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IEEE 60214-2-2019

$60.67

IEEE/IEC International Standard for TAP-changers –Part 2: Application guidelines

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IEEE 2019
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PDF Pages PDF Title
1 IEC/IEEE 60214-2 Front Cover
3 Title page
4 CONTENTS
9 FOREWORD
12 INTRODUCTION
13 1 Scope
2 Normative references
2.1 IEC references
14 2.2 IEEE references
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
15 3.2 Abbreviated terms
4 Use of normative references
16 5 Application of tap-changers for transformers and reactors
5.1 General
5.2 Typical circuits for regulation
Figures
Figure 1 – Tap-changers in a star-connected winding
17 Figure 2 – Tap-changers in series transformers
Figure 3 – Tap-changers in delta-connected windings
18 5.3 Basic arrangements of tapped windings with on-load tap-changers
Figure 4 – Tap-changers in autotransformers
19 5.4 Basic arrangements of tapped windings with step-voltage regulator on-load tap-changers
5.5 Basic arrangements of tapped windings with de-energized tap-changers
5.5.1 Bridging contact scheme for DETC
Figure 5 – Basic arrangements of the regulating winding
20 5.5.2 Linear contact scheme for DETC
5.5.3 WYE (star) contact scheme for DETC
5.5.4 Most common basic arrangements for different combinations
21 6 Types of tap-changers
6.1 On-load tap-changers (OLTCs)
6.1.1 General
Figure 6 – Common connection arrangements
22 6.1.2 Principles of operation
23 Figure 7 – Operating sequence of a diverter switch (d to i) and tap selector (a to c)(non-vacuum type diverter switch with operating cycle number 1)
24 Figure 8 – Operating sequence of a selector switch (a to e)(non-vacuum type selector switch with operating cycle number 1)
Figure 9 – Diagram of connections of non-vacuum, resistor type on-load tap-changers(IEC 60214-1:2014, Table A.1, or IEEE Std C57.131-2012, Table A.1)
26 Figure 10 – Diagram of connections of vacuum, resistor type on-load tap-changers(IEC 60214-1:2014, Table A.3)
28 Figure 11 – Operating sequence (a) to g)) of a diverter switch and tap selector(non-vacuum type)
29 6.1.3 Physical layouts
Figure 12 – Diagram of connections of non-vacuum, reactor type on-load tap-changers(IEC 60214-1:2014, Annex B, or IEEE Std C57.131-2012, Annex B)
Figure 13 – Diagram of connections of reactor type on-loadtap-changer with vacuum interrupter and tap selector(IEC 60214-1:2014, Annex B, or IEEE Std C57.131-2012, Annex B)
31 Figure 14 – Common layouts for compartment type tap-changers
33 Figure 15 – Common layouts for in-tank-type tap-changers
34 6.2 De-energized tap-changers (DETCs)
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Types of DETC
6.2.3 Location of DETC in the transformer tank or enclosure
35 Figure 16 – Common arrangements of DETCs in the transformer main tank
36 6.3 Tap-changer environment
6.3.1 Liquid immersed tap-changers
37 6.3.2 Dry-type tap-changers (OLTC and DETC)
38 6.3.3 Gas-immersed tap-changers (SF6-insulated tap-changers)
39 Figure 17 – Externally mounted diverter compartmentwith an in-tank tap selector and a barrier board
40 6.4 Other types
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Electronic tap-changers
6.4.3 Step-voltage regulators
6.4.4 Advance retard switch (ARS)
41 6.4.5 OLTCs for distribution transformers
7 On-load tap-changers
7.1 General
7.2 Selection of OLTCs
7.2.1 Basic parameters
Figure 18 – ARS application and mode of operation in a PST
46 Figure 19 – Selector at both fine tap and coarse winding
47 7.2.2 Additional data
7.3 Application of OLTCs
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 OLTCs for application in special transformers with non-sinusoidal currents (HVDC, rectifier transformers, converter transformers, etc.)
48 7.3.3 OLTCs for PSTs
49 7.3.4 OLTCs for arc furnace transformers
7.3.5 OLTCs for shunt reactors
50 7.3.6 OLTCs for series reactors
7.3.7 OLTCs for unit auxiliary transformers
7.3.8 OLTCs for railway supply transformers
7.3.9 Transformers and phases out-of-step condition
51 7.4 Other important parameters for OLTCs
7.4.1 Current wave shapes other than sinusoidal
7.4.2 Operating pressure
52 7.4.3 Operational life of breaking and making contacts
Figure 20 – Tap-changer oil conservator arrangement
53 7.4.4 Tap-changer mechanical life
7.4.5 Motor-drive mechanism
7.4.6 Pressure and vacuum test
54 7.4.7 Temperature conditions
7.4.8 Overloading conditions
55 7.4.9 Continuous consecutive operations
7.4.10 Preventive autotransformer circuit (reactor type tap-changer only)
56 8 De-energized tap-changers
8.1 General
8.2 Selection of DETCs
8.2.1 Currents
57 8.2.2 Rated step voltage
8.2.3 Insulation level
8.2.4 Number of tap positions
8.3 Application of DETCs
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Frequencies
8.3.3 Application involving non-sinusoidal currents(HVDCs, rectifier transformers, converter transformers, etc.)
58 8.3.4 DETCs for arc furnace transformers and other high load cycle applications
8.3.5 DETCs for peaking pulsing loads
8.4 Other important parameters for DETCs
8.4.1 Tap-changer mechanical life
8.4.2 Motor-drive
8.4.3 Paralleling de-energized tap-changers/current splitting
59 9 Protective devices for OLTCs
9.1 General
Figure 21 – Current splitting in DETCs
60 9.2 Increase of pressure within diverter or selector switch liquid compartments
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Liquid flow controlled relay
9.2.3 Overpressure relay
61 9.2.4 Sudden pressure relay
9.2.5 Pressure relief device
9.3 Increase of pressure within a diverter or selector switch in SF6
9.3.1 General
9.3.2 Pressure gauge (compound gauge)
62 9.3.3 Sudden pressure relay
9.4 Switching under excessive overload
9.5 Extreme medium temperatures
9.6 Increase of pressure within separate tap selector liquid compartments
9.6.1 General
63 9.6.2 Double element gas and liquid operated relay (Buchholz)
9.6.3 Overpressure relay
9.6.4 Pressure relief device
9.7 Tap-change supervisory circuit and phase unbalance protection
64 9.8 Vacuum interrupter monitoring system
10 Fittings and accessories for OLTCs
10.1 General
10.2 Valves, air release vents and liquid-sampling devices
10.3 Liquid-level gauges
65 10.4 Low liquid-level alarms
10.5 Dehydrating breathers
10.6 Oil filtering equipment
10.7 Devices to aid maintenance
10.8 Nameplate and other plates
66 11 Storage and installation of the tap-changer
11.1 Storage of OLTC and DETC when not in operation
11.1.1 General
11.1.2 Storage prior to installation
11.1.3 Storage after installation
67 11.2 Leads assembly to/at the tap-changer
11.3 Tap-changer mounting to the transformer tank
Figure 22 – Types of in-tank OLTC installations within the transformer
68 11.4 Processing and filling
11.5 Operation of OLTC for ratio measurement
69 12 Field service (operation, maintenance and monitoring)
12.1 Commissioning
12.1.1 General
12.1.2 Transformer ratio measurement
70 12.1.3 Tap-changer concerns during winding resistance measurement
12.1.4 Check of the synchronization of the drive system
71 12.1.5 General functional checks
12.2 Operation
12.2.1 Parallel operation
12.2.2 Contact erosion and liquid contamination
72 12.2.3 Overheating of contacts when operating in fixed tap position
12.2.4 Discharges during the operation of change-over selectors
73 12.3 Maintenance
12.3.1 General
12.3.2 Maintenance intervals
12.3.3 Performance of maintenance
12.3.4 Maintenance work
12.3.5 Contact resistance measurement
74 12.3.6 Motor-drives and shafts
12.3.7 Accessories
12.4 Monitoring
12.4.1 General
75 12.4.2 Periodic monitoring
77 12.4.3 Continuous monitoring
12.4.4 Commercial monitoring systems
78 13 Safety
13.1 Gases
13.2 Operation of an on-load tap-changer
13.2.1 General
13.2.2 Overpressure protection
13.2.3 Pressure relief devices
13.3 Operation of de-energized tap-changers
13.3.1 General
79 13.3.2 Manual drive operation
13.3.3 Motor-drive operation
80 13.4 Immersing medium
14 Information to be provided by the transformer manufacturer
14.1 Information required at the enquiry or order stage for an OLTC
82 14.2 Information required at the enquiry or order stage for a DETC
14.2.1 General
14.2.2 Only for rack or slide-type design of DETC
14.2.3 Small DETCs
83 14.3 Documentation
84 Bibliography
87 IEEE Back Cover
IEEE 60214-2-2019
$60.67