IEEE 81-1983

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IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Ground System Part 1: Normal Measurements

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
IEEE	1983	54

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Description

Revision Standard – Superseded. The present state of the technique of measuring ground resistance and impedance, earth resistivity, and potential gradients from currents in the earth, and the prediction of the magnitude of ground resistance and potential gradients from scale-model tests are described and discussed. Factors influencing the choice of instruments and the techniques for various types of measurements are covered. These include the purpose of the measurement, the accuracy required, the type of instruments available, possible sources of error, and the nature of the ground or grounding system under test. The intent is to assist the engineer or technician in obtaining and interpreting accurate, reliable data. The test procedures described promote the safety of personnel and property and prevent interference with the operation of neighboring facilities.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	Title Page
3	Foreword Participants
4	CONTENTS
6	1. Purpose 1.1 1.2
7	2. Scope 2.1 2.2 2.3 3. Objectives of Tests 3.1 3.2 3.3
8	4. Definitions
9	5. Safety Precautions While Making Ground Tests 5.1 Station Ground Tests
10	5.2 Surge-Attester Ground Tests 5.3 Small Isolated Ground Tests 6. General Considerations of the Problems Related to Measurements 6.1 Complexities 6.2 Test Electrodes
11	6.3 Stray Direct Currents
12	6.4 Stray Alternating Currents 6.5 Reactive Component of Impedance of a Large Grounding System 6.6 Coupling Between Test Leads 6.7 Buried Metallic Objects
13	7. Earth Resistivity 7.1 General
15	7.2 Methods of Measuring Earth Resistivity
18	7.3 Interpretation of Measurements
21	7.4 Instrumentation 8. Ground Impedance 8.1 General
23	8.2 Methods of Measuring Ground Impedance
28	8.3 Testing the Integrity of the Ground Grid
29	8.4 Instrumentation 9. Earth Potential 9.1 Equipotential Lines 9.2 Potential Contour Surveys
30	9.3 Step and Touch Voltages
32	10. Transient Impedance 10.1 Transient Impedance of Ground Systems
34	11. Model Tests 11.1 Purpose 11.2 Similarity Criteria and Limitations 11.3 Instrumentation
35	11.4 Resistance Measurements 11.5 Potential Measurements 11.6 Interpretation of Measurements
36	12. Instrumentation 12.1 Ratio Ohmmeter
37	12.2 Double-Balance Bridge
38	12.3 Single-Balance Transformer
39	12.4 Ammeter-Voltmeter 12.5 Induced Polarization Units
40	12.6 High-Frequency Earth Resistance Meter
41	13. Practical Aspects of Measurements 13.1 Selection of Auxiliary Electrodes
42	13.2 Selection of Test Leads 13.3 Selection of Auxiliary Equipment
43	13.4 Testing Precautions
44	13.5 Large Substations
45	Annex A Nonuniform Soils (Informative) A.1 Two-Layer Soil Apparent Resistivity A.2 Exponential Variation of Resistivity
46	A.3 Ground Rod Resistance in a Two-Layer Soil
47	Annex B Determination of an Earth Model (Informative)
49	Annex C Theory of the Fall of Potential Method (Informative) C.1 Basic Definitions and Symbols C.2 Derivation of the Fundamental Equations
50	C.3 Uniform Soil C.4 Identical Electrodes and Large Spacings
51	C.5 Hemispherical Electrodes C.6 General Case
52	Annex D Bibliography (Informative)

Additional information

Standard Title	IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Ground System Part 1: Normal Measurements
Published Code	IEEE
Publication Date	1983
Pages Count	54

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