This document describes the assessment methods and physical requirements associated with the manual handling of carts and dollies, specific to material handling systems.

All possible designs and applications could not be anticipated in creating these guidelines. Where there are questions of adherence to this document, such as use of an “off-the shelf” design, always consult the responsible Ergonomics Department.

Force guidelines were primarily developed referencing the push/pull psychophysical Snook data contained in A Guide to Manual Materials Handling (second edition) by Mital, Nicholson and Ayoub (NY: Taylor & Francis, 1997). The force guidelines accommodate 75% of female capabilities and 99% of male capabilities.

Factors that were included in the established guideline include: push / pull distances, vertical hand height, horizontal hand height, frequency and wheel / castor alignment and load rating. These factors were used to develop a conservative force guideline. The guidelines assume frequent handling of carts / dollies (handling frequency greater than once per minute) throughout a work shift. For carts that exceed the force guidelines and do not align with the assumptions utilized to determine the guidelines within the document, please contact the appropriate Ergonomic Subject Matter Expert for a deep dive ergonomic analysis. The deep dive analysis will account for the differences in the assumptions (i.e. frequency, push/pull distance, hand height, etc.).

The design and location of rear-viewing mirrors or systems, and the presentation of the rear view to the driver can best be achieved if the designer and the engineer have adequate references available on the physiological functions of head and eye movements and on the perceptual capabilities of the human visual system. The following information and charts are provided for this purpose. For more complete information of the relationship of vision to forward vision, see SAE SP-279.

This document provides a summary of the activities to-date of Task Force #1 – Research Foundations – of the SAE’s Driver Vehicle Interface (DVI) committee. More specifically, it establishes working definitions of key DVI concepts, as well as an extensive list of data sources relevant to DVI design and the larger topic of driver distraction.

This recommended practice describes a process for testing the comprehension of static (i.e., fixed or non-dynamic) symbols for all ground vehicles, for both OEM and aftermarket products. With advancing display technology, it is now possible to display dynamic symbols (e.g., a spinning beach ball to show that a process is ongoing, or a diagram showing energy distribution in hybrid vehicles). Such graphics are outside of the scope of this recommended practice, though extensions of this process may be useful for testing them. However, several symbols which occupy the same space on a display may change state without movement (e.g. play/pause button); these are within the scope of this recommended practice.

The process described in this recommended practice includes criteria that are used to identify how well the perceived meaning matches the intended meaning for a representative sample of drivers. The data from this process are analyzed to determine the drivers’ comprehension of the symbol. These data provide guidance as to the symbols that can be improved and used. Although the process described in this recommended practice emphasizes a paper-and-pencil approach to administer the test, a computer could be used instead.

NOTE: This process was initially developed specifically for testing active safety symbols (e.g., collision avoidance functions), or other symbols that reflect some in-vehicle message (e.g., navigation, vehicle status, or infotainment functions). For that reason, many of the examples provided concern those systems.

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a uniform procedure for assuring the manufactured quality, installed utility and performance of automotive products to the relocation, alteration, replacement and/or extension of secondary controls and systems other than those provided by the vehicle manufacturer (OEM). These products are intended to provide driving capability to persons with physical disabilities. These products function as adaptive modifications to compensate for lost or reduced function in the extremities of the driver. These include, but are not limited to the following:

1. Cruise Control; Door Locks; Gear Selector; Hazard Flasher; Headlight Beam Selector; Heater/Vent/Air Conditioner (HVAC); Horn; Ignition/Starter; Light controls; Mirrors; Parking Brake; Power Seats; Turn Signals; Power Window Controls; and Windshield Wiper/Washer and defogger; Rear Accessories (Defogger, Wiper/Washer).

The purpose of any secondary control adaptation is to provide the effective use of the motor vehicle operating systems to a driver with a disability, so that he or she may drive and operate that motor vehicle with the same degree of safety as a non-disabled driver. Thus, the adaptive equipment must be (1) accessible to the driver with a disability for whom it is designed, (2) not susceptible to inadvertent operation which may be inconvenient or dangerous for the driver and other users of the roadway, and (3) suitable by non-disabled drivers who may have a need to operate the motor vehicle whenever possible.

For purpose of this document, the secondary controls listed previously have been classified according to the following protocols. The categorization of these controls, while different from other SAE publications, is reflective of the manner in which driver rehabilitation specialists determine appropriate vehicle modifications. These categories are arranged to assign priorities that allow the user to operate a vehicle in the most efficient manner possible.

1. Mode A – These controls shall be operable by the driver while the vehicle is in operating mode. They must be accessible to the driver for which they were intended while being able to maintain control of the vehicle steering, brake and accelerator functions. Included in this group are: Cruise control “Set;” Headlight Beam Selector; Horn; Turn Signals; and, Windshield Washer/Momentary Wipe.
2. Mode B – These controls shall be operable by the driver while maintaining control of the vehicle brake function with the vehicle not in motion, as in the case of vehicle start-up or re-start necessitated by engine stall. Included in this group are: Gear Selector and Ignition/Starter.
3. Mode C – These controls shall be at least operable by the driver when the vehicle is stationary, either temporarily or parked. Included in this group are: Cruise control “On” and “Off;” Door Locks; Hazard Flashers; Heater/Vent/Air Conditioner (HVAC); Light Controls; Mirrors; Parking Brake; Power Seats; Windshield Wiper; and Power Window Controls; Rear Accessories (Defogger, Wiper/Washer).

Physical parameters that influence the legibility of an instrument panel display include letter/graphic size, the luminance and color difference between graphics and background, the observer's luminance adaptation level, and the level of glare present. Several aspects of visual functioning deteriorate as part of the normal aging process. These include a reduction in luminance and color contrast sensitivity, an increase in sensitivity to glare, a reduction in visual accommodation capacity, and a reduction in the sensitivity to light. This SAE Information Report provides introductory information that should be considered when setting photometric guidelines for instrument panel displays that are designed to accommodate the older driver. More detailed information is provided in Section 2 of this document.

Since little data exists to provide appropriate values for control parameters that would be appropriate for mature drivers, the following recommendations are of a general nature. However, they are based upon the current understanding of the aging processes that characterize mature drivers.

Notwithstanding the lack of an extensive amount of data in this field, the dissemination of this SAE Information Report is considered to be appropriate and timely in light of the large increase in the number of mature drivers on the public roads, and because of the need to at least initiate efforts toward developing an information report covering this issue.

It is realized that there may be cases where specific recommendations may conflict with vehicle packaging and/or operational requirements. Deviation from the recommendations may be necessary and permissible to achieve the best overall system performance.

A "mature" driver is defined as one who is over the age of 50 since visual changes become noticeable at about this age. Degenerative cognitive and skeletal changes visually become more apparent at a later age (Reference 1).

The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to describe design criteria pertaining to the location and labeling of hand controls, including embedded displays and controls when displayed, necessary to or frequently used during the operation of passenger cars, MPVs, and trucks 10 000 GVW and under designed for left-hand drive operation. The results of SAE human factors research have strongly influenced these recommendations, specifically in the area of driver reach, control-locating performance, and control location expectancies. Deviations from this recommended practice should be made only after careful study of the various SAE publications on these subjects. This document does not include hand-held devices such as remote controls or cellular phones.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides design criteria for onboard stairways intended for use by passengers aboard multi-deck transport category airplanes. It is not intended for stairways designed for use only by crewmembers, supernumeries, or maintenance personnel. Additionally, this AS does not apply to fuselage mounted or external stairways used for boarding passengers, which are covered by ARP836.