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IEEE 844.4-2019

IEEE 844.4-2019

$47.67

IEEE/CSA Standard for Impedance Heating of Pipelines and Equipment – Application Guide for Design, Installation, Testing, Commissioning, and Maintenance

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
IEEE 2019 65
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New IEEE Standard – Active. An application guide for the design, installation, testing, commissioning, and maintenance of impedance heating systems for pipelines and equipment intended for use in general industrial applications is provided in this standard. This standard provides requirements when utilizing impedance heating systems in ordinary as well as hazardous areas having explosive atmospheres.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
1 IEEE Std 844.4-2019/CSA C293.4:19 Front cover
Untitled
2 Title page
4 Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Standards Documents
7 CSA Group Legal Notice for Standards
9 IEEE Participants
10 CSA Group Participants
13 IEEE Introduction
14 CSA Preface
15 Contents
17 1. Overview
1.1 General
1.2 Scope
18 1.3 Purpose
1.4 Terminology
2. Normative references
19 3. Definitions
4. Design
4.1 Impedance heating principle of operation
20 4.2 Utilization
4.2.1 General
21 4.2.2 Categories
4.2.2.1 Solidification prevention
4.2.2.2 Viscosity maintenance
4.2.2.3 Process heating
4.2.2.4 Condensation prevention
4.2.2.5 Re-melting solidified fluids
4.3 Applications
4.3.1 General
22 4.3.2 Short and medium length pipelines
4.3.3 Special considerations
4.3.3.1 Temperature-sensitive fluids
4.3.3.2 Underground applications
4.3.3.3 Downhole heating
23 4.3.3.4 Submerged/offshore pipeline heating
4.3.3.5 Corrosive areas
4.3.3.6 Change in resistance
4.3.3.7 Curie temperature
4.3.3.8 Thermal expansion
24 4.3.3.9 Supplementary heating
4.4 Selection criteria
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Existing pipelines
4.4.3 Typical impedance heating system
4.4.4 Rapid heat-up
4.4.5 High-temperature applications
4.5 Design guidelines and considerations
4.5.1 Heating system
25 4.5.2 Specification
4.5.3 Materials characteristics
4.5.4 Temperature requirements
26 4.5.5 Piping and thermal insulation information
4.5.5.1 General
4.5.5.2 Corrosion protection coatings
4.5.6 Installation information
4.5.7 Electrical supply system
4.5.8 Selection of parameters
27 4.5.9 Determination of heat loss
4.5.10 Heat-up considerations
4.5.11 Explosive atmospheres (hazardous locations)
4.5.12 Safety considerations
4.5.12.1 Ground-fault protection
28 4.5.12.2 External surfaces
All accessible external surfaces of the pipe being heated should be physically guarded, physically isolated, or thermally insulated (with weather barrier for outdoor installations) to protect against contact by personnel in accordance with applicable codes and standards.
4.5.12.3 Insulated impedance conductors
Where insulated impedance conductors are not strapped to the pipe, thermal insulation, or weather barrier and are subject to possible physical damage, the insulated impedance conductors should be mechanically protected. The normal 600 Vac class of electrical insulation on insulated impedance conductors is adequate to protect against contact by personnel. Where insulated impedance conductors are strapped to the pipe, thermal insulation, or weather barrier, use of non-ferromagnetic strapping will avoid heating due to induction. The use of nonmetallic strapping will avoid damage to the insulated impedance conductor by abrasion.
4.5.12.4 Piping consistency
4.5.13 Irregular surfaces and heat sinks
4.5.14 User review for equipment use and safety
29 4.6 Thermal insulation
4.6.1 General
4.6.2 Selection of insulation material
4.6.2.1 Insulation characteristics
4.6.2.2 Common insulation materials
30 4.6.3 Selection of weather barrier
31 4.6.4 Selection of insulation thickness
4.6.5 Special consideration of thermal insulation
4.6.5.1 Uniform heat loss
32 4.6.5.2 Composite insulation systems
4.6.5.3 Pre-insulated pipe systems
4.6.5.3.1 General
4.6.5.3.2 Special considerations
33 4.6.5.4 Penetrations of the insulation
4.6.5.5 Maximum temperatures
4.6.5.6 Wet insulation
4.6.5.7 Engineered pipe supports and anchors
4.7 Power system
4.7.1 General
34 4.7.2 Transformers
4.7.2.1 Transformer requirements
4.7.2.2 Transformer testing
35 4.7.3 Fault protection
4.7.4 Power quality
4.7.5 Grounding considerations
4.8 Control and monitoring
4.8.1 General
4.8.2 Current monitoring
36 4.8.3 Control types
4.8.3.1 ON-OFF controls
4.8.3.2 Digital electronic (proportional) control
4.8.4 Sensor location and control
4.8.4.1 General
4.8.4.2 Temperature sensor isolation
37 4.8.4.3 Ambient conditions
4.8.4.4 Physical conditions
4.8.4.5 Process conditions
4.8.4.6 Temperature control sensor location
4.8.4.6.1 Ambient sensing
4.8.4.6.2 Pipe sensing
4.8.4.6.3 Special application sensing
38 4.8.5 Type of control sensors
4.8.5.1 General
4.8.5.2 Thermostats
4.8.5.3 Thermocouples
4.8.5.4 Resistance temperature detectors (RTD)
4.8.6 Use of fiber optic temperature monitoring
4.8.7 Wiring considerations
39 4.8.8 Special control considerations
4.8.9 Control specifications
4.8.9.1 General
4.8.9.2 Controller location
4.8.9.3 Accessibility
4.8.9.4 Electrical considerations
4.8.9.5 Remote monitoring
40 5. Installation considerations and guidelines
5.1 Receiving and storage
5.2 Conformance to standards
5.3 Installation monitoring
5.4 Preparatory work
5.5 Equipment location
5.6 Piping system
41 5.7 Installation of the power connection and insulated impedance conductor
42 5.8 Installation of thermal insulation
43 5.9 Warning signs/labels
5.10 Installation of control and monitoring equipment
5.11 Installation of power distribution and control cabling
5.12 Document retention
6. Field testing, start-up, and commissioning
6.1 General
6.2 Grounding
44 6.3 Connections
6.4 Transformer voltage tests
6.5 Secondary current testing
6.6 Electrical equipment testing and pre-commissioning
45 6.7 System start-up, commissioning, and test documentation
6.8 System operation
6.8.1 Normal system operation
6.8.2 Heat-up or re-melt operation
7. Maintenance and repairs
7.1 General
46 7.2 Preventive maintenance
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Maintenance program
7.2.3 Maintenance record
7.3 Thermal insulation system maintenance
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Maintenance of insulation
47 7.3.3 Maintenance of the weather barrier
7.4 Heater fault location and troubleshooting
48 7.5 Repair
49 Annex A (informative)Bibliography
51 Annex B (informative) Pipe heat loss considerations
B.1 Heat loss formula and calculations
56 Annex C (informative) Heat-up and cool-down considerations
C.1 Heat-up
57 C.2 Cool-down
59 Annex D (informative) Method to determine equivalent thicknesses of insulating cements
60 Annex E (informative) Design input parameters—Example
61 Annex F (informative) Installation record—Example
62 Annex G (informative) System commissioning record—Example
63 Annex H (informative) System preventive maintenance record—Example
64 Annex I (informative) Insulated impedance conductor types covered by this standard

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