Common or obvious surface imperfections, which sometimes occur in sheet steel, are normally visible to the naked eye before or after fabrication.

Illustrations and definitions of these imperfections are contained in this SAE Information Report. The identifying names are those commonly used throughout the steel industry. The imperfections identified include the major and most often encountered imperfections known to exist at this time. These imperfections are variable in appearance and severity. Extreme conditions have been selected in some instances in order to obtain suitable photographs.

Photographs are courtesy of the American Iron and Steel Institute, Kaiser Aluminum, LTV Steel, National Steel, The Budd Company.

This SAE Recommended Practice applies to flywheels for dry spring-loaded clutches used on internal combustion engines. Figure 1 and Tables 1, 2, and 3 report information currently used in the industry. Clutches requiring other dimensions are also manufactured. Dimensions given are primarily for single-plate clutches. Flywheels for two plate clutches have the same dimensions if an adaptor for the intermediate plate and second driven disc is supplied with the clutch. If instead the flywheel is to be extended to adapt the intermediate plate and second driven member, consult the clutch manufacturer for the required J dimension and drive arrangements for the intermediate plate. See SAE J1806 for flywheels for size 14 and 15.5 two plate pull-type clutches.

The Dryseal American Standard Taper Pipe Thread, the Dryseal American Fuel Internal Straight Pipe Thread and the Dryseal American Intermediate Internal Straight Pipe Thread covered by this standard conform with the American Standard ASA-B2.2. The Dryseal SAE-Short Taper Pipe Thread in this standard conforms with the Dryseal American Standard Taper Pipe Thread except for the length of thread, which is shortened for increased clearance and economy of material.

The significant feature of the Dryseal thread is controlled truncation at the crest and root to assure metal to metal contact coincident with or prior to flank contact. Contact at the crest and root prevents spiral leakage and insures pressure-tight joints without the use of a lubricant or sealer.

Lubricants, if not functionally objectionable, may be used to minimize the possibility of galling in assembly.

This SAE standard covers the minimum mechanical properties measured on separately cast test pieces of varying thickness and microstructural requirements for ductile iron castings used in automotive and allied industries. Castings may be specified in the as-cast or heat-treated condition. If castings are heat-treated, prior approval from the customer is required.

The appendix provides general information on chemical composition, microstructure and casting mechanical properties, as well as other information for particular service conditions.

In this standard SI units are primary and in-lb units are derived.

In 1941, the SAE Iron and Steel Division in collaboration with the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) made a major change in the method of expressing composition ranges for the SAE steels. The plan, as now applied, is based in general on narrower ladle analysis ranges plus certain product (check) analysis allowances on individual samples, in place of the fixed ranges and limits without tolerances formerly provided for carbon and other elements in SAE steels (reference SAE J408).

ISTC Division 1 has developed a procedure which allows for the maintenance of the grade list in this SAE Standard. This will involve conducting an industry-wide survey to solicit input. This survey will be conducted at a frequency deemed necessary by the technical committee. Criteria have been established for the addition to or deletion of grades from the grade table. A new grade will be considered if it meets standard SAE grade ranges, has a minimum usage or production of 225 tonnes/year (250 tons/year), and has the endorsement of at least two users or producers. New steel compositions will still be considered as Potential Standard (PS) steels, based on the guidelines provided in SAE J1081, until such time as production of the new steel achieves a level of production or usage qualifying it for consideration as a standard steel.

The deletion of a grade from the grade table will be by consensus based on the grade survey results. Deleted grades will be archived in SAE J1249 for future reference.

The compositions in this document may apply to open hearth and basic oxygen, or electric furnace steels. Grades shown in Table 1 with prefix letter E are normally made by the electric furnace process with maximum limits of 0.025% phosphorus and 0.025% sulfur. The nominal chemical limits or ranges in the compositions given in Table 1 are subject to standard variations in check analysis given in SAE J409. Since AISI is no longer issuing steel grade designations, all grades listed in this document are SAE grades.

In 1941, the SAE Iron and Steel Division, in collaboration with the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), made a major change in the method of expressing composition ranges for the SAE steels. The plan, as now applied, is based in general on narrower cast or heat analysis ranges plus certain product analysis allowances on individual samples, in place of the fixed ranges and limits without tolerances formerly provided for carbon and other elements in SAE steels.

For years the variety of chemical compositions of steel has been a matter of concern in the steel industry. It was recognized that production of fewer grades of steel could result in improved deliveries and provide a better opportunity to achieve advances in technology, manufacturing practices, and quality, and thus develop more fully the possibilities of application inherent in those grades.

Comprehensive and impartial studies were directed toward determining which of the many grades being specified were the ones in most common demand, and the feasibility of combining compositions having like requirements. From these studies, the most common grades of steel have been selected and kept in the current revision. The cast or heat chemical composition limits or ranges of these grades are given in Tables 1, 2, 3A, and 3B. These cast or heat limits or ranges are subject to standard variations for product analysis as given in SAE J409. Since AISI is no longer issuing steel grade designations, grades listed in this document are SAE grades.

It is recognized that chemical compositions other than those listed in the previously mentioned tables will at times be needed for specialized applications or processing. When such a steel is required, the elements comprising the desired chemical composition are specified in one of three ways: (a) by a minimum limit, (b) by a maximum limit, or (c) by minimum and maximum limits, termed a range.

Standard cast or heat analysis limits and ranges for the various elements of carbon steels are given in Table 4. In this table, range is the arithmetical difference between the minimum and maximum limits (that is, 0.19 to 0.25 is a 0.06 range). These cast or heat limits and ranges are also subject to standard variations for product analysis as given in SAE J409.

ISTC Division 1 has developed a procedure which allows for the maintenance of the grade lists in this document. This will involve conducting an industry-wide survey to solicit input. This survey will be conducted at a frequency deemed necessary by the technical committee.

Criteria have been established for the addition to or the deletion of grades from the grade lists. New grades will be considered based on the grade meeting a SAE grade designation and chemistry, having a minimum production or consumption of 225 tonnes/year (250 tons/year) and has the sponsorship of at least two individual users or producers. New steel compositions will be considered as Potential Standard (PS) steels, based on the guidelines in SAE J1081, until such time as production of the new steel achieves a level of production or usage qualifying it for consideration as a standard steel.

Deletion of grades will be by consensus based on the grade survey. Deleted grades will be archived in SAE J1249.

When the cast or heat analysis is requested to be reported to demonstrate conformance to the chemical limits shown in Tables 1, 2, 3A, or 3B, in addition to the quantities of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur, the following elements and their quantities shall also be reported: copper, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and silicon. When the amount of any one of these last five elements is less than 0.02% that analysis may be reported as “<0.02%.”

Based on a survey question in the 2006 Grade Survey, the grade lists have been revised such that chemistries of all product forms are now consolidated into single tables. The chemistry ranges listed will be the narrowest range for the various product forms with the exception of S content. It is acknowledged however that due to differences in the section size of the various product forms, chemical composition demands for the product forms should be different to allow for adequate flexibility of steel application. These differences are reflected in Tables 4 and 5.

This SAE Standard covers the mechanical and physical property requirements for Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) castings used in automotive and allied industries. Specifically covered are:

In this document SI units are primary and in-lb units are derived. Appendix A provides general information and related resources on the microstructural, chemical and heat treatment requirements to meet the mechanical properties needed for ADI in particular service conditions and applications.

This SAE Recommended Practice defines and establishes mechanical property ranges for seven grades of continuously cast high strength automotive sheet steels that can be formed, welded, assembled, and painted in automotive manufacturing processes. The grade of steel specified for an identified part should be based on part requirements (configuration and strength) as well as formability. Material selection should also take into consideration the amount of strain induced by forming and the impact strain has on the strength achieved in the finished part. These steels can be specified as hot-rolled sheet, cold-reduced sheet, uncoated, or coated by hot dipping, electroplating, or vapor deposition of zinc, aluminum, and organic compounds normally applied by coil coating. The grades and strength levels are achieved through chemical composition and special processing. Not all combinations of strength and coating types may be commercially available. Consult your steel supplier for details.