus 4:MILL-2
12.10.2.2 Fault at bus 8:FDRL
310 12.10.2.3 Fault at bus 37:T14SEC
12.10.3 Calculation of peak fault currents
311 12.10.4 Calculation of breaking currents
12.10.4.1 Fault at bus 8:FDRL
312 12.10.4.2 Fault at bus 37:T14SEC
313 12.10.5 Calculation of steady-state generator fault currents
12.11 Normative references
314 12.12 Bibliography

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IEEE 551 2006
$78.00