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IEEE STD 551 2006

$46.15

IEEE Recommended Practice for Calculating Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems

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IEEE 2006 314
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1 IEEE Recommended Practice for Calculating Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
IEEE Recommended Practice for Calculating Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
3 Title page
Title page
6 Introduction
Introduction
Notice to users
Notice to users
7 Participants
Participants
10 CONTENTS
CONTENTS
15 Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Scope
1.1 Scope
16 1.2 Definitions
1.2 Definitions
22 1.3 Acronyms and abbreviations
1.3 Acronyms and abbreviations
24 1.4 Bibliography
1.4 Bibliography
25 1.5 Manufacturers’ data sources
1.5 Manufacturers’ data sources
27 Chapter 2 Description of a short-circuit current
Chapter 2 Description of a short-circuit current
2.1 Introduction
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Available short-circuit current
2.2 Available short-circuit current
28 2.3 Symmetrical and asymmetrical currents
2.3 Symmetrical and asymmetrical currents
31 2.4 Short-circuit calculations
2.4 Short-circuit calculations
34 2.5 Total short-circuit current
2.5 Total short-circuit current
36 2.6 Why short-circuit currents are asymmetrical
2.6 Why short-circuit currents are asymmetrical
2.7 DC component of short-circuit currents
2.7 DC component of short-circuit currents
37 2.8 Significance of current asymmetry
2.8 Significance of current asymmetry
2.9 The application of current asymmetry information
2.9 The application of current asymmetry information
38 2.10 Maximum peak current
2.10 Maximum peak current
45 2.11 Types of faults
2.11 Types of faults
46 2.12 Arc resistance
2.12 Arc resistance
48 2.13 Bibliography
2.13 Bibliography
51 Chapter 3 Calculating techniques
Chapter 3 Calculating techniques
3.1 Introduction
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fundamental principles
3.2 Fundamental principles
56 3.3 Short-circuit calculation procedure
3.3 Short-circuit calculation procedure
57 3.4 One-line diagram
3.4 One-line diagram
59 3.4.1 Single-phase equivalent circuit
3.4.1 Single-phase equivalent circuit
61 3.4.2 Bus numbers
3.4.2 Bus numbers
62 3.4.3 Impedance diagrams
3.4.3 Impedance diagrams
3.4.4 Short-circuit flow diagrams
3.4.4 Short-circuit flow diagrams
3.4.5 Relaying one-line diagrams
3.4.5 Relaying one-line diagrams
64 3.5 Per-unit and ohmic manipulations
3.5 Per-unit and ohmic manipulations
66 3.6 Network theorems and calculation techniques
3.6 Network theorems and calculation techniques
3.6.1 Linearity
3.6.1 Linearity
67 3.6.2 Superposition
3.6.2 Superposition
68 3.6.3 Thevenin equivalent circuit
3.6.3 Thevenin equivalent circuit
70 3.6.4 Norton equivalent circuit
3.6.4 Norton equivalent circuit
3.6.5 Millman’s theorem
3.6.5 Millman’s theorem
3.6.6 Reciprocity
3.6.6 Reciprocity
3.6.7 The sinusoidal forcing function
3.6.7 The sinusoidal forcing function
71 3.6.8 Phasor representation
3.6.8 Phasor representation
72 3.6.9 Fourier representation
3.6.9 Fourier representation
73 3.6.10 Equivalence
3.6.10 Equivalence
74 3.6.11 Parallel impedances
3.6.11 Parallel impedances
75 3.6.12 Analysis of unbalanced faults using symmetrical components
3.6.12 Analysis of unbalanced faults using symmetrical components
80 3.6.13 Sequence impedances
3.6.13 Sequence impedances
81 3.7 Extending a three-phase short-circuit calculation procedures program to calculate short-circuit currents for single-phase branches
3.7 Extending a three-phase short-circuit calculation procedures program to calculate short-circuit currents for single-phase branches
83 3.8 Representing transformers with non-base voltages
3.8 Representing transformers with non-base voltages
92 3.9 Specific time period and variations on fault calculations
3.9 Specific time period and variations on fault calculations
95 3.10 Determination of X/R ratios for ANSI fault calculations
3.10 Determination of X/R ratios for ANSI fault calculations
3.11 Three-winding transformers
3.11 Three-winding transformers
96 3.12 Duplex reactor
3.12 Duplex reactor
97 3.13 Significant cable lengths
3.13 Significant cable lengths
98 3.14 Equivalent circuits
3.14 Equivalent circuits
99 3.15 Zero sequence line representation
3.15 Zero sequence line representation
100 3.16 Equipment data required for short-circuit calculations
3.16 Equipment data required for short-circuit calculations
3.16.1 Utility sources
3.16.1 Utility sources
101 3.16.2 Generators
3.16.2 Generators
102 3.16.3 Synchronous motors
3.16.3 Synchronous motors
103 3.16.4 Induction motors
3.16.4 Induction motors
3.16.5 Transformers
3.16.5 Transformers
104 3.16.6 Reactors
3.16.6 Reactors
105 3.16.7 Capacitors
3.16.7 Capacitors
3.16.8 Static regenerative drives
3.16.8 Static regenerative drives
106 3.16.9 Breakers, contactors, and current transformers
3.16.9 Breakers, contactors, and current transformers
3.16.10 Cables
3.16.10 Cables
107 3.16.11 Transmission lines
3.16.11 Transmission lines
108 3.17 Bibliography
3.17 Bibliography
109 Chapter 4 Calculating short-circuit currents for systems without ac delay
Chapter 4 Calculating short-circuit currents for systems without ac delay
4.1 Introduction
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Purpose
4.2 Purpose
110 4.3 ANSI guidelines
4.3 ANSI guidelines
112 4.4 Fault calculations
4.4 Fault calculations
4.5 Sample calculations
4.5 Sample calculations
4.5.1 Sample calculation #1
4.5.1 Sample calculation #1
114 4.5.2 Sample calculation #2
4.5.2 Sample calculation #2
116 4.5.3 Sample calculation #3
4.5.3 Sample calculation #3
117 4.6 Sample computer printout
4.6 Sample computer printout
119 4.6.1 Raw data printout
4.6.1 Raw data printout
123 4.6.2 Per-unit data
4.6.2 Per-unit data
126 4.6.3 Computer short-circuit printout
4.6.3 Computer short-circuit printout
127 4.7 Conclusions
4.7 Conclusions
128 4.8 Bibliography
4.8 Bibliography
129 Chapter 5 Calculating ac short-circuit currents for systems with contributions from synchronous machines
Chapter 5 Calculating ac short-circuit currents for systems with contributions from synchronous machines
5.1 Introduction
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Purpose
5.2 Purpose
5.3 ANSI guidelines
5.3 ANSI guidelines
130 5.4 Fault calculations
5.4 Fault calculations
5.5 Nature of synchronous machine contributions
5.5 Nature of synchronous machine contributions
133 5.6 Synchronous machine reactances
5.6 Synchronous machine reactances
135 5.7 One-line diagram data
5.7 One-line diagram data
5.8 Sample calculations
5.8 Sample calculations
5.8.1 Sample calculation #1
5.8.1 Sample calculation #1
137 5.9 Sample computer printout
5.9 Sample computer printout
138 5.10 Sample computer printout for larger system calculations
5.10 Sample computer printout for larger system calculations
140 5.11 Conclusions
5.11 Conclusions
5.12 Bibliography
5.12 Bibliography
141 Chapter 6 Calculating ac short-circuit currents for systems with contributions from induction motors
Chapter 6 Calculating ac short-circuit currents for systems with contributions from induction motors
6.1 Introduction
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Purpose
6.2 Purpose
6.3 ANSI guidelines
6.3 ANSI guidelines
143 6.4 Fault calculations
6.4 Fault calculations
6.5 Nature of induction motor contributions
6.5 Nature of induction motor contributions
146 6.6 Large induction motors with prolonged contributions
6.6 Large induction motors with prolonged contributions
147 6.7 Data accuracy
6.7 Data accuracy
6.8 Details of induction motor contribution calculations according to ANSI-approved standard application guides
6.8 Details of induction motor contribution calculations according to ANSI-approved standard application guides
149 6.9 Recommended practice based on ANSI-approved standards for representing induction motors in multivoltage system studies
6.9 Recommended practice based on ANSI-approved standards for representing induction motors in multivoltage system studies
151 6.10 One-line diagram data
6.10 One-line diagram data
152 6.11 Sample calculations
6.11 Sample calculations
6.11.1 Sample calculation #1
6.11.1 Sample calculation #1
156 6.12 Sample computer printout
6.12 Sample computer printout
159 6.13 Bibliography
6.13 Bibliography
161 Chapter 7 Capacitor contributions to short-circuit currents
Chapter 7 Capacitor contributions to short-circuit currents
7.1 Introduction
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Capacitor discharge current
7.2 Capacitor discharge current
162 7.2.1 Example
7.2.1 Example
163 7.3 Transient simulations
7.3 Transient simulations
7.3.1 Standard capacitor bank
7.3.1 Standard capacitor bank
169 7.3.2 Harmonic filter bank
7.3.2 Harmonic filter bank
174 7.3.3 Medium-voltage motor capacitors
7.3.3 Medium-voltage motor capacitors
176 7.3.4 Low-voltage motor capacitors
7.3.4 Low-voltage motor capacitors
179 7.4 Summary
7.4 Summary
7.5 Bibliography
7.5 Bibliography
181 Chapter 8 Static converter contributions to short-circuit currents
Chapter 8 Static converter contributions to short-circuit currents
8.1 Introduction
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Definitions of converter types
8.2 Definitions of converter types
182 8.3 Converter circuits and their equivalent parameters
8.3 Converter circuits and their equivalent parameters
184 8.4 Short-circuit current contribution from the dc system to an ac short circuit
8.4 Short-circuit current contribution from the dc system to an ac short circuit
190 8.5 Analysis of converter dc faults
8.5 Analysis of converter dc faults
191 8.6 Short circuit between the converter dc terminals
8.6 Short circuit between the converter dc terminals
201 8.7 Arc-back short circuits
8.7 Arc-back short circuits
205 8.8 Examples
8.8 Examples
211 8.9 Conclusions
8.9 Conclusions
8.10 Bibliography
8.10 Bibliography
213 Chapter 9 Calculating ac short-circuit currents in accordance with ANSI-approved standards
Chapter 9 Calculating ac short-circuit currents in accordance with ANSI-approved standards
9.1 Introduction
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basic assumptions and system modeling
9.2 Basic assumptions and system modeling
214 9.3 ANSI recommended practice for ac decrement modeling
9.3 ANSI recommended practice for ac decrement modeling
9.3.1 General definitions and duty types
9.3.1 General definitions and duty types
215 9.3.2 Induction motor ac decrement modeling
9.3.2 Induction motor ac decrement modeling
218 9.3.3 Synchronous generator ac decrement modeling
9.3.3 Synchronous generator ac decrement modeling
9.4 ANSI practice for dc decrement modeling
9.4 ANSI practice for dc decrement modeling
221 9.4.1 DC decrement curves for totally rated circuit breakers
9.4.1 DC decrement curves for totally rated circuit breakers
222 9.4.2 DC decrement applied to symmetrically rated breakers
9.4.2 DC decrement applied to symmetrically rated breakers
226 9.5 ANSI-conformable fault calculations
9.5 ANSI-conformable fault calculations
9.5.1 First cycle calculations
9.5.1 First cycle calculations
227 9.5.2 Interrupting calculations
9.5.2 Interrupting calculations
228 9.5.3 Time delayed calculations
9.5.3 Time delayed calculations
9.6 ANSI-approved standards and interrupting duties
9.6 ANSI-approved standards and interrupting duties
9.6.1 General considerations
9.6.1 General considerations
229 9.6.2 Interrupting device evaluation aspects
9.6.2 Interrupting device evaluation aspects
230 9.6.3 First cycle currents
9.6.3 First cycle currents
9.7 One-line diagram layout and data
9.7 One-line diagram layout and data
233 9.8 First cycle duty sample calculations
9.8 First cycle duty sample calculations
9.8.1 First cycle duty calculations at bus 4:MILL-2
9.8.1 First cycle duty calculations at bus 4:MILL-2
235 9.8.2 First cycle duty calculations at bus 8:FDR L
9.8.2 First cycle duty calculations at bus 8:FDR L
236 9.8.3 First cycle duty calculations at bus 37:T14 SEC
9.8.3 First cycle duty calculations at bus 37:T14 SEC
237 9.9 Interrupting duty sample calculations
9.9 Interrupting duty sample calculations
9.9.1 Interrupting duty calculations for bus 4:MILL-2
9.9.1 Interrupting duty calculations for bus 4:MILL-2
239 9.9.2 Interrupting duty calculations for bus 8:FDR L
9.9.2 Interrupting duty calculations for bus 8:FDR L
242 9.10 Applying ANSI calculations to non-60 Hz systems
9.10 Applying ANSI calculations to non-60 Hz systems
9.10.1 Asymmetry factor equations
9.10.1 Asymmetry factor equations
243 9.10.2 Breaker contact-parting times and X/R ratio
9.10.2 Breaker contact-parting times and X/R ratio
9.11 Normative references
9.11 Normative references
244 9.12 Bibliography
9.12 Bibliography
245 Chapter 10 Application of short-circuit interrupting equipment
Chapter 10 Application of short-circuit interrupting equipment
10.1 Introduction
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Purpose
10.2 Purpose
10.3 Application considerations
10.3 Application considerations
247 10.4 Equipment data
10.4 Equipment data
248 10.5 Fully-rated systems
10.5 Fully-rated systems
10.6 Low-voltage series rated equipment
10.6 Low-voltage series rated equipment
249 10.7 Low-voltage circuit breaker short-circuit capabilities less than rating
10.7 Low-voltage circuit breaker short-circuit capabilities less than rating
250 10.8 Equipment checklist for short-circuit currents evaluation
10.8 Equipment checklist for short-circuit currents evaluation
251 10.9 Equipment phase duty calculations
10.9 Equipment phase duty calculations
10.9.1 13.8 kV Breakers
10.9.1 13.8 kV Breakers
256 10.9.2 13.8 kV bus disconnect switch
10.9.2 13.8 kV bus disconnect switch
257 10.9.3 13.8 kV transformer primary fuse
10.9.3 13.8 kV transformer primary fuse
10.9.4 480 V load center
10.9.4 480 V load center
258 10.9.5 480 V motor control center
10.9.5 480 V motor control center
10.9.6 480 V lighting panelboard
10.9.6 480 V lighting panelboard
10.9.7 Cables
10.9.7 Cables
259 10.10 Equipment ground fault duty calculations
10.10 Equipment ground fault duty calculations
10.11 Capacitor switching
10.11 Capacitor switching
260 10.12 Normative references
10.12 Normative references
263 Chapter 11 Unbalanced short-circuit currents
Chapter 11 Unbalanced short-circuit currents
11.1 Introduction
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Purpose
11.2 Purpose
264 11.3 ANSI guidelines
11.3 ANSI guidelines
265 11.4 Procedure
11.4 Procedure
271 11.5 Connection of sequence networks
11.5 Connection of sequence networks
272 11.6 Sample calculations
11.6 Sample calculations
276 11.6.1 Line-to-ground fault calculation
11.6.1 Line-to-ground fault calculation
281 11.6.2 Line-to-line fault calculation
11.6.2 Line-to-line fault calculation
284 11.7 Conclusions
11.7 Conclusions
285 11.8 Normative references
11.8 Normative references
11.9 Bibliography
11.9 Bibliography
287 Chapter 12 Short-circuit calculations under international standards
Chapter 12 Short-circuit calculations under international standards
12.1 Introduction
12.1 Introduction
12.2 System modeling and methodologies
12.2 System modeling and methodologies
289 12.3 Voltage factors
12.3 Voltage factors
12.4 Short-circuit currents per IEC 60909
12.4 Short-circuit currents per IEC 60909
290 12.5 Short circuits “far from generator”
12.5 Short circuits “far from generator”
12.5.1 Definitions and generalities
12.5.1 Definitions and generalities
291 12.5.2 Calculation of maximum fault currents
12.5.2 Calculation of maximum fault currents
12.5.3 Network feeders
12.5.3 Network feeders
12.5.4 Initial short-circuit current calculations
12.5.4 Initial short-circuit current calculations
293 12.5.5 Symmetrical breaking current
12.5.5 Symmetrical breaking current
12.5.6 Steady-state fault current
12.5.6 Steady-state fault current
12.5.7 Peak fault current
12.5.7 Peak fault current
294 12.5.8 Non-meshed current paths
12.5.8 Non-meshed current paths
12.5.9 Meshed current paths
12.5.9 Meshed current paths
12.5.9.1 Dominant X/R ratio technique
12.5.9.1 Dominant X/R ratio technique
12.5.9.2 Short-circuit location X/R technique
12.5.9.2 Short-circuit location X/R technique
295 12.5.9.3 Equivalent frequency technique
12.5.9.3 Equivalent frequency technique
12.5.10 Calculation of minimum fault currents
12.5.10 Calculation of minimum fault currents
12.6 Short circuits “near generator”
12.6 Short circuits “near generator”
12.6.1 Definition and generalities
12.6.1 Definition and generalities
296 12.6.2 Impedance correction factors
12.6.2 Impedance correction factors
12.6.3 Generator impedance correction factor
12.6.3 Generator impedance correction factor
297 12.6.4 Power station unit correction factors
12.6.4 Power station unit correction factors
299 12.6.5 Calculation of generator maximum Initial fault currents
12.6.5 Calculation of generator maximum Initial fault currents
12.6.6 Calculation of generator peak short-circuit currents
12.6.6 Calculation of generator peak short-circuit currents
12.6.7 Calculation of generator symmetrical breaking currents
12.6.7 Calculation of generator symmetrical breaking currents
301 12.6.8 Steady-state fault currents calculation
12.6.8 Steady-state fault currents calculation
12.6.9 Maximum steady-state fault current, Ikmax
12.6.9 Maximum steady-state fault current, Ikmax
12.6.10 Maximum steady-state fault current, Ikmin
12.6.10 Maximum steady-state fault current, Ikmin
302 12.6.11 Coefficients lmax, lmin
12.6.11 Coefficients lmax, lmin
304 12.7 Influence of motors
12.7 Influence of motors
12.7.1 General considerations
12.7.1 General considerations
305 12.7.2 Synchronous motors
12.7.2 Synchronous motors
12.7.3 Induction motors
12.7.3 Induction motors
306 12.7.4 Static drives
12.7.4 Static drives
12.8 Fault calculations in complex systems
12.8 Fault calculations in complex systems
12.9 Comparing the ANSI-approved standards with IEC 909
12.9 Comparing the ANSI-approved standards with IEC 909
307 12.10 Sample calculations
12.10 Sample calculations
12.10.1 Rotating equipment impedances
12.10.1 Rotating equipment impedances
12.10.1.1 Network feeders
12.10.1.1 Network feeders
308 12.10.1.2 Synchronous motors
12.10.1.2 Synchronous motors
12.10.1.3 Induction motors
12.10.1.3 Induction motors
309 12.10.2 Calculation of maximum initial fault currents
12.10.2 Calculation of maximum initial fault currents
12.10.2.1 Fault at bus 4:MILL-2
12.10.2.1 Fault at bus 4:MILL-2
12.10.2.2 Fault at bus 8:FDRL
12.10.2.2 Fault at bus 8:FDRL
310 12.10.2.3 Fault at bus 37:T14SEC
12.10.2.3 Fault at bus 37:T14SEC
12.10.3 Calculation of peak fault currents
12.10.3 Calculation of peak fault currents
311 12.10.4 Calculation of breaking currents
12.10.4 Calculation of breaking currents
12.10.4.1 Fault at bus 8:FDRL
12.10.4.1 Fault at bus 8:FDRL
312 12.10.4.2 Fault at bus 37:T14SEC
12.10.4.2 Fault at bus 37:T14SEC
313 12.10.5 Calculation of steady-state generator fault currents
12.10.5 Calculation of steady-state generator fault currents
12.11 Normative references
12.11 Normative references
314 12.12 Bibliography
12.12 Bibliography
IEEE STD 551 2006
$46.15