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NFPA 921 2017

NFPA 921 2017

$80.71

NFPA 921: Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations

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NFPA 2017 433
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Added information in the 2017 edition of NFPA 921 helps you work more accurately to investigate fire origin and cause. If your job involves investigating fires and explosions, then you need the latest NFPA 921: Guide For Fire & Explosion Investigations. Revised and updated for the 2017 edition, this document is the premier source for rendering scientific based opinions on origin and cause investigations along with incident responsibility. NFPA 921 describes in detail the scientific method to apply in fire and explosion investigations. Public and private professionals have long seen NFPA 921 as a valuable resource in the field and in training. It’s also becoming increasingly relevant in U.S. federal and state courts, where the document is used to evaluate the reliability of fire investigations in both civil and criminal trials. Recently NFPA 921 became a recommended guide for fire investigation by the Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC) — a collaborative body of more than 600 forensic science practitioners and experts who recommend forensic science consensus standards and guidelines. Complying with NFPA 921 can support a fire investigator’s opinion; not complying can result in serious challenges to your testimony. NFPA 921 also offers essential guidance on: Using the scientific method in origin and cause investigations Documenting an investigation so that all relevant facts are gathered for future use in court Handling fire-related evidence so that it’s admissible in court Understanding many of the terms related to explosion and fire investigations Changes in the 2017 edition reflect user needs in a challenging field. Chapter 1 was revised to support Fire Marshal and Fire service organizations in the completion of reports from the National Fire Incident Report System (NFIRS). These reports were being misapplied and compared to Fire Investigation Reports during courtroom testimony. The committee added to scope of NFPA 921 to distinguish an NFIRS Report from a Fire Investigation Report and identified one should not be used in lieu of the other, especially when NFIRS are outside the scope of NFPA 921. Chapter 8, Fire Protection Systems, was renamed Active Fire Protection Systems since passive systems are addressed in Chapter 7, Building Systems. New images and illustrations were added based on NFPA 72Ā®: National Fire Alarm and Signaling CodeĀ® and the Fire Protection Handbook. Updated Chapter 16, Documentation reflects technology breakthroughs in the areas of digital photography and 3D scanning. Chapter 18, Origin includes the concept of origin matrix addressing the impact of ventilation on origin determination. Featuring additional new full-color images, especially for Fire Protection Images. Full-color images, first added to the previous edition and continued for the 2017 edition, communicate and demonstrate key concepts and examples more clearly, so you gain a better understanding of the principles of fire and explosion investigation. Make sure you have the most up-to-date information on investigating fires and explosions in the 2017 edition of NFPA 921.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
11 Chapter 1 Administration
1.1 Scope.
1.2 Purpose.
1.3 Application.
12 1.4 Units of Measure.
1.5 Measurement Uncertainty.
Chapter 2 Referenced Publications
2.1 General.
2.2 NFPA Publications.
13 2.3 Other Publications.
16 2.4 References for Extracts in Advisory Sections.
Chapter 3 Definitions
3.1 General.
3.2 NFPA Official Definitions.
3.3 General Definitions.
22 Chapter 4 Basic Methodology
4.1 Nature of Fire Investigations.
4.2 Systematic Approach.
4.3 Relating Fire Investigation to the Scientific Method.
24 4.4 Basic Method of a Fire Investigation.
4.5 Level of Certainty.
4.6 Review Procedure.
25 4.7 Reporting Procedure.
Chapter 5 Basic Fire Science
5.1 Introduction.
26 5.2 Fire Chemistry.
28 5.3 Products of Combustion.
5.4 Fluid Flows.
5.5 Heat Transfer.
32 5.6 Fuel Load, Fuel Packages, and Properties of Flames.
38 5.7 Ignition.
44 5.8 Flame Spread.
47 5.9 Fire Spread in a Compartment.
5.10 Compartment Fire Development.
52 5.11 Fire Spread Between Compartments.
5.12 Paths of Smoke Spread in Buildings.
Chapter 6 Fire Patterns
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Fire Effects.
63 6.3 Fire Patterns.
80 6.4 Fire Pattern Analysis.
Chapter 7 Building Systems
7.1 Introduction.
81 7.2 Features of Design, Construction, and Structural Elements in Evaluating Fire Development.
83 7.3 Types of Construction.
86 7.4 Construction Assemblies.
87 7.5 Construction Materials.
88 7.6 Impact of Passive Fire Protection Systems on Investigation.
7.7 Design and Installation Parameters of the System.
7.8 Documentation and Data Collection.
89 7.9 Analysis.
90 Chapter 8
Active Fire Protection Systems

8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Documentation of Fire Protection Systems.
91 8.3 Fire Alarm Systems.
97 8.4 Water-Based Fire Suppression Systems.
103 8.5 Non-Water-Based Fire Suppression Systems.
108 8.6 Spoliation Issues.
Chapter 9 Electricity and Fire
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Basic Electricity.
113 9.3 Building Electrical Systems.
115 9.4 Service Equipment.
9.5 Grounding.
9.6 Overcurrent Protection.
120 9.7 Branch Circuits.
121 9.8 Outlets and Devices.
122 9.9 Ignition by Electrical Energy.
124 9.10 Interpreting Damage to Electrical Systems.
131 9.11 Identification of Arc Melting of Electrical Conductors.
134 9.12 Static Electricity.
138 Chapter 10 Building Fuel Gas Systems
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Fuel Gases.
139 10.3 Natural Gas Systems.
10.4 LP-Gas Systems.
140 10.5 Common Fuel Gas System Components.
141 10.6 Common Piping in Buildings.
142 10.7 Common Appliance and Equipment Requirements.
10.8 Common Fuel Gas Utilization Equipment.
143 10.9 Investigating Fuel Gas Systems Incidents.
148 Chapter 11 Fire-Related Human Behavior
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 History of Research.
11.3 General Considerations of Human Responses to Fires.
150 11.4 Factors Related to Fire Initiation.
151 11.5 Children and Fire.
152 11.6 Incendiary Fires.
11.7 Human Factors Related to Fire Spread.
11.8 Recognition and Response to Fires.
Chapter 12 Legal Considerations
12.1 Introduction.
12.2 Constitutional Considerations.
153 12.3 Legal Considerations During the Investigation.
155 12.4 Pretrial Legal Considerations.
156 12.5 Trials.
160 Chapter 13 Safety
13.1 General.
161 13.2 General Fire Scene Safety.
163 13.3 Fire Scene Hazards.
165 13.4 Safety Plans.
167 13.5 Chemical and Contaminant Exposure.
168 13.6 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
169 13.7 Emergency Action Plans.
170 13.8 Post-Scene Safety Activities.
13.9 Safety in Off-Scene Investigation Activities.
13.10 Special Hazards.
171 Chapter 14 Sources of Information
14.1 General.
14.2 Legal Considerations.
14.3 Forms of Information.
14.4 Interviews.
172 14.5 Governmental Sources of Information.
175 14.6 Private Sources of Information.
176 14.7 Conclusion.
Chapter 15 Planning the Investigation
15.1 Introduction.
177 15.2 Basic Incident Information.
15.3 Organizing the Investigation Functions.
15.4 Pre-Investigation Team Meeting.
178 15.5 Specialized Personnel and Technical Consultants.
179 15.6 Case Management.
Chapter 16 Documentation of the Investigation
16.1 Introduction.
16.2 Photography.
186 16.3 Note Taking.
187 16.4 Diagrams and Drawings.
192 16.5 Reports.
193 Chapter 17 Physical Evidence
17.1 General.
17.2 Physical Evidence.
17.3 Preservation of the Fire Scene and Physical Evidence.
195 17.4 Contamination of Physical Evidence.
196 17.5 Methods of Collection.
198 17.6 Evidence Containers.
199 17.7 Identification of Physical Evidence.
17.8 Transportation and Storage of Physical Evidence.
200 17.9 Chain of Custody of Physical Evidence.
17.10 Examination and Testing of Physical Evidence.
204 17.11 Evidence Disposition.
Chapter 18 Origin Determination
18.1 Introduction.
205 18.2 Overall Methodology.
206 18.3 Data Collection for Origin Determination.
210 18.4 Analyze the Data.
216 18.5 Developing an Origin Hypothesis.
217 18.6 Testing of Origin Hypotheses.
218 18.7 Selecting the Final Hypothesis.
18.8 Origin Insufficiently Defined.
219 Chapter 19 Fire Cause Determination
19.1 Introduction.
19.2 Overall Methodology.
220 19.3 Data Collection for Fire Cause Determination.
221 19.4 Analyze the Data.
222 19.5 Developing a Cause Hypothesis.
223 19.6 Testing the Cause Hypothesis.
224 19.7 Selecting the Final Hypothesis.
Chapter 20 Classification of Fire Cause
20.1 Classification of the Cause.
225 Chapter 21 Analyzing the Incident for Cause and Responsibility
21.1 General.
21.2 The Cause of the Fire or Explosion.
21.3 The Cause of Damage to Property Resulting from the Incident.
21.4 The Cause of Bodily Injury or Loss of Life.
226 21.5 Determining Responsibility.
Chapter 22 Failure Analysis and Analytical Tools
22.1 Introduction.
22.2 Time Lines.
228 22.3 Systems Analysis.
231 22.4 Mathematical Modeling.
235 22.5 Fire Testing.
22.6 Data Required for Modeling and Testing.
Chapter 23 Explosions
23.1 General.
236 23.2 Types of Explosions.
238 23.3 Characterization of Explosion Damage.
239 23.4 Effects of Explosions.
242 23.5 Factors Controlling Explosion Effects.
243 23.6 Seated Explosions.
23.7 Nonseated Explosions.
244 23.8 Gas/Vapor Combustion Explosions.
248 23.9 Dust Explosions.
250 23.10 Backdraft (Smoke Explosions).
23.11 Outdoor Vapor Cloud Explosions.
251 23.12 Explosives.
23.13 Investigation of Explosive Incidents.
23.14 Investigating the Explosion Scene.
257 23.15 Analyze Origin (Epicenter).
23.16 Analyze Fuel Source.
258 23.17 Analyze Ignition Source.
23.18 Analyze to Establish Cause.
259 Chapter 24 Incendiary Fires
24.1 Introduction.
24.2 Incendiary Fire Indicators.
261 24.3 Potential Indicators Not Directly Related to Combustion.
262 24.4 Other Evidentiary Factors.
266 Chapter 25 Fire and Explosion Deaths and Injuries
25.1 General.
25.2 Mechanisms of Death and Injury.
269 25.3 Consumption of the Body by Fire.
25.4 Postmortem Changes.
270 25.5 Investigating Fire Scenes with Fatalities.
272 25.6 Investigating Fire Scenes with Injuries.
25.7 Explosion Deaths and Injuries.
273 25.8 Post Scene Investigation of Injuries.
274 25.9 Fire Death Pathological and Toxicological Examination.
277 25.10 Analysis of Data.
279 Chapter 26 Appliances
26.1 Scope.
26.2 Appliance Scene Recording.
281 26.3 Origin Analysis Involving Appliances.
282 26.4 Cause Analysis Involving Appliances.
283 26.5 Appliance Components.
291 26.6 Common Residential Appliances.
293 Chapter 27 Motor Vehicle Fires
27.1 Introduction.
27.2 Vehicle Investigation Safety.
27.3 Fuels in Vehicle Fires.
295 27.4 Ignition Sources.
298 27.5 System Identification and Function.
303 27.6 Body Systems.
27.7 Motor Vehicle Fire Scenes.
305 27.8 Motor Vehicle Examinations.
308 27.9 Total Burns.
27.10 Special Considerations for Incendiary Vehicle Fires.
309 27.11 Vehicle Ignition Components.
312 27.12 Vehicles in Structures.
27.13 Recreational Vehicles.
316 27.14 Heavy Equipment.
317 27.15 Agricultural Equipment and Implements Introduction.
323 27.16 Hybrid Vehicles.
27.17 Towing Considerations.
324 27.18 Hydrogen-Fueled Vehicles.
Chapter 28 Wildfire Investigations
28.1 Introduction.
28.2 Wildfire Fuels.
326 28.3 Weather.
327 28.4 Topography.
28.5 Fire Shape.
328 28.6 Indicators.
333 28.7 Origin Investigation.
336 28.8 Fire Cause Determination.
337 28.9 Evidence.
28.10 Special Safety Considerations.
338 28.11 Sources of Information.
Chapter 29 Management of Complex Investigations
29.1 Scope.
339 29.2 Basic Information and Documents.
29.3 Communications Among Interested Parties.
340 29.4 Understandings and Agreements.
341 29.5 Management of the Investigation.
342 29.6 Evidence.
29.7 Logistics.
343 29.8 Site and Scene Safety.
Chapter 30 Marine Fire Investigations
30.1 Introduction.
30.2 Powerboat and Sailboat Terminology.
344 30.3 Boat Investigation Safety.
346 30.4 System Identification and Function.
348 30.5 Exterior.
30.6 Interior.
349 30.7 Propulsion Systems.
350 30.8 Ignition Sources.
352 30.9 Documenting Boat Fire Scenes.
354 30.10 Boat Examination.
355 30.11 Boats in Structures.
30.12 Legal Considerations.
Annex A Explanatory Material
396 Annex B Bibliography
398 Annex C Informational References
402 Annex D Photograph Credits

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NFPA 921 2017
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