IEEE STD 141 1993:1994 Edition

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IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
IEEE	1994	765

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PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	Title Page Title Page
5	Introduction Introduction
6	Participants Participants
11	CONTENTS CONTENTS
17	1. Overview 1. Overview 1.1 Scope and general information 1.1 Scope and general information 1.2 Industrial plants 1.2 Industrial plants
21	1.3 Industry Applications Society (IAS) 1.3 Industry Applications Society (IAS)
22	1.4 Professional registration 1.4 Professional registration
23	1.5 Professional liability 1.5 Professional liability 1.6 Codes and standards 1.6 Codes and standards
26	1.7 Handbooks 1.7 Handbooks
27	1.8 Periodicals 1.8 Periodicals
28	1.9 Manufacturers’ Data 1.9 Manufacturers’ Data 1.10 Safety 1.10 Safety
31	1.11 Maintenance 1.11 Maintenance 1.12 Design considerations 1.12 Design considerations
35	1.13 Estimating 1.13 Estimating
36	1.14 Contracts 1.14 Contracts
37	1.15 Access and loading 1.15 Access and loading 1.16 Contractor performance 1.16 Contractor performance
38	1.17 Environmental considerations 1.17 Environmental considerations 1.18 Technical files 1.18 Technical files 1.19 Electronic systems 1.19 Electronic systems
40	1.20 Programmable logic controller (PLC) 1.20 Programmable logic controller (PLC) 1.21 Bibliography 1.21 Bibliography
43	2. System planning 2. System planning 2.1 Introduction 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Definitions 2.2 Definitions 2.3 Basic design considerations 2.3 Basic design considerations
47	2.4 Planning guide for the supply and distribution system 2.4 Planning guide for the supply and distribution system
72	2.5 Power system modernization and evaluation studies/programs 2.5 Power system modernization and evaluation studies/programs
74	2.6 References 2.6 References
75	2.7 Bibliography 2.7 Bibliography
77	3. Voltage considerations 3. Voltage considerations 3.1 General 3.1 General
82	3.2 Voltage control in electric power systems 3.2 Voltage control in electric power systems
94	3.3 Voltage selection 3.3 Voltage selection
97	3.4 Voltage ratings for low-voltage utilization equipment 3.4 Voltage ratings for low-voltage utilization equipment
98	3.5 Effect of voltage variations on low-voltage and medium-voltage utilization equipment 3.5 Effect of voltage variations on low-voltage and medium-voltage utilization equipment
102	3.6 Voltage drop considerations in locating the low-voltage secondary distribution system power source 3.6 Voltage drop considerations in locating the low-voltage secondary distribution system power source
103	3.7 Improvement of voltage conditions 3.7 Improvement of voltage conditions
105	3.8 Phase-voltage unbalance in three-phase systems 3.8 Phase-voltage unbalance in three-phase systems
107	3.9 Voltage sags and flicker 3.9 Voltage sags and flicker
111	3.10 Harmonics 3.10 Harmonics
112	3.11 Calculation of voltage drops 3.11 Calculation of voltage drops
123	3.12 References 3.12 References
124	3.13 Bibliography 3.13 Bibliography
125	4. Short-circuit current calculations 4. Short-circuit current calculations 4.1 Introduction 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Sources of fault current 4.2 Sources of fault current
128	4.3 Fundamentals of short-circuit current calculations 4.3 Fundamentals of short-circuit current calculations
131	4.4 Restraints of simplified calculations 4.4 Restraints of simplified calculations
140	4.5 Detailed procedure 4.5 Detailed procedure
154	4.6 Example of short-circuit current calculation for a power system with several voltage levels 4.6 Example of short-circuit current calculation for a power system with several voltage levels
174	4.7 Example of short-circuit current calculation for a low-voltage system (under 1000 V) 4.7 Example of short-circuit current calculation for a low-voltage system (under 1000 V)
186	4.8 Calculation of short-circuit currents for dc systems 4.8 Calculation of short-circuit currents for dc systems 4.9 References 4.9 References
187	4.10 Bibliography 4.10 Bibliography
189	Annex 4A—Typical impedance data for short-circuit studies Annex 4A—Typical impedance data for short-circuit studies
201	5. Application and coordination of protective devices 5. Application and coordination of protective devices 5.1 Purpose 5.1 Purpose
203	5.2 Analysis of system behavior and protection needs 5.2 Analysis of system behavior and protection needs
208	5.3 Protective devices and their applications [B23], [B42], [B65] 5.3 Protective devices and their applications [B23], [B42], [B65]
238	5.4 Performance limitations 5.4 Performance limitations
239	5.5 Principles of protective relay application [B23], [B43], [B65] 5.5 Principles of protective relay application [B23], [B43], [B65]
254	5.6 Protection requirements 5.6 Protection requirements
266	5.7 Use and interpretation of time-current coordination curves 5.7 Use and interpretation of time-current coordination curves
276	5.8 Specific examples—applying the fundamentals 5.8 Specific examples—applying the fundamentals
297	5.9 Acceptance testing (commissioning), maintenance, and field testing 5.9 Acceptance testing (commissioning), maintenance, and field testing
320	5.10 Bibliography 5.10 Bibliography
327	6. Surge voltage protection 6. Surge voltage protection 6.1 Nature of the problem 6.1 Nature of the problem
331	6.2 Traveling-wave behavior 6.2 Traveling-wave behavior
338	6.3 Insulation voltage withstand characteristics 6.3 Insulation voltage withstand characteristics
346	6.4 Arrester characteristics and ratings 6.4 Arrester characteristics and ratings
352	6.5 Arrester selection 6.5 Arrester selection
354	6.6 Selection of arrester class 6.6 Selection of arrester class
356	6.7 Application concepts 6.7 Application concepts
371	6.8 References 6.8 References
373	6.9 Bibliography 6.9 Bibliography
379	7. Grounding 7. Grounding 7.1 Introduction 7.1 Introduction 7.2 System grounding 7.2 System grounding
386	7.3 Equipment grounding 7.3 Equipment grounding
391	7.4 Static and lightning protection grounding 7.4 Static and lightning protection grounding
395	7.5 Connection to earth 7.5 Connection to earth
399	7.6 Ground resistance measurement 7.6 Ground resistance measurement
405	7.7 References 7.7 References 7.8 Bibliography 7.8 Bibliography
409	8. Power factor and related considerations 8. Power factor and related considerations 8.1 General scope 8.1 General scope
410	8.2 Current and power flow fundamentals 8.2 Current and power flow fundamentals
413	8.3 Benefits of power-factor improvement 8.3 Benefits of power-factor improvement
418	8.4 Typical plant power factor 8.4 Typical plant power factor
420	8.5 Instruments and measurements for power-factor studies 8.5 Instruments and measurements for power-factor studies
421	8.6 Techniques to improve the power factor 8.6 Techniques to improve the power factor
426	8.7 Calculation methods for improving power factor 8.7 Calculation methods for improving power factor
427	8.8 Location of reactive power supply 8.8 Location of reactive power supply
428	8.9 Capacitors with induction motors 8.9 Capacitors with induction motors
438	8.10 Capacitor standards and operating characteristics 8.10 Capacitor standards and operating characteristics
441	8.11 Controls for switched capacitors 8.11 Controls for switched capacitors
443	8.12 Transients and capacitor switching 8.12 Transients and capacitor switching
451	8.13 Protection of capacitors and capacitor banks 8.13 Protection of capacitors and capacitor banks
453	8.14 Resonance and harmonics 8.14 Resonance and harmonics
454	8.15 Inspection and field testing of power capacitors 8.15 Inspection and field testing of power capacitors
456	8.16 References 8.16 References
458	8.17 Bibliography 8.17 Bibliography
459	9. Harmonics in power systems 9. Harmonics in power systems 9.1 Introduction 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Importance of understanding effects of harmonics 9.2 Importance of understanding effects of harmonics
460	9.3 History of harmonic problems and solutions 9.3 History of harmonic problems and solutions
461	9.4 Definition and sources of harmonic currents and voltages 9.4 Definition and sources of harmonic currents and voltages
463	9.5 Characteristics of harmonics 9.5 Characteristics of harmonics
465	9.6 Static power converter theory 9.6 Static power converter theory
471	9.7 System response characteristics 9.7 System response characteristics
474	9.8 Effects of harmonics 9.8 Effects of harmonics
482	9.9 Harmonic analysis 9.9 Harmonic analysis
483	9.10 Mitigation techniques 9.10 Mitigation techniques
487	9.11 Industry standards 9.11 Industry standards
489	9.12 Bibliography 9.12 Bibliography
491	10. Power switching, transformation, and motor control apparatus 10. Power switching, transformation, and motor control apparatus 10.1 Introduction 10.1 Introduction
494	10.2 Switching apparatus for power circuits 10.2 Switching apparatus for power circuits
508	10.3 Switchgear 10.3 Switchgear
519	10.4 Transformers 10.4 Transformers
535	10.5 Unit substations 10.5 Unit substations
537	10.6 Motor control equipment 10.6 Motor control equipment
545	10.7 Adjustable speed drives 10.7 Adjustable speed drives
548	10.8 Bibliography 10.8 Bibliography
552	11. Instruments and meters 11. Instruments and meters 11.1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction
555	11.2 Basic objectives 11.2 Basic objectives 11.3 Switchboard and panel instruments 11.3 Switchboard and panel instruments
557	11.4 Portable instruments 11.4 Portable instruments
558	11.5 Recording instruments 11.5 Recording instruments
559	11.6 Miscellaneous instruments 11.6 Miscellaneous instruments
560	11.7 Meters 11.7 Meters
564	11.8 Auxiliary devices 11.8 Auxiliary devices
566	11.9 Typical installations 11.9 Typical installations
567	11.10 Bibliography 11.10 Bibliography
568	12. Cable systems 12. Cable systems 12.1 Introduction 12.1 Introduction
569	12.2 Cable construction 12.2 Cable construction
581	12.3 Cable outer finishes 12.3 Cable outer finishes
585	12.4 Cable ratings 12.4 Cable ratings
594	12.5 Installation 12.5 Installation
601	12.6 Connectors 12.6 Connectors
607	12.7 Terminations 12.7 Terminations
616	12.8 Splicing devices and techniques 12.8 Splicing devices and techniques
620	12.9 Grounding of cable systems 12.9 Grounding of cable systems
621	12.10 Protection from transient overvoltage 12.10 Protection from transient overvoltage
622	12.11 Testing 12.11 Testing
628	12.12 Locating cable faults 12.12 Locating cable faults
632	12.13 Cable specification 12.13 Cable specification 12.14 References 12.14 References
634	12.15 Bibliography 12.15 Bibliography
636	13. Busways 13. Busways 13.1 Origin 13.1 Origin 13.2 Busway construction 13.2 Busway construction
638	13.3 Feeder busway 13.3 Feeder busway
639	13.4 Plug-in busway 13.4 Plug-in busway
641	13.5 Lighting busway 13.5 Lighting busway
642	13.6 Trolley busway 13.6 Trolley busway 13.7 Standards 13.7 Standards
643	13.8 Selection and application of busways 13.8 Selection and application of busways
649	13.9 Layout 13.9 Layout
650	13.10 Installation 13.10 Installation
652	13.11 Field testing 13.11 Field testing 13.12 Busways over 600 V (metal-enclosed bus) 13.12 Busways over 600 V (metal-enclosed bus)
654	13.13 References 13.13 References
656	14. Electrical coservation through energy management 14. Electrical coservation through energy management 14.1 Introduction 14.1 Introduction
657	14.2 Finding energy conservation opportunities 14.2 Finding energy conservation opportunities
658	14.3 The energy management process 14.3 The energy management process
661	14.4 Calculation energy savings 14.4 Calculation energy savings
668	14.5 Load management 14.5 Load management
670	14.6 Efficiencies of electrical equipment 14.6 Efficiencies of electrical equipment
673	14.7 Metering 14.7 Metering
675	14.8 Lighting 14.8 Lighting
684	14.9 Cogeneration 14.9 Cogeneration
685	14.10 Peak shaving 14.10 Peak shaving 14.11 Summary 14.11 Summary
687	14.12 Bibliography 14.12 Bibliography
690	15. Industrial substations: Plant utility interface considerations 15. Industrial substations: Plant utility interface considerations 15.1 Introduction 15.1 Introduction
693	15.2 Planning stage 15.2 Planning stage
704	15.3 Design stage 15.3 Design stage
712	15.4 Construction stage 15.4 Construction stage
714	15.5 Operating stage 15.5 Operating stage
715	15.6 Bibliography 15.6 Bibliography
718	16. Cost estimating of industrial power systems 16. Cost estimating of industrial power systems 16.1 Introduction 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Information required 16.2 Information required
719	16.3 Factors to be considered 16.3 Factors to be considered 16.4 Preparing the cost estimate 16.4 Preparing the cost estimate 16.5 Classes of estimates 16.5 Classes of estimates
720	16.6 Equipment and material costs 16.6 Equipment and material costs 16.7 Installation costs 16.7 Installation costs
721	16.8 Other costs 16.8 Other costs 16.9 Example 16.9 Example
722	16.10 Bibliography 16.10 Bibliography
734	Annex 16A—Selected sources for cost-estimating information Annex 16A—Selected sources for cost-estimating information
736	Annex A—Power system device function numbers Annex A—Power system device function numbers
744	Index Index