IEEE STD 551 2006
$46.15
IEEE Recommended Practice for Calculating Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
IEEE | 2006 | 314 |
PDF Catalog
PDF Pages | PDF Title |
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1 | IEEE Recommended Practice for Calculating Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems IEEE Recommended Practice for Calculating Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems |
3 | Title page Title page |
6 | Introduction Introduction Notice to users Notice to users |
7 | Participants Participants |
10 | CONTENTS CONTENTS |
15 | Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope 1.1 Scope |
16 | 1.2 Definitions 1.2 Definitions |
22 | 1.3 Acronyms and abbreviations 1.3 Acronyms and abbreviations |
24 | 1.4 Bibliography 1.4 Bibliography |
25 | 1.5 Manufacturers’ data sources 1.5 Manufacturers’ data sources |
27 | Chapter 2 Description of a short-circuit current Chapter 2 Description of a short-circuit current 2.1 Introduction 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Available short-circuit current 2.2 Available short-circuit current |
28 | 2.3 Symmetrical and asymmetrical currents 2.3 Symmetrical and asymmetrical currents |
31 | 2.4 Short-circuit calculations 2.4 Short-circuit calculations |
34 | 2.5 Total short-circuit current 2.5 Total short-circuit current |
36 | 2.6 Why short-circuit currents are asymmetrical 2.6 Why short-circuit currents are asymmetrical 2.7 DC component of short-circuit currents 2.7 DC component of short-circuit currents |
37 | 2.8 Significance of current asymmetry 2.8 Significance of current asymmetry 2.9 The application of current asymmetry information 2.9 The application of current asymmetry information |
38 | 2.10 Maximum peak current 2.10 Maximum peak current |
45 | 2.11 Types of faults 2.11 Types of faults |
46 | 2.12 Arc resistance 2.12 Arc resistance |
48 | 2.13 Bibliography 2.13 Bibliography |
51 | Chapter 3 Calculating techniques Chapter 3 Calculating techniques 3.1 Introduction 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Fundamental principles 3.2 Fundamental principles |
56 | 3.3 Short-circuit calculation procedure 3.3 Short-circuit calculation procedure |
57 | 3.4 One-line diagram 3.4 One-line diagram |
59 | 3.4.1 Single-phase equivalent circuit 3.4.1 Single-phase equivalent circuit |
61 | 3.4.2 Bus numbers 3.4.2 Bus numbers |
62 | 3.4.3 Impedance diagrams 3.4.3 Impedance diagrams 3.4.4 Short-circuit flow diagrams 3.4.4 Short-circuit flow diagrams 3.4.5 Relaying one-line diagrams 3.4.5 Relaying one-line diagrams |
64 | 3.5 Per-unit and ohmic manipulations 3.5 Per-unit and ohmic manipulations |
66 | 3.6 Network theorems and calculation techniques 3.6 Network theorems and calculation techniques 3.6.1 Linearity 3.6.1 Linearity |
67 | 3.6.2 Superposition 3.6.2 Superposition |
68 | 3.6.3 Thevenin equivalent circuit 3.6.3 Thevenin equivalent circuit |
70 | 3.6.4 Norton equivalent circuit 3.6.4 Norton equivalent circuit 3.6.5 Millman’s theorem 3.6.5 Millman’s theorem 3.6.6 Reciprocity 3.6.6 Reciprocity 3.6.7 The sinusoidal forcing function 3.6.7 The sinusoidal forcing function |
71 | 3.6.8 Phasor representation 3.6.8 Phasor representation |
72 | 3.6.9 Fourier representation 3.6.9 Fourier representation |
73 | 3.6.10 Equivalence 3.6.10 Equivalence |
74 | 3.6.11 Parallel impedances 3.6.11 Parallel impedances |
75 | 3.6.12 Analysis of unbalanced faults using symmetrical components 3.6.12 Analysis of unbalanced faults using symmetrical components |
80 | 3.6.13 Sequence impedances 3.6.13 Sequence impedances |
81 | 3.7 Extending a three-phase short-circuit calculation procedures program to calculate short-circuit currents for single-phase branches 3.7 Extending a three-phase short-circuit calculation procedures program to calculate short-circuit currents for single-phase branches |
83 | 3.8 Representing transformers with non-base voltages 3.8 Representing transformers with non-base voltages |
92 | 3.9 Specific time period and variations on fault calculations 3.9 Specific time period and variations on fault calculations |
95 | 3.10 Determination of X/R ratios for ANSI fault calculations 3.10 Determination of X/R ratios for ANSI fault calculations 3.11 Three-winding transformers 3.11 Three-winding transformers |
96 | 3.12 Duplex reactor 3.12 Duplex reactor |
97 | 3.13 Significant cable lengths 3.13 Significant cable lengths |
98 | 3.14 Equivalent circuits 3.14 Equivalent circuits |
99 | 3.15 Zero sequence line representation 3.15 Zero sequence line representation |
100 | 3.16 Equipment data required for short-circuit calculations 3.16 Equipment data required for short-circuit calculations 3.16.1 Utility sources 3.16.1 Utility sources |
101 | 3.16.2 Generators 3.16.2 Generators |
102 | 3.16.3 Synchronous motors 3.16.3 Synchronous motors |
103 | 3.16.4 Induction motors 3.16.4 Induction motors 3.16.5 Transformers 3.16.5 Transformers |
104 | 3.16.6 Reactors 3.16.6 Reactors |
105 | 3.16.7 Capacitors 3.16.7 Capacitors 3.16.8 Static regenerative drives 3.16.8 Static regenerative drives |
106 | 3.16.9 Breakers, contactors, and current transformers 3.16.9 Breakers, contactors, and current transformers 3.16.10 Cables 3.16.10 Cables |
107 | 3.16.11 Transmission lines 3.16.11 Transmission lines |
108 | 3.17 Bibliography 3.17 Bibliography |
109 | Chapter 4 Calculating short-circuit currents for systems without ac delay Chapter 4 Calculating short-circuit currents for systems without ac delay 4.1 Introduction 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Purpose 4.2 Purpose |
110 | 4.3 ANSI guidelines 4.3 ANSI guidelines |
112 | 4.4 Fault calculations 4.4 Fault calculations 4.5 Sample calculations 4.5 Sample calculations 4.5.1 Sample calculation #1 4.5.1 Sample calculation #1 |
114 | 4.5.2 Sample calculation #2 4.5.2 Sample calculation #2 |
116 | 4.5.3 Sample calculation #3 4.5.3 Sample calculation #3 |
117 | 4.6 Sample computer printout 4.6 Sample computer printout |
119 | 4.6.1 Raw data printout 4.6.1 Raw data printout |
123 | 4.6.2 Per-unit data 4.6.2 Per-unit data |
126 | 4.6.3 Computer short-circuit printout 4.6.3 Computer short-circuit printout |
127 | 4.7 Conclusions 4.7 Conclusions |
128 | 4.8 Bibliography 4.8 Bibliography |
129 | Chapter 5 Calculating ac short-circuit currents for systems with contributions from synchronous machines Chapter 5 Calculating ac short-circuit currents for systems with contributions from synchronous machines 5.1 Introduction 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Purpose 5.2 Purpose 5.3 ANSI guidelines 5.3 ANSI guidelines |
130 | 5.4 Fault calculations 5.4 Fault calculations 5.5 Nature of synchronous machine contributions 5.5 Nature of synchronous machine contributions |
133 | 5.6 Synchronous machine reactances 5.6 Synchronous machine reactances |
135 | 5.7 One-line diagram data 5.7 One-line diagram data 5.8 Sample calculations 5.8 Sample calculations 5.8.1 Sample calculation #1 5.8.1 Sample calculation #1 |
137 | 5.9 Sample computer printout 5.9 Sample computer printout |
138 | 5.10 Sample computer printout for larger system calculations 5.10 Sample computer printout for larger system calculations |
140 | 5.11 Conclusions 5.11 Conclusions 5.12 Bibliography 5.12 Bibliography |
141 | Chapter 6 Calculating ac short-circuit currents for systems with contributions from induction motors Chapter 6 Calculating ac short-circuit currents for systems with contributions from induction motors 6.1 Introduction 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Purpose 6.2 Purpose 6.3 ANSI guidelines 6.3 ANSI guidelines |
143 | 6.4 Fault calculations 6.4 Fault calculations 6.5 Nature of induction motor contributions 6.5 Nature of induction motor contributions |
146 | 6.6 Large induction motors with prolonged contributions 6.6 Large induction motors with prolonged contributions |
147 | 6.7 Data accuracy 6.7 Data accuracy 6.8 Details of induction motor contribution calculations according to ANSI-approved standard application guides 6.8 Details of induction motor contribution calculations according to ANSI-approved standard application guides |
149 | 6.9 Recommended practice based on ANSI-approved standards for representing induction motors in multivoltage system studies 6.9 Recommended practice based on ANSI-approved standards for representing induction motors in multivoltage system studies |
151 | 6.10 One-line diagram data 6.10 One-line diagram data |
152 | 6.11 Sample calculations 6.11 Sample calculations 6.11.1 Sample calculation #1 6.11.1 Sample calculation #1 |
156 | 6.12 Sample computer printout 6.12 Sample computer printout |
159 | 6.13 Bibliography 6.13 Bibliography |
161 | Chapter 7 Capacitor contributions to short-circuit currents Chapter 7 Capacitor contributions to short-circuit currents 7.1 Introduction 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Capacitor discharge current 7.2 Capacitor discharge current |
162 | 7.2.1 Example 7.2.1 Example |
163 | 7.3 Transient simulations 7.3 Transient simulations 7.3.1 Standard capacitor bank 7.3.1 Standard capacitor bank |
169 | 7.3.2 Harmonic filter bank 7.3.2 Harmonic filter bank |
174 | 7.3.3 Medium-voltage motor capacitors 7.3.3 Medium-voltage motor capacitors |
176 | 7.3.4 Low-voltage motor capacitors 7.3.4 Low-voltage motor capacitors |
179 | 7.4 Summary 7.4 Summary 7.5 Bibliography 7.5 Bibliography |
181 | Chapter 8 Static converter contributions to short-circuit currents Chapter 8 Static converter contributions to short-circuit currents 8.1 Introduction 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Definitions of converter types 8.2 Definitions of converter types |
182 | 8.3 Converter circuits and their equivalent parameters 8.3 Converter circuits and their equivalent parameters |
184 | 8.4 Short-circuit current contribution from the dc system to an ac short circuit 8.4 Short-circuit current contribution from the dc system to an ac short circuit |
190 | 8.5 Analysis of converter dc faults 8.5 Analysis of converter dc faults |
191 | 8.6 Short circuit between the converter dc terminals 8.6 Short circuit between the converter dc terminals |
201 | 8.7 Arc-back short circuits 8.7 Arc-back short circuits |
205 | 8.8 Examples 8.8 Examples |
211 | 8.9 Conclusions 8.9 Conclusions 8.10 Bibliography 8.10 Bibliography |
213 | Chapter 9 Calculating ac short-circuit currents in accordance with ANSI-approved standards Chapter 9 Calculating ac short-circuit currents in accordance with ANSI-approved standards 9.1 Introduction 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Basic assumptions and system modeling 9.2 Basic assumptions and system modeling |
214 | 9.3 ANSI recommended practice for ac decrement modeling 9.3 ANSI recommended practice for ac decrement modeling 9.3.1 General definitions and duty types 9.3.1 General definitions and duty types |
215 | 9.3.2 Induction motor ac decrement modeling 9.3.2 Induction motor ac decrement modeling |
218 | 9.3.3 Synchronous generator ac decrement modeling 9.3.3 Synchronous generator ac decrement modeling 9.4 ANSI practice for dc decrement modeling 9.4 ANSI practice for dc decrement modeling |
221 | 9.4.1 DC decrement curves for totally rated circuit breakers 9.4.1 DC decrement curves for totally rated circuit breakers |
222 | 9.4.2 DC decrement applied to symmetrically rated breakers 9.4.2 DC decrement applied to symmetrically rated breakers |
226 | 9.5 ANSI-conformable fault calculations 9.5 ANSI-conformable fault calculations 9.5.1 First cycle calculations 9.5.1 First cycle calculations |
227 | 9.5.2 Interrupting calculations 9.5.2 Interrupting calculations |
228 | 9.5.3 Time delayed calculations 9.5.3 Time delayed calculations 9.6 ANSI-approved standards and interrupting duties 9.6 ANSI-approved standards and interrupting duties 9.6.1 General considerations 9.6.1 General considerations |
229 | 9.6.2 Interrupting device evaluation aspects 9.6.2 Interrupting device evaluation aspects |
230 | 9.6.3 First cycle currents 9.6.3 First cycle currents 9.7 One-line diagram layout and data 9.7 One-line diagram layout and data |
233 | 9.8 First cycle duty sample calculations 9.8 First cycle duty sample calculations 9.8.1 First cycle duty calculations at bus 4:MILL-2 9.8.1 First cycle duty calculations at bus 4:MILL-2 |
235 | 9.8.2 First cycle duty calculations at bus 8:FDR L 9.8.2 First cycle duty calculations at bus 8:FDR L |
236 | 9.8.3 First cycle duty calculations at bus 37:T14 SEC 9.8.3 First cycle duty calculations at bus 37:T14 SEC |
237 | 9.9 Interrupting duty sample calculations 9.9 Interrupting duty sample calculations 9.9.1 Interrupting duty calculations for bus 4:MILL-2 9.9.1 Interrupting duty calculations for bus 4:MILL-2 |
239 | 9.9.2 Interrupting duty calculations for bus 8:FDR L 9.9.2 Interrupting duty calculations for bus 8:FDR L |
242 | 9.10 Applying ANSI calculations to non-60 Hz systems 9.10 Applying ANSI calculations to non-60 Hz systems 9.10.1 Asymmetry factor equations 9.10.1 Asymmetry factor equations |
243 | 9.10.2 Breaker contact-parting times and X/R ratio 9.10.2 Breaker contact-parting times and X/R ratio 9.11 Normative references 9.11 Normative references |
244 | 9.12 Bibliography 9.12 Bibliography |
245 | Chapter 10 Application of short-circuit interrupting equipment Chapter 10 Application of short-circuit interrupting equipment 10.1 Introduction 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Purpose 10.2 Purpose 10.3 Application considerations 10.3 Application considerations |
247 | 10.4 Equipment data 10.4 Equipment data |
248 | 10.5 Fully-rated systems 10.5 Fully-rated systems 10.6 Low-voltage series rated equipment 10.6 Low-voltage series rated equipment |
249 | 10.7 Low-voltage circuit breaker short-circuit capabilities less than rating 10.7 Low-voltage circuit breaker short-circuit capabilities less than rating |
250 | 10.8 Equipment checklist for short-circuit currents evaluation 10.8 Equipment checklist for short-circuit currents evaluation |
251 | 10.9 Equipment phase duty calculations 10.9 Equipment phase duty calculations 10.9.1 13.8 kV Breakers 10.9.1 13.8 kV Breakers |
256 | 10.9.2 13.8 kV bus disconnect switch 10.9.2 13.8 kV bus disconnect switch |
257 | 10.9.3 13.8 kV transformer primary fuse 10.9.3 13.8 kV transformer primary fuse 10.9.4 480 V load center 10.9.4 480 V load center |
258 | 10.9.5 480 V motor control center 10.9.5 480 V motor control center 10.9.6 480 V lighting panelboard 10.9.6 480 V lighting panelboard 10.9.7 Cables 10.9.7 Cables |
259 | 10.10 Equipment ground fault duty calculations 10.10 Equipment ground fault duty calculations 10.11 Capacitor switching 10.11 Capacitor switching |
260 | 10.12 Normative references 10.12 Normative references |
263 | Chapter 11 Unbalanced short-circuit currents Chapter 11 Unbalanced short-circuit currents 11.1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Purpose 11.2 Purpose |
264 | 11.3 ANSI guidelines 11.3 ANSI guidelines |
265 | 11.4 Procedure 11.4 Procedure |
271 | 11.5 Connection of sequence networks 11.5 Connection of sequence networks |
272 | 11.6 Sample calculations 11.6 Sample calculations |
276 | 11.6.1 Line-to-ground fault calculation 11.6.1 Line-to-ground fault calculation |
281 | 11.6.2 Line-to-line fault calculation 11.6.2 Line-to-line fault calculation |
284 | 11.7 Conclusions 11.7 Conclusions |
285 | 11.8 Normative references 11.8 Normative references 11.9 Bibliography 11.9 Bibliography |
287 | Chapter 12 Short-circuit calculations under international standards Chapter 12 Short-circuit calculations under international standards 12.1 Introduction 12.1 Introduction 12.2 System modeling and methodologies 12.2 System modeling and methodologies |
289 | 12.3 Voltage factors 12.3 Voltage factors 12.4 Short-circuit currents per IEC 60909 12.4 Short-circuit currents per IEC 60909 |
290 | 12.5 Short circuits “far from generator” 12.5 Short circuits “far from generator” 12.5.1 Definitions and generalities 12.5.1 Definitions and generalities |
291 | 12.5.2 Calculation of maximum fault currents 12.5.2 Calculation of maximum fault currents 12.5.3 Network feeders 12.5.3 Network feeders 12.5.4 Initial short-circuit current calculations 12.5.4 Initial short-circuit current calculations |
293 | 12.5.5 Symmetrical breaking current 12.5.5 Symmetrical breaking current 12.5.6 Steady-state fault current 12.5.6 Steady-state fault current 12.5.7 Peak fault current 12.5.7 Peak fault current |
294 | 12.5.8 Non-meshed current paths 12.5.8 Non-meshed current paths 12.5.9 Meshed current paths 12.5.9 Meshed current paths 12.5.9.1 Dominant X/R ratio technique 12.5.9.1 Dominant X/R ratio technique 12.5.9.2 Short-circuit location X/R technique 12.5.9.2 Short-circuit location X/R technique |
295 | 12.5.9.3 Equivalent frequency technique 12.5.9.3 Equivalent frequency technique 12.5.10 Calculation of minimum fault currents 12.5.10 Calculation of minimum fault currents 12.6 Short circuits “near generator” 12.6 Short circuits “near generator” 12.6.1 Definition and generalities 12.6.1 Definition and generalities |
296 | 12.6.2 Impedance correction factors 12.6.2 Impedance correction factors 12.6.3 Generator impedance correction factor 12.6.3 Generator impedance correction factor |
297 | 12.6.4 Power station unit correction factors 12.6.4 Power station unit correction factors |
299 | 12.6.5 Calculation of generator maximum Initial fault currents 12.6.5 Calculation of generator maximum Initial fault currents 12.6.6 Calculation of generator peak short-circuit currents 12.6.6 Calculation of generator peak short-circuit currents 12.6.7 Calculation of generator symmetrical breaking currents 12.6.7 Calculation of generator symmetrical breaking currents |
301 | 12.6.8 Steady-state fault currents calculation 12.6.8 Steady-state fault currents calculation 12.6.9 Maximum steady-state fault current, Ikmax 12.6.9 Maximum steady-state fault current, Ikmax 12.6.10 Maximum steady-state fault current, Ikmin 12.6.10 Maximum steady-state fault current, Ikmin |
302 | 12.6.11 Coefficients lmax, lmin 12.6.11 Coefficients lmax, lmin |
304 | 12.7 Influence of motors 12.7 Influence of motors 12.7.1 General considerations 12.7.1 General considerations |
305 | 12.7.2 Synchronous motors 12.7.2 Synchronous motors 12.7.3 Induction motors 12.7.3 Induction motors |
306 | 12.7.4 Static drives 12.7.4 Static drives 12.8 Fault calculations in complex systems 12.8 Fault calculations in complex systems 12.9 Comparing the ANSI-approved standards with IEC 909 12.9 Comparing the ANSI-approved standards with IEC 909 |
307 | 12.10 Sample calculations 12.10 Sample calculations 12.10.1 Rotating equipment impedances 12.10.1 Rotating equipment impedances 12.10.1.1 Network feeders 12.10.1.1 Network feeders |
308 | 12.10.1.2 Synchronous motors 12.10.1.2 Synchronous motors 12.10.1.3 Induction motors 12.10.1.3 Induction motors |
309 | 12.10.2 Calculation of maximum initial fault currents 12.10.2 Calculation of maximum initial fault currents 12.10.2.1 Fault at bus 4:MILL-2 12.10.2.1 Fault at bus 4:MILL-2 12.10.2.2 Fault at bus 8:FDRL 12.10.2.2 Fault at bus 8:FDRL |
310 | 12.10.2.3 Fault at bus 37:T14SEC 12.10.2.3 Fault at bus 37:T14SEC 12.10.3 Calculation of peak fault currents 12.10.3 Calculation of peak fault currents |
311 | 12.10.4 Calculation of breaking currents 12.10.4 Calculation of breaking currents 12.10.4.1 Fault at bus 8:FDRL 12.10.4.1 Fault at bus 8:FDRL |
312 | 12.10.4.2 Fault at bus 37:T14SEC 12.10.4.2 Fault at bus 37:T14SEC |
313 | 12.10.5 Calculation of steady-state generator fault currents 12.10.5 Calculation of steady-state generator fault currents 12.11 Normative references 12.11 Normative references |
314 | 12.12 Bibliography 12.12 Bibliography |