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ASHRAE Guideline 13 2024

Sun, 20 Oct 2024 10:41:18 +0000

ASHRAE Guideline 13-2024 is an essential resource for professionals seeking to standardize the design, documentation, and specification of Building Automation Systems (BASs) in HVAC applications. It provides a comprehensive framework that covers system architecture, hardware performance, installation, training, communication, program configuration, system testing, and documentation. With a focus on improving BAS quality and value, it includes informative appendices on performance monitoring, fault detection, diagnostics, and references to other relevant standards. Guideline 13 covers the following topics: The principles and benefits of BAS design and documentation Common BAS terms and definitions Detailed discussion of BAS specifications with samples, explanations, and examples Coordination of BAS requirements with other project trades Selection of control valves and dampers Cybersecurity considerations for BAS and network infrastructure Guidance for legacy control systems The appendices include: Outline of example specification Discussion of open protocols Interoperability case studies Performance monitoring and fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) Relevant ASHRAE guidelines and standards

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	ASHRAE Guideline 13-2024
3	Contents
4	Foreword
5	1. Purpose 2. Scope
6	3. Preamble 3.1 Intent of This Document. This guideline provides building automation system (BAS) designers a tool to help create and edit specifications for projects of virtually any size, scope, or complexity. It is the result of industry consensus obtained fr… 3.2 Use of This Guideline. This guideline is to be used when preparing written and drawn specifications of BAS device control and energy management systems and can be a reference for the design of these BASs as well. The term direct digital control i… 3.3 Organization of the Guideline. This guideline is organized into chapters, called Sections, and Appendices, each with a main heading. The document is divided into ten major parts:
8	4. Definitions, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 4.1 Definitions
13	4.2 Abbreviations and Acronyms
15	5. How to Use This Guideline
16	6. Building Automation System (BAS) Overview 6.1 Benefits of a Building Automation System (BAS). A BAS provides the technology platform by which the owner’s project requirements for energy efficiency, sustainability, and occupancy conditions can be monitored, controlled, and tracked over the …
18	6.2 System Overview. The BAS comprises both hardware and software that combine to produce a seamless architecture that provides complete integration of a building’s HVAC systems and may include control over, or monitoring of, lighting, security, an… 6.3 Impact of the Internet on the BAS Design and Specification Process. The Internet has changed how BASs are designed and specified. Before the advent of the Internet, BASs were isolated systems that were accessible only via dialup modems. The facil… 6.4 Options for Setting up the BAS Device Control Network on the Enterprise LAN. From the point of view of the BAS designer, BAS devices and the networks they connect to are either IP or non-IP, where an IP device contains an Ethernet MAC address. Th…
22	6.5 Dealing with Devices with Embedded Networkable Controls. In the past, devices such as boilers, chillers, etc. came without onboard embedded controls. It was the controls contractor’s responsibility to fit the equipment with controls. Now, devic… 6.6 Managing the Volume of Points Now Available from Devices with Embedded Networkable Controls
25	6.7 Dealing with the Enterprise IT Department. IP-based network connectivity will most likely require involvement by the IT department at the early design stage of the project. Requesting IP addresses and the authority to connect the BAS device contr…
26	6.8 Coordinating the Construction Work with the IT Infrastructure Work. IT normally begins their work when the furniture is in place and the computers are on the desks. The HVAC, BAS, and electrical contractors will want their equipment started up an… 6.9 Granting Other Users in the Enterprise Access to BAS Device Control Network Information. Historically, once as job was turned over to the owner, only the facilities department required access to the BAS device control network so that the devices …
27	6.10 Specifying the Network Requirements. Sections 11, 12, 13, and 14 of this guideline provides a discussion and guidance for the BAS designer and offers example specification language. The BAS designer may decide to specify this work or may have th… 6.11 Radio-Frequency-Based Networks. Radio frequency (RF) devices and systems are becoming viable in building automation projects. RF-based devices offer the advantage of no new wires being required and is suited well for retrofit applications. RF-ba…
28	6.12 Specifying the BAS Controller and BAS Device Control Network Security Requirements. BAS controllers and the BAS device control network will rely primarily on IT to provide security. Even though this work may not be a BAS specification item, the …
29	6.13 Use of BACnet for Legacy Systems. Specifying BACnet to connect to existing (or legacy) systems is a challenge because the existing BAS in a building may not have the ability to pass information on a BACnet network. The designer will need to work… 6.14 Building Performance Monitoring and Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) into the BAS Design and Specification Process. Informative Appendix E outlines three options for performance monitoring and three options for FDD. This section explains how …
30	6.15 Performance Monitoring Options
31	6.16 Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) Options
32	6.17 Characteristics of a BAS. Different vendors and integrators use the following terms differently. Be aware of differences in usage of terms.
33	6.18 Interoperability Issues. This section describes the issues and rationale that are involved in implementing an interoperable system specification. Case studies that help illustrate how this decision process may be applied are included inInformati…
35	6.19 Performance and Architecture Gateways. BAS Devices require very precise, rigidly defined rules or protocols for successful communication. Even slight variations can render communication impossible. In order for two BAS devices using different pr…
37	6.20 Define the Open Protocol to Be Used. It is necessary to specify the protocol to be used in an open system in order to drive communication conformance toward that certain set of criteria or standards. In every case of writing an interoperable spe… 6.21 Customer Satisfaction. The protocols you specify will limit the number of companies to those that can offer a solution. The customer, or end user, of the system must ultimately feel comfortable with those manufacturers’ products. Also, the tot…
39	7. Design and Construction of a Building Automation System 7.1 Steps in Providing a Building Automation System. The steps involved in providing a BAS are shown in Figure 7-1. 7.2 Defining Project Scope. The BAS designer must use caution to design a BAS that meets the users’ needs. Some users will have very basic needs. Others may require an extensive degree of alarm management and reporting. The complexity of the system…
40	7.3 Designing the Building Automation System
43	7.4 Sequences of Operation. The sequences of operation describe how the system should function and are the designer’s primary method of communication to the control system programmer. A sequence should be written for each system to be controlled, r…
52	7.5 Specifying the Sequences of Operation for Equipment with Embedded Onboard Controls. If the equipment, such as a central station AHU, does not come with onboard controls, it’s likely the BAS contractor can easily implement the chosen sequence wi…
54	7.6 Supervisory Systems—Example Automated Demand Response (ADR) Device
55	7.7 Specification Data Tables. Refer to Section 8. 7.8 Building in Performance Monitoring and Fault Detection and Diagnostics into the Control Sequences 7.9 Performance Monitoring Option 1 and FDD Option 1 Are Manual Analyses. The BAS designer needs to specify the trends that are required to permit a manual analysis of the trend log data. 7.10 Performance Monitoring Option 2: X-Y plotting Software Package. The BAS designer needs to specify the software package that is needed to generate the X-Y plots as well as a list of X-Y plots that need to be created. 7.11 FDD Option 2: Specifying Equipment with Onboard FDD Capabilities. FDD Option 2 largely applies to devices that are networked, such as boilers, chillers, AHUs with VFDs, and lights that can response to a DR event.
56	7.12 Performance Monitoring Option 3: Provided by the Third-Party Software Package—Energy Performance Analysis. Figure 7-7 shows the type of energy analysis possible under performance monitoring Option 3. The regression analysis of outdoor air temp… 7.13 Performance Monitoring Option 3: Provided by the Third-Party Software Package—Automated Demand Response. The sequence needs to cover how the equipment needs to respond to either a real time pricing event or an impending disruption of a utility…
57	7.14 Object List. The object list is a tabulation of all system hardware and software points. As these can be physical points that are wired to the system or virtual software points, they are modeled using objects. This method is often used to model … 7.15 Specification. The example specification follows the format determined by the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI). Under the 2004 CSI Master Format, control specifications are typically in Division 23, “Heating Ventilating and Air Cond…
58	7.16 Bidding the Project. Once the contract documents—including the drawings, sequences, I/O list, and specification—are complete, they can be incorporated into the general contract documents. These compose a complete set of contract documents th… 7.17 Open Bid. This method allows the BAS contractor to be selected through the conventional purchasing channel. This typically means that the listed and other preapproved controls subcontractors will submit a bid to the mechanical subcontractor who,… 7.18 Alternative Bidding Methods. A number of alternative bidding methods will allow the owner and BAS designer to determine which suppliers are used for the project. While this does not necessarily result in the lowest price, it allows for the selec…
59	7.19 Technical Proposal. This approach is typically used for a project that only entails a BAS. The BAS contractors provide a technical proposal along with a price. The content of the technical proposal would be outlined in the General Requirements d… 7.20 Submittals. Once the BAS contractor has been selected, the submittal process begins. The first step in the submittal process is design work by the BAS contractor. This consists of interpretations of the contract documents and creation of shop dr… 7.21 Project Installation and Checkout. Once the submittals are successfully reviewed, the BAS contractor is able to begin the installation, programming, and checkout of the system. This typically coincides with the work of the other project subcontr… 7.22 Note on Commissioning. For all BASs, checkout and testing is required for the system to perform properly. On certain projects, a commissioning agent may be employed. The requirement for a separate commissioning agent is identified in its own sep… 7.23 Project Completion and Warranty. Before installation is complete, and immediately thereafter, the operators of the system are trained to proficiently operate the system. When the system is completely installed and operating, the warranty period … 7.24 Closing Comments. Section 7 provides an introduction to BASs and issues to consider when specifying these systems. The following sections provide an example specification in a three-part CSI format. Explanatory notes accompany this specification…
60	8. Building Automation System (BAS) Device Control Network Design 8.1 Overview. This section outlines the design requirements for the BAS device control network. For easy reference, Section 8.13 provides guidance on the specific contractor requirements. 8.2 Multitier Architecture—4-Tier Model. The 4-tier architecture model shown in Figure 8-1 is used to delineate the system elements. 8.3 Terms. To support the various decision factors facing the building automation system designer or project manager, an understanding of the comment elements of a system is necessary. Using the four-tier architecture model as defined above, each tie… 8.4 BAS 4-Tier Architecture. Figure 8-4 highlights the representation and interaction of the Multitier Model as described in this document. Each tier has its own scope and related contractor responsibilities. The Architecture Model has four tiers as …
64	8.5 Enterprise Interactions—Specifying Integration Using a Common Device Profile Description Model. The BAS should follow the multitier architecture model that defines the interaction of devices, systems, subsystems, buildings, and the enterprise. …
67	8.6 BAS Device Control Network Architecture. The following section provides detailed information and example requirements for each of the Tiers of the system as has been described above.
73	8.7 Enterprise IT Integration Requirements. Design criteria should be coordinated with site IT manager regarding IT requirements for the following subsections. 8.8 Tier 2—Building-Level IP Control Network Infrastructure. This tier includes BAS IP devices that normally connect to the enterprise IP network tier via a switch dedicated to the BAS device control network or to enterprise switches under IT depar…
76	8.9 Contractor Roles and Responsibilities. The FMSI and BAS contractor should conform and follow project execution responsibilities as defined in Sections 8.9.2 through 8.9.4 and in the protocol-specific requirements.
79	8.10 Contractor Qualifications. Project bid documents typically will have a set of defined qualifications for the scope of the project. It is crucial to have well-trained personnel working on the project. The following subsections provide some basic … 8.11 Data Sourcing and Formatting. Building automation systems typically produce and consume vast amounts of data. This data is transported across the BAS device control network. Typically, data is segmented into real-time and historical data sets.
80	8.12 Building System Integration Requirements 8.13 General Tier 1 to Tier 2 Integration Requirements. All devices on the control network should be certified and incorporate the required profile interfaces according to the relevant HVAC standard. All required functionality should be documented su…
81	8.14 General Tier 3 Integration Requirements. Design criteria may specify usage of Common Open Functional Profiles for all packaged equipment. 8.15 General Tier 4 Requirements. Tier 4 sensors and actuators are installed by either the mechanical or electrical contractor. Non-networked Tier 4 devices require hard wiring to a Tier 2 or Tier 3 BAS Controller as either an AI, AO, BI, or BO point. 8.16 Integration to Tier 2 HVAC Systems. Integration of the HVAC system with the enterprise should include design criteria for monitoring the status of the HVAC systems, including system status, current zone temperature, and status of specific equipment
83	8.17 Enterprise Energy Management Requirements. The central enterprise energy management system (EEMS) system should have the capabilities listed in the following subsections.
84	8.18 Graphical User Interface (GUI) Standards 8.19 Dashboard and Kiosk Application Requirements. Design criteria should include requirements for a user interface dashboard display. Dashboards should be accessible from multiple workstations or displays using simple browser-based technologies (HTM…
85	8.20 System Training. Design criteria should include complete training requirements for the owner’s personnel or designated contractors. Training should include operations as well as configuration, programming, commissioning, and customization of T… 8.21 System Maintenance and Service. System software maintenance and service should be performed by the FMSI and include the following: 8.22 System Documentation. Complete system documentation files (electronic) and binders (hard copy) should be updated and kept current by the FMSI. All software manuals, documentation files, and binders should be clearly labeled, and backups should b… 8.23 Software
97	9. Cybersecurity for Building Automation Systems 9.1 Preface. Securing building automation systems (BASs) is a critical aspect of any commercial building design. The system designer should account for both physical and logical aspects of security. Guideline 13 identifies the physical and logical co… 9.2 Audience 9.3 Cybersecurity Attack Vectors. Following the BAS/BMS 4-Tier model, Figure 9-1 shows the tiers and the potential cybersecurity attack vectors for each tier. 9.4 Primer of Cybersecurity
101	9.5 Design Principles
102	9.6 Cybersecurity Assessment
103	9.7 Risk Assessment. There are a variety of methods for assessing risk within a facility. 9.8 Facility Types. A simplified three-level categorization model is outlined here for educational purposes. Due to the complexity of the many options and permutations, providing guidance on all scenarios is not feasible in a general guide specificat…
104	9.9 Interconnected Systems. Typical commercial and industrial facilities have numerous systems and subsystems, many of which are interconnected using one or more common virtual local area networks (VLANs). The system designer should understand the in… 9.10 Decision Matrix by Organization Risk and Type. Assessing facility risk is a critical piece of the design process. A simple evaluation tool useful for assessing a project’s cybersecurity requirements is to compare the facility type with its ris…
105	9.11 Facility Risk Assessment. Another mechanism for developing a risk assessment is by identifying the potential risk for each tier of the system. Table 9-1 shows a sample assessment form. 9.12 Cybersecurity Policies. All facilities require some set of cybersecurity policies be put in place to ensure continuous operation, minimize disruptions, and mitigate risk. The strength of these policies is closely related to the intensity of the … 9.13 Assembling a Cybersecurity Plan
107	9.14 BAS Technical Requirements. BAS specifications require addressing the various physical and logical (network) aspects of the system. Segmenting the specification into the logical and physical components helps define the responsible party. One way… 9.15 BAS Architecture. Requirements for the specification will vary depending on the architecture of the controls network in the facility. There are several common architectures to consider.
112	9.16 General BAS Cybersecurity Considerations. Several issues to address don’t fall under any of the four tiers. Addressing these issues in the project specification can help reduce risk and provide a mitigation plan in case of an event. 9.17 Integration and Oversight. To ensure compliance to cybersecurity requirements, define the stake- holders and, their roles, and their responsibilities:
114	10. Legacy Control Systems 10.1 Assessment. Legacy controls systems refer to older installed control systems hardware and/or software that may or may not be compatible with the latest control system technology. Legacy software and hardware may be unable to integrate into an op… 10.2 Tier 1 Building Automation System (BAS) Specification Criteria
115	10.3 Tier 2 Controls Infrastructure Specification Criteria
116	10.4 Tier 3 BAS Equipment Controllers and Networked Devices
118	10.5 Tier 4 BAS Field Devices. The BAS Tier 4 devices are typically not included in a major project update unless there is a specific requirement. Field devices are typically not upgradeable or integrable because they are directly connected to BAS co… 11. Introduction to General, Products, and Execution Sections 11.1 Specification Sections. Sections 12 through 14 provide a detailed discussion using example specification language. These paragraphs form one complete specification section. A sample specification outline is provided in Informative Appendix A of …
120	12. Part 1—General Project Specification Guidance 12.1 Trade Coordination. The building automation system (BAS) contractor invariably interfaces with multiple trades on construction projects, including (but not limited to) HVAC, electrical, plumbing, fire/life safety, security, kitchen equipment, li… 12.2 Products Furnished but not Installed Under this Section. Controls subcontractors furnish a variety of equipment that are best installed by another subcontractor on the construction team. “Best installed” means that the cost of installation a… 12.3 Installed but not Furnished Under this Section. A variety of HVAC equipment can be specified with manufacturer-furnished controls. This approach will become more common as the use of standard protocols permits integration of manufacturer-furnish… 12.4 Products not Furnished or Installed Under but Integrated with the Work of this Section. BASs increasingly rely on controls provided by a variety of subcontractors and/or suppliers. These controls range from chiller and boiler controls to non-HVA…
122	12.5 Trade Coordination and Responsibility Matrix. Because of the multiple interactions between BAS contractors and other trades, it can prove unwieldy to break out trade coordination requirements in list or paragraph form based on who furnishes and … 12.6 Project Considerations. The example coordination matrix below should be edited to list only those devices specific to a given project. Where gateways are called out, the project-specific network protocol should be identified. Depending on local …
125	12.7 Related Content. Controls are typically field installed on a variety of mechanical and other equipment. The installation efforts of other subcontractors must be coordinated with the efforts of the controls subcontractor. This section should be u… 12.8 Project Considerations. The BAS designer must edit this section to list the actual CSI sections and their titles used within the remainder of the project specification. 12.9 Description of the Building Automation System (BAS). This section should contain a narrative description of the system. This description could include the type of architecture, communication technology, panel layout, use of networked vs. hardwir… 12.10 Project Considerations. See Web-based BAS interface requirements in Section 8.
127	12.11 Approved Control System Contractors and Manufacturers
128	12.12 Quality Assurance. These paragraphs can provide a variety of requirements concerning the standards of practice that should apply to the controls subcontractor and his/her products and installation practices.
129	12.13 Building Automation System (BAS) Infrastructure and Cybersecurity Plan. The BAS designer needs to create a project-specific version of the four-tier physical system architecture outlined in this guideline. This is called the BAS Infrastructure …
157	12.14 Codes and Standards. This paragraph should list only those codes and standards, along with the specific sections, used in the BAS design. The paragraph should not be used for an exhaustive list of all codes and standards that might conceivably … 12.15 System Performance. The BAS designer must decide how detailed to be in prescribing what is required for any system component. Sensors, for example, call for more detail than components whose desired results might be met by a wide range of produ…
167	12.16 Submittals. In general, submittals provide the BAS designer an opportunity to review the work of the contractor before construction begins or any control components are installed. Submittals also include the requirements of the contract closeou…
180	12.17 Warranty. The warranty is usually a written guarantee of the integrity of a product and/or service and the good faith of the manufacturer and/or installer given to the purchaser. It generally specifies that the manufacturer and/or installer wil…
184	13. Part 2—Product Specification Guidance 13.1 Project Considerations. The BAS designer should include only products that will be used in the project. 13.2 Materials. In general, it is important to specify that the products and materials that are provided should be new and part of the manufacturer’s current product line and that they will be supported for at least five years. 13.3 Communication
185	13.4 System Architecture. The system architecture, topology, or arrangement of devices on the networks that makes up a BAS is a function of many decisions made by the BAS designer, system supplier, and owner. No one topology is universally the best f…
187	13.5 Communication Performance. BAS communication is tied most directly to specification Article 2.3, “Communication,” but also deals with other areas of the specification, most notably specification Article 1.9.
188	13.6 Network Management. Network management is an essential aspect of any networked control system. The management of data, computers, routers, and various other devices is required. Of particular importance is setting up all devices connected to the…
189	13.7 System Integrator. If using a system integrator to integrate systems using different protocols, the BAS designer will need to define the duties and functions of this service. At a minimum, the BAS designer should perform the following steps:
190	13.8 Operator Interface. This section describes what the system operator will see when they interface with the system. This discussion is tightly coupled with the controller software section that follows. 13.9 Physical System Connection. Virtually all BAS projects will be connected to the enterprise LAN. Direct physical connection to a BAS controller is normally only performed by the BAS technician during the installation and commissioning phases or i… 13.10 System Hardware. Depending on the project, the operator may access the BAS directly via an operator workstation or across a network by connecting to a webserver. In either case, the designer must specify a PC. PCs are commonly available devices…
191	13.11 System Software. This section only details the software that runs on the PC workstation. All of the other functions described under system applications are edited and archived at the PC workstation but are executed at the system controllers. Re…
192	13.12 System Applications
193	13.13 System Diagnostics. BASs should be able to diagnose their own problems. 13.14 Alarm Processing. One of the valuable services that a BAS can provide is to notify the operator when something has gone wrong. This section of the specification provides a method to set parameters that will generate an alarm. It also should dis… 13.15 Trend, Alarm, and Event Logs. The BAS should have the capability to store data in a list or log. These are used to record occurrences along with a record of the time and date of each occurrence. Trend logs look at system objects and record thei…
197	13.16 Workstation Application Editors. This section details how the applications that run on the system controllers should be set up and edited on the PC workstation.
199	13.17 Controller Software. This section concerns the software that runs the building and energy management applications. This software must reside and operate in the controllers that compose the network, not the PC operator workstations.
200	13.18 Standard Application Programs. The following specification paragraphs detail the requirements for several typical application programs: demand limiting, maintenance management, sequencing, proportional- integral-derivative (PID) control, stagge…
202	13.19 Building Controllers
207	13.20 Custom Application Controllers (CAC)
211	13.21 Application-Specific Controllers (ASC)
213	13.22 Input/Output Interface
216	13.23 Power Supplies and Line Filtering
217	13.24 Auxiliary Control Devices
221	13.25 Temperature Devices
223	13.26 Humidity Devices 13.27 Flow Switches. Flow switches are used to positively sense a moving medium. The two common options for assessing flow are a sail- or paddle-type switch in the fluid and a differential pressure switch. 13.28 Relays. Relays provide a means for one electrical source to switch a separate electrical circuit at the same or different voltage. The separate contacts on the device are known as poles; the number of connections each pole can make is known as …
224	13.29 Override Timers. Override timers are typically used to allow a building operator to override the “unoccupied” operation mode for a predetermined amount of time. These timers come in many forms, some more complicated than others. The specifi… 13.30 Power Monitoring
226	13.31 Hydronic Flowmeters. Flowmeters commonly used for commercial HVAC applications include the following types:
229	13.32 Thermal Energy Meter. Thermal energy meters (often called Btu meters when the output is measured in British thermal units) measure fluid flow, supply temperature, and return temperature to determine the thermal energy consumption (GJ, kWh [Btu]…
230	13.33 Equipment Status Sensing 13.34 Serial Communication. Equipment containing serial or network communication ports may also include the ability to communicate equipment status sensing. Additional information may also be used as part of the automated fault detection and diagnost… 13.35 Determination of On/Off Condition of Equipment
231	13.36 Pressure Devices
232	13.37 Electropneumatic Transducers. All modulated signals to pneumatic equipment from DDC controllers are produced by electropneumatic transducers. These convert the analog voltage or current signal by operating electric solenoid switches or valves t…
233	13.38 Pressure Gage. This simple, inexpensive component is valuable in troubleshooting and assessing the function of the system by the operator and service technician. It is well worth the additional cost. It also may be installed in the branch tubin… 13.39 Lock Up. Upon the loss of electrical power, the transducer will remain in its last position unless bleed-off is specified. 13.40 Local Control Panels. While the BAS’s building, custom application, and application-specific controllers are housed in their own control-panel enclosures. Auxiliary control devices, such as relays and transducers, also should be housed in loc…
235	13.41 Wiring and Raceways. Copper wiring, plenum cable, and raceway are normally specified in great detail in the Electrical division of the specification. Consistency in product specification of the wiring and raceway used by the controls subcontrac… 13.42 Fiber-Optic Cable System. Fiber optics is an alternative to a copper-wire-based communication media. Fiber-optic media can communicate farther and faster than copper. It is also immune to electrical noise, ground potential differences, and ligh… 13.43 Compressed-Air Supply—Pneumatic. Compressed-air supply systems are not required when there is no pneumatic control and actuation.
240	14. Part 3—Execution Specification Guidance 14.1 Examination. The contractor normally is not responsible for the resolution of project problems due to discrepancies, conflicts, or omissions in the design. A good contractor will endeavor to find such problems as soon as possible so that they ca…
241	14.2 Protection. This section reinforces the need for the contractor to turn over a system to the owner that is in new condition. During the construction process, the site is frequently not secured and is subject to dirt, weather, and theft. This sec… 14.3 Coordination. This section summarizes the responsibilities of the different subcontractors who provide any service or interface to the controls subcontractor during the course of installation and checkout. These traditional responsibilities incl…
243	14.4 General Workmanship. This section delineates the minimum acceptable standards for the installation of the BAS. This requires that all of the controls subcontractor’s work—and any work of their subcontractors—be performed in a neat, workman… 14.5 Field Quality Control. It has been customary to include the requirement that all aspects of an installation be monitored for conformance to the specification and codes. The method of monitoring and types of corrective actions are left up to the …
244	14.6 Existing Equipment. This section is only applicable to those projects involving renovations to existing facilities. In specifying the method of construction involved in renovation or retrofit, the BAS designer’s most important consideration is…
245	14.7 Integrating Existing and New Systems. The changeover from existing controls to the new BAS must be considered and coordinated carefully. As an existing system is presently running under the old BAS, the switchover must be performed to minimize t… 14.8 Scheduling. The building’s system can be operated during scheduled hours by time-clock devices or an existing BAS. It is important that the systems continue to operate under the programmed schedule while the new BAS is being installed.
246	14.9 Motor Starters. Older buildings and small mechanical systems may have motor control starters that are not wired for hand/off/auto control. Each of these starters must be modified for interconnection to the new BAS. 14.10 Penetrations. Work in an existing building will require wire penetration through existing walls. The BAS designer must ensure that there is a mechanism for fixing penetrated areas to the owner’s satisfaction. 14.11 Wiring
249	14.12 Fiber-Optic Cable System. Fiber-optic cabling requires special installation practices beyond what is specified here. The BAS designer may want to specify and insist on a few basic guidelines and practices. For example, ensure that the installat…
250	14.13 Control Air and Sensor Tubing
251	14.14 Installation of Sensors. Sensor installation can have a direct and harmful effect on sensor accuracy. Care must be taken to ensure that the sensor is installed as recommended by the manufacturer for the application.
252	14.15 Flow Switch Installation
253	14.16 Actuators. Actuators must be installed with enough clearance to allow for removal and servicing. When actuators are mounted in parallel, they should be actuated by the same signal or subordinate such that there is no lag between the positioning…
254	14.17 Warning Labels. Mechanical equipment (fans, pumps, chillers, boilers, compressors, etc.) operates under automatic remote control of the BAS or other devices. It may start or stop without any warning and represents a potential hazard to operatin… 14.18 Identification of Hardware and Wiring. Identification of hardware provides owners and operators of a system with an efficient method of identifying systems, equipment, and components for maintenance. Identification also enhances safety and allo…
255	14.19 Controllers
256	14.20 Programming
260	14.21 BAS Checkout and Testing. BAS checkout and testing must be performed by the controls subcontractor prior to acceptance by the owner. Checkout and testing verify that the system is complete and performs as designed. The contractor should
261	14.22 BAS Demonstration and Acceptance. It is important to demonstrate to the owner that the system and its components, as installed and previously tested, meet the requirements of the contract documents in all respects. Therefore, many of the tests …
262	14.23 Cleaning. This section describes special instructions for the controls subcontractor for cleanup and disposal of materials. The contractor is responsible for daily cleanup of the work area. This will ensure that areas are kept free of debris th…
263	14.24 Training. Training requirements for the BAS are different for each owner and will vary based on the experience and background of users. The proper amount and type of training will ensure that system operators are able to effectively operate the…
264	14.25 Refresher Course Training. It is recommended that refresher courses be conducted at appropriate intervals following system turnover or BAS acceptance (e.g., at 6 and 12 months). This may be limited by budget constraints and should be tailored t…
265	14.26 Sequences of Operation. This is the most important part of the design. This section of the specification is where the sequences of operation should be inserted when they are not shown on the drawings. It is important that these sequences be cle…
266	14.27 Control Valve Installation. A valve can be properly selected and sized and still be a failure if it is not properly installed. Globe valves and other linear-motion valves should be installed vertically. In this position, there is less bending m…
267	14.28 Hydronic Pressure Sensor Installation. The mechanical subcontractor typically provides fittings and valves for pressure transducers. The controls subcontractor must provide locations for these devices. 14.29 Control Damper Installation. The control dampers are typically installed by the sheet metal subcontractor but are supplied by the controls subcontractor. This work needs to be coordinated between the two subcontractors to ensure that properly s…
269	14.30 Fire/Smoke Damper Coordination. The application of smoke and combination smoke/fire dampers must be carefully considered and coordinated in order for these devices to accomplish their intended functions. Two major applications are as follows:
270	14.31 Duct Smoke Detection. Duct smoke detectors are required by most codes on air-handling equipment with capacities over 56.6 m3/min (2000 cfm). When there is a fire-alarm system in the building, the duct detection system is required to be connecte…
271	14.32 Taps and Wells. Pressure and temperature taps are an important aspect of the ability to commission and maintain a BAS. The sensors cannot have their calibration checked in place unless the sensed media can be measured by a second instrument and… 14.33 Application-Specific Controllers (ASCs) for Equipment Specified Under Other Sections. Packaged systems that are specified elsewhere often come bundled with their own microprocessor-based electronic controls. Examples include rooftop units (RTU)…
273	15. Valves and Dampers 15.1 General. Section 15 introduces basic BAS design concepts for the mechanical equipment that modulates flow—valves and dampers. Variable-frequency drives or pumped coils are alternative methods of controlling the medium flow but are beyond the s… 15.2 Control Valves
274	15.3 Dampers
276	16. References
278	Informative Appendix A: Sample Specification
280	Informative Appendix B: BACnet B1. What Is BACnet? B2. How Does BACnet Work? B2.1 What is Communicated? BACnet represents common building automation and control functions as collections of information called “objects.” Presently, BACnet defines 25 standard objects, including analog inputs and outputs, binary inputs and ou… B2.2 How to Communicate? BACnet defines methods for exchanging data. These methods are referred to as “services” and are used by system suppliers to exchange (read, write) information between systems. B2.3 How Are the Messages Transported on the Network? Whether dealing with local area networks (LANs) or wide area networks (WANs), BACnet can work over a variety of commonly available network technologies used in the DDC industry, including Ethernet… B3. Specifying B3.1 Data Exchange. The most basic level of interoperability is support for data exchange. This allows one device (either a controller or workstation) to view (read) or change (write) data that exist on another device. While the data exchange functio…
281	B4. BACnet/SC (Secure Connect) B5. Use Of BACnet for Legacy Systems
283	Informative Appendix C: Local Operating Network (LON) C1. What LonWorks IS C2. How LonWorks Works C3. LonWorks Standards C4. Technical Overview C4.1 Tier 1—Network Management, User Interfaces, Databases. LonWorks defines a common set of data types called “variables,” or “Standard Network Variable Types” (SNVTs), and configuration properties called “Standard Configuration Property… C4.2 Tier 2—Network Infrastructure. Tier 2 includes the set of connectivity, wiring, and related components of an interoperable system, such as routers, repeaters, media converters, etc. ISO and ANSI standards identify the necessary requirements fo…
284	C4.3 Tier 3—Network Devices and Equipment. Tier 3 includes the network media, protocol stack, and application layer guidelines that ensure interoperability at the physical layer, network layer, and application layer. Multiple media are available fo… C4.4 Tier 4—End Devices, Sensors, and Actuators. Tier 4 includes the device profile details for specific sensor and actuator data types as part of the LON protocol. It also includes the required details for units, range, resolution, control, monito… C5. How Was it Done?
285	C6. Design Criteria C7. Use of LonWorks for Legacy Systems C8. BAS Web Services Standard
286	Informative Appendix D: Interoperability Case Studies D1. Case Study #1
287	D2. Case Study #2
288	D2.1 Project Considerations: Alternative Protocols. Is it acceptable for a vendor to bid floor-level controls that do not support XYZ protocol? Yes, as long as the vendor supplies a gateway and makes the necessary information available to meet the de… D2.2 Project Considerations: Interoperability to Other Protocols. Many controls suppliers have drivers available to directly connect to the controls of several major equipment suppliers. This solution is acceptable as long as the appropriate informat…
289	Informative Appendix E: Performance Monitoring and Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) E1. What Is Performance Monitoring and Why Is It Important to the BAS Designer? E2. Performance Monitoring Option 1: Data Collection and Trending with Analysis on a Manual Basis E3. Performance Monitoring Option 2: Develop Manual Tools, Purchase a Software Application to Create X-Y Plots from Trend Log Data or Select a BAS Manufacturer that Supports THIS Functionality Natively
290	E4. Performance Monitoring Option 3: External Analysis of Device Information for Performance Monitoring Using a Third-Party Software Package E5. Benefits of Performance Monitoring
291	E6. Benefits of Incorporating FDD into a Performance Monitoring Plan
296	E6.1 Option 1: Create Alarms on the BAS for Fault Detection and Diagnosis. Option 1 FDD items can be reported as an alarm or use a manual process. For example, if the BAS is programmed to give an alarm when the fan status input does not match the fan… E6.2 Option 2: Purchase Equipment That Has Built-In FDD Capabilities. The device’s software routines include an onboard rules engine in a device such as an RTU or chiller that analyzes data to determine the nature of the internal fault.
297	E6.3 Option 3: Engage a Third-Party FDD Software Supplier to Provide FDD on an Automated Basis. Option 3 contains two suboptions. The FDD software supplier may have software to compare a device to one or more other devices (Option 3a) or to compare t…
298	E7. Combining Performance Monitoring Options with Fault Detection and Diagnosis Types E7.1 Combination Example 1: Implement Option 1 Performance Monitoring and Option 1 FDD. This simple example of manual performance monitoring and FDD is provided because the BAS designer’s owner may prefer a modest manual approach at first before im… E7.2 Combination Example 2: Implement Performance Monitoring Options 1 or 2 with FDD Option 2. Under this example, the mechanical designer will specify devices with onboard FDD. The BAS designer will then specify that the FDD data are trended and ala…
299	E7.3 Combination Example 3: Engage a Third-Party Software Supplier to Provide Both Performance Monitoring Option 3 and FDD Options 3a and 3b. Under this combination example, the owner would engage one or more third-party software vendors to provide t… E8. BAS Requirements to Implement Performance Monitoring and Fault Detection and Diagnosis E9. BAS Requirements to Implement Performance Monitoring and Fault Detection and Diagnosis
303	E10. Impact of the Performance Monitoring/FDD Option on BAS Design E10.1 Selection of Controlled Equipment. Equipment with packaged controls on a BAS project at Option 1 may allow for enable/disable, set-point changes, and a common alarm contact. This same equipment at Option 2 or Option 3 may require a network conn… E10.2 Server Requirements. Projects at Option 1 or Option 2 may not require a server to collect data. It may be sufficient to trend the data in the BAS panels. Because trending in BAS panels is limited by panel memory, the BAS designer can specify th… E10.3 Software License Options and Costs. The data volumes increase as one moves from specifying Option 1 to Option 3 as part of a BAS. Most BAS front-end software licenses are based on object count. There is normally an increase in software cost to … E10.4 Interoperability Considerations. BAS projects at Option 1 may only require one vendor’s equipment on the project. Option 2 or 3 projects may require chillers, boilers, meters, or other equipment with networking capabilities, implying that the…
304	E10.5 BAS Equipment Sophistication. Performance monitoring is not restricted to measuring utility consumption and demand. The BAS may act as a server to pass runtime or other information to other applications in the enterprise, such as the preventive… E10.6 Client/Server Capabilities. BASs are normally designed so that the field controls respond to a request from the front end for information on the status of a point or to receive an update to a schedule. The field controller is called the “serv… E10.7 Event Response. The client functionality required for Option 3 includes taking action in response to a trigger, such as initiating a demand response to deal with a real-time pricing signal from an energy service provider. These smart devices ma…
305	E10.8 The BAS as an Ongoing Commissioning as Well as a Performance Monitoring Tool. BASs used for Option 3 performance monitoring and FDD may have the capability to undertake commissioning on a regular basis. Under this process, the BAS would report … E10.9 The BAS as an Integral Component for Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD). Building designs are becoming more complex to meet sustainability requirements, such as those of LEED, Go Green™, or Green Globes™. BASs can help operators optimize m… E11. References
306	Informative Appendix F: Sources of Protocol-Specific Specification Language F1. BACnet F2. Konnex F3. LonMark F4. Modbus F5. Profibus F6. ZigBee
307	Informative Appendix G: Relevant ASHRAE Guidelines and Standards to Consider when Preparing a BAS Specification

ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook SI 2021

Sun, 20 Oct 2024 10:41:14 +0000

The 2021 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals covers basic principles and data used inthe HVAC&R industry. Its more than 1,000 pages cover basic principles suchas thermodynamics, psychrometrics, and heat transfer, and provide practicalguidance on building envelope, indoor environmental quality, load calculations,duct and piping system design, refrigerants, energy resources, sustainability,a new chapter on climate change, and more.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	SI_F2021 FrontCover
2	SI_F2021 FrontMatter
3	Dedicated To The Advancement Of The Profession And Its Allied Industries DISCLAIMER
10	SI_F21_Ch01 1. Composition of Dry and Moist Air 2. U.S. Standard Atmosphere
11	3. Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air
13	4. Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation
18	5. Humidity Parameters Basic Parameters Humidity Parameters Involving Saturation 6. Perfect Gas Relationships for Dry and Moist Air
19	7. Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature
20	8. Numerical Calculation of Moist Air Properties
21	Moist Air Property Tables for Standard Pressure 9. Psychrometric Charts
23	10. Typical Air-Conditioning Processes Moist Air Sensible Heating or Cooling Moist Air Cooling and Dehumidification
24	Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams Adiabatic Mixing of Water Injected into Moist Air
25	Space Heat Absorption and Moist Air Moisture Gains
26	11. Transport Properties of Moist Air 12. TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF WATER AT SATURATION
32	13. Symbols
33	References Bibliography
34	SI_F21_Ch02 1. Thermodynamics 1.1 Stored Energy 1.2 Energy in Transition
35	1.3 First Law of Thermodynamics 1.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics
37	1.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Refrigeration Cycles 1.6 Equations of State
38	1.7 Calculating Thermodynamic Properties
39	Phase Equilibria for Multicomponent Systems
40	2. Compression Refrigeration Cycles 2.1 Carnot Cycle
41	2.2 Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using a Pure Refrigerant or Azeotropic Mixture
42	2.3 Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle
43	2.4 Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixture
44	2.5 Multistage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles
45	2.6 Actual Refrigeration Systems
47	3. Absorption Refrigeration Cycles
49	4. Adsorption Refrigeration Systems 5. REVERSE BRAYTON CYCLE
51	6. REVERSE STIRLING CYCLE
52	7. Symbols
53	References
54	Bibliography
55	SI_F21_Ch03 1. Fluid Properties Density
56	2. Basic Relations of Fluid Dynamics Continuity in a Pipe or Duct Bernoulli Equation and Pressure Variation in Flow Direction
57	Laminar Flow Turbulence 3. Basic Flow Processes Wall Friction Boundary Layer
58	Flow Patterns with Separation
59	Drag Forces on Bodies or Struts Nonisothermal Effects
60	4. Flow Analysis Generalized Bernoulli Equation Conduit Friction
62	Valve, Fitting, and Transition Losses
63	Control Valve Characterization for Liquids Incompressible Flow in Systems
64	Flow Measurement
65	Unsteady Flow
66	Compressibility
67	Compressible Conduit Flow Cavitation
68	5. Noise in Fluid Flow 6. Symbols References
69	bibliography
71	SI_F21_Ch04 1. Heat Transfer Processes Conduction Convection
72	Radiation Combined Radiation and Convection Contact or Interface Resistance Heat Flux
73	Overall Resistance and Heat Transfer Coefficient 2. Thermal Conduction One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction
74	Two- and Three-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction: Shape Factors
76	Extended Surfaces
78	Transient Conduction
81	3. Thermal Radiation
82	Blackbody Radiation Actual Radiation
83	Angle Factor
84	Radiant Exchange Between Opaque Surfaces
86	Radiation in Gases
87	4. Thermal Convection Forced Convection
92	5. Heat Exchangers Mean Temperature Difference Analysis NTU-Effectiveness (e) Analysis
94	Plate Heat Exchangers Heat Exchanger Transients
95	6. Heat Transfer Augmentation Passive Techniques
99	Active Techniques
102	7. Symbols Greek Subscripts
103	References
105	Bibliography Fins Heat Exchangers
106	Heat Transfer, General
107	SI_F21_Ch05 1. Boiling Boiling and Pool Boiling in Natural Convection Systems
110	Maximum Heat Flux and Film Boiling Boiling/Evaporation in Tube Bundles Forced-Convection Evaporation in Tubes
116	Boiling in Plate Heat Exchangers (PHEs)
117	2. Condensing Condensation on Inner Surface of Tubes
121	Other Impurities 3. Pressure Drop Friedel Correlation
122	Lockhart and Martinelli Correlation Grönnerud Correlation Müller-Steinhagen and Heck Correlation Wallis Correlation
123	Recommendations Pressure Drop in Microchannels
124	Pressure Drop in Plate Heat Exchangers
126	4. Symbols
128	References
132	Bibliography
133	SI_F21_Ch06 1. Molecular Diffusion Fick’s Law Fick’s Law for Dilute Mixtures
134	Fick’s Law for Mass Diffusion Through Solids or Stagnant Fluids (Stationary Media) Fick’s Law for Ideal Gases with Negligible Temperature Gradient Diffusion Coefficient
135	Diffusion of One Gas Through a Second Stagnant Gas
136	Equimolar Counterdiffusion Molecular Diffusion in Liquids and Solids
137	2. Convection of Mass Mass Transfer Coefficient
138	Analogy Between Convective Heat and Mass Transfer
141	Lewis Relation
142	3. Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer Between Water-Wetted Surfaces and Air Enthalpy Potential Basic Equations for Direct-Contact Equipment
144	Air Washers
145	Cooling Towers Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils
146	4. Symbols
147	References Bibliography
152	SI_F21_Ch07 1. GENERAL 1.1 Terminology
153	1.2 Types of Control Action Two-Position Action
154	Modulating Control
155	Combinations of Two-Position and Modulating 1.3 Classification of Control Components by Energy Source Computers for Automatic Control 2. CONTROL COMPONENTS 2.1 Control Devices Valves
157	Dampers
159	Pneumatic Positive (Pilot) Positioners
160	2.2 Sensors and Transmitters Temperature Sensors Humidity Sensors and Transmitters
161	Pressure Transmitters and Transducers Flow Rate Sensors Indoor Air Quality Sensors Lighting Level Sensors Power Sensing and Transmission Time Switches 3.4 Specifying Building Automation System Networks
162	2.3 Controllers Digital Controllers Electric/Electronic Controllers
163	Pneumatic Receiver-Controllers Thermostats 2.4 Auxiliary Control Devices Relays
164	Equipment Status Other Switches Transducers
165	Other Auxiliary Control Devices 3. COMMUNICATION NETWORKS FOR BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
166	3.1 Communication Protocols 3.2 OSI Network Model 3.3 Network Structure BAS Three-Tier Network Architecture
167	Connections Between BAS Networks and Other Computer Networks Transmission Media
169	Communication Tasks 3.5 Approaches to Interoperability Standard Protocols Gateways and Interfaces 4. SPECIFYING BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
170	5. COMMISSIONING 5.1 Tuning Tuning Proportional, PI, and PID Controllers
171	Tuning Digital Controllers
172	Computer Modeling of Control Systems 5.2 Codes and Standards References Bibliography
174	SI_F21_Ch08 1. Acoustical Design Objective 2. Characteristics of Sound Levels Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level
175	Frequency Speed Wavelength Sound Power and Sound Power Level Sound Intensity and Sound Intensity Level
176	Combining Sound Levels Resonances Absorption and Reflection of Sound
177	Room Acoustics Acoustic Impedance 3. Measuring Sound Instrumentation Time Averaging Spectra and Analysis Bandwidths
179	Sound Measurement Basics Measurement of Room Sound Pressure Level
180	Measurement of Acoustic Intensity 4. Determining Sound Power Free-Field Method Reverberation Room Method
181	Progressive Wave (In-Duct) Method Sound Intensity Method Measurement Bandwidths for Sound Power 5. Converting from Sound Power to Sound Pressure
182	6. Sound Transmission Paths Spreading Losses Direct Versus Reverberant Fields Airborne Transmission Ductborne Transmission
183	Room-to-Room Transmission Structureborne Transmission Flanking Transmission 7. Typical Sources of Sound Source Strength Directivity of Sources Acoustic Nearfield
184	8. Controlling Sound Terminology Enclosures and Barriers Partitions
186	Sound Attenuation in Ducts and Plenums Standards for Testing Duct Silencers 9. System Effects
187	10. Human Response to Sound Noise Predicting Human Response to Sound Sound Quality Loudness
188	Acceptable Frequency Spectrum 11. Sound Rating Systems and Acoustical Design Goals A-Weighted Sound Level (dBA)
189	Noise Criteria (NC) Method Room Criterion (RC) Method Criteria Selection Guidelines
190	12. Fundamentals of Vibration Single-Degree-of-Freedom Model Mechanical Impedance Natural Frequency
191	Practical Application for Nonrigid Foundations
192	13. Vibration Measurement Basics 14. Symbols
193	References
194	Bibliography
196	SI_F21_Ch09 1. Human Thermoregulation
197	2. Energy Balance 3. Thermal Exchanges with Environment
198	Body Surface Area Sensible Heat Loss from Skin Evaporative Heat Loss from Skin
199	Respiratory Losses Alternative Formulations
200	Total Skin Heat Loss
201	4. Engineering Data and Measurements Metabolic Rate and Mechanical Efficiency
202	Heat Transfer Coefficients
203	Clothing Insulation and Permeation Efficiency
205	Total Evaporative Heat Loss Environmental Parameters
207	5. Conditions for Thermal Comfort
208	Thermal Complaints
209	6. Thermal Comfort and Task Performance 7. Thermal Nonuniform Conditions and Local Discomfort Asymmetric Thermal Radiation
210	Draft
211	Vertical Air Temperature Difference Warm or Cold Floors 8. Secondary Factors Affecting Comfort
212	Day-to-Day Variations Age Adaptation Sex Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms 9. Prediction of Thermal Comfort Steady-State Energy Balance
214	Two-Node Model
215	Multisegment Thermal Physiology and Comfort Models Adaptive Models Zones of Comfort and Discomfort
216	10. Environmental Indices Effective Temperature Humid Operative Temperature Heat Stress Index
217	Index of Skin Wettedness Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature
218	Wet-Globe Temperature Wind Chill Index
219	11. Special Environments Infrared Heating
220	Comfort Equations for Radiant Heating
221	Personal Environmental Control (PEC) Systems Hot and Humid Environments
222	Extremely Cold Environments
224	12. Symbols Codes and Standards
225	References
228	Bibliography
230	SI_F21_Ch10 1. Background
232	1.1 Health Sciences Relevant to Indoor Environment Epidemiology and Biostatistics Industrial, Occupational, and Environmental Medicine or Hygiene Microbiology Toxicology
233	1.2 Hazard Recognition, Analysis, and Control Hazard Control 2. Airborne Contaminants
234	2.1 Particles Industrial Environments Climate Change 3.6 Outdoor Air Ventilation and Health
235	Synthetic Vitreous Fibers Combustion Nuclei Particles in Nonindustrial Environments
236	Bioaerosols
238	2.2 Gaseous Contaminants Industrial Environments
240	Nonindustrial Environments
245	3. Physical Agents 3.1 Thermal Environment Range of Healthy Living Conditions
246	Hypothermia Hyperthermia Seasonal Patterns Increased Deaths in Heat Waves
247	Effects of Thermal Environment on Specific Diseases
248	Injury from Hot and Cold Surfaces 3.2 Electrical Hazards 3.3 Mechanical Energies Vibration Standard Limits
249	Sound and Noise
250	3.4 Electromagnetic Radiation Ionizing Radiation
251	Nonionizing Radiation
252	3.5 Ergonomics
253	References
259	Bibliography
260	SI_F21_Ch11 1. Classes of Air Contaminants
261	2. Particulate Contaminants 2.1 Particulate Matter Solid Particles Liquid Particles Complex Particles Sizes of Airborne Particles
263	Particle Size Distribution
264	Units of Measurement Harmful Effects of Particulate Contaminants Measurement of Airborne Particles
265	Typical Particle Levels Bioaerosols
267	Controlling Exposures to Particulate Matter 3. Gaseous Contaminants
269	Harmful Effects of Gaseous Contaminants Units of Measurement
271	Measurement of Gaseous Contaminants
272	3.1 Volatile Organic Compounds
274	Controlling Exposure to VOCs 3.2 Semivolatile Organic Compounds 3.3 Inorganic Gases
275	Controlling Exposures to Inorganic Gases 4. Air Contaminants by Source 4.1 Outdoor Air Contaminants
276	4.2 Industrial Air Contaminants
277	4.3 Commercial, Institutional, and Residential Indoor Air Contaminants
279	4.4 Flammable Gases and Vapors 4.5 Combustible Dusts
280	4.6 Radioactive Air Contaminants Radon
281	4.7 Soil Gases References
284	Bibliography
286	SI_F21_Ch12 1. Odor Sources 2. Sense of Smell Olfactory Stimuli
287	Anatomy and Physiology Olfactory Acuity 3. Factors Affecting Odor Perception Humidity and Temperature Sorption and Release of Odors Emotional Responses to Odors
288	4. Odor Sensation Attributes Detectability Intensity
289	Character
290	Hedonics 5. Dilution of Odors by Ventilation 6. Odor Concentration Analytical Measurement Odor Units
291	7. Olf Units References
293	Bibliography
294	SI_F21_Ch13 1. Computational Fluid Dynamics Mathematical and Numerical Background
296	Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Approaches Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
297	Direction Numerical Simulation (DNS) 1.1 Meshing for Computational Fluid Dynamics Structured Grids
298	Unstructured Grids Grid Quality Immersed Boundary Grid Generation Grid Independence
299	1.2 Boundary Conditions for Computational Fluid Dynamics Inlet Boundary Conditions
300	Outlet Boundary Conditions Wall/Surface Boundary Conditions
301	Symmetry Surface Boundary Conditions
302	Fixed Sources and Sinks Modeling Considerations 1.3 CFD Modeling Approaches Planning Dimensional Accuracy and Faithfulness to Details CFD Simulation Steps 1.4 Verification, Validation, and Reporting Results
303	Verification
305	Validation
306	Reporting CFD Results
307	2. Multizone Network Airflow and Contaminant Transport Modeling 2.1 Multizone Airflow Modeling Theory
308	Solution Techniques
309	2.2 Contaminant Transport Modeling Fundamentals Solution Techniques 2.3 Multizone Modeling Approaches Simulation Planning Steps
310	2.4 Verification and Validation Analytical Verification
311	Intermodel Comparison Empirical Validation
313	2.5 Symbols
314	References
316	Bibliography
318	SI_F21_Ch14 1. Climatic Design Conditions Station Information Annual Design Conditions
319	Monthly Design Conditions
320	Historical Trends
322	Data Sources
323	Calculation of Design Conditions
324	Differences from Previously Published Design Conditions Applicability and Characteristics of Design Conditions
325	2. Calculating Clear-sky Solar Radiation
326	Solar Constant and Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation Equation of Time and Solar Time Declination
327	Sun Position Air Mass Clear-Sky Solar Radiation
328	3. Transposition to Receiving Surfaces of Various Orientations Solar Angles Related to Receiving Surfaces
329	Calculation of Clear-Sky Solar Irradiance Incident on Receiving Surface 4. Generating Design-Day Data
330	5. Estimation of Degree-Days Monthly Degree-Days Annual Degree-Days
331	6. Representativeness of Data and Sources of Uncertainty Representativeness of Data
332	Uncertainty from Variation in Length of Record Effects of Climate Change Episodes Exceeding the Design Dry-Bulb Temperature
334	7. Other Sources of Climatic Information Joint Frequency Tables of Psychrometric Conditions Degree Days and Climate Normals Typical Year Data Sets
335	Observational Data Sets Reanalysis Data Sets
336	References
337	Bibliography
338	SI_F21_Ch15 1. Fenestration Components 1.1 Glazing Units
339	1.2 Framing
340	1.3 Shading 2. Determining Fenestration Energy Flow
341	3. U-Factor (Thermal Transmittance) Comparison Between Area-Weighted and Length-Weighted Methods
342	3.1 Determining Fenestration U-Factors Center-of-Glass U-Factor Edge-of-Glass U-Factor Frame U-Factor
343	Curtain Wall Construction 3.2 Surface and Cavity Heat Transfer Coefficients
350	3.3 Representative U-Factors for Doors
351	4. Solar Heat Gain and Visible Transmittance 4.1 Solar-Optical Properties of Glazing Optical Properties of Single Glazing Layers
353	Optical Properties of Glazing Systems
356	4.2 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Calculation of Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
357	Diffuse Radiation Solar Gain Through Frame and Other Opaque Elements
358	Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, Visible Transmittance, and Spectrally Averaged Solar-Optical Property Values Airflow Windows Skylights
369	Glass Block Walls Plastic Materials for Glazing 4.3 Calculation of Solar Heat Gain
370	Opaque Fenestration Elements 5. Shading and Fenestration Attachments 5.1 Shading
371	Overhangs and Glazing Unit Recess: Horizontal and Vertical Projections
372	5.2 Fenestration Attachments Simplified Methodology Slat-Type Sunshades
374	Drapery
375	Roller Shades and Insect Screens 6. Visual and Thermal Controls Operational Effectiveness of Shading Devices Indoor Shading Devices
390	Double Drapery 7. Air Leakage Infiltration Through Fenestration
391	Indoor Air Movement 8. Daylighting 8.1 Daylight Prediction
393	8.2 Light Transmittance and Daylight Use
394	9. Selecting Fenestration 9.1 Annual Energy Performance Simplified Techniques for Rough Estimates of Fenestration Annual Energy Performance
395	Simplified Residential Annual Energy Performance Ratings 9.2 Condensation Resistance
397	9.3 Occupant Comfort and Acceptance
398	Sound Reduction Strength and Safety Life-Cycle Costs
399	9.4 Durability 9.5 Supply and Exhaust Airflow Windows 9.6 Codes and Standards National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)
400	United States Energy Policy Act (EPAct) ICC’s 2015 International Energy Conservation Code ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2016 ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2014
401	ICC’s 2015 International Green Construction Code™ Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Building Code of Australia/National Construction Code Complex Glazings and Window Coverings 9.7 Symbols References
405	Bibliography
406	SI_F21_Ch16 1. MOTIVATION
407	Sources of Indoor Airborne Pollutants
408	Sustainable Building Standards and Rating Systems 2. Basic Concepts and Terminology
409	Outdoor Air Fraction Air Change Rate
410	Time Constants Age of Air Air Change Effectiveness 3. DRIVING MECHANISMS FOR INFILTRATION Stack Pressure
411	Wind Pressure
412	Interaction of Mechanical Systems with Infiltration
413	Combining Driving Forces Neutral Pressure Level
414	Thermal Draft Coefficient 4. Measurements OF VENTILATION AND INFILTRATION PARAMETERS Directly Measuring Air Change Rate
415	Decay or Growth Constant Concentration Constant Injection
416	Multizone Air Change Measurement Envelope Leakage Measurement Airtightness Ratings
417	Conversion Between Ratings 5. Residential Infiltration
418	Building Air Leakage Data Air Leakage of Building Components Leakage Distribution
420	Multifamily Building Leakage Controlling Air Leakage Empirical Models Multizone Models Single-Zone Models
421	Superposition of Wind and Stack Effects Residential Calculation Examples
423	Combining Residential Infiltration and Mechanical Ventilation Typical Practice 6. Residential Ventilation Types of Mechanical Ventilation in Residences
424	Local Exhaust
425	Whole-House Ventilation Air Distribution
426	Selection Principles for Residential Ventilation Systems 7. Commercial and Institutional Air Leakage Envelope Leakage
427	Air Leakage Through Internal Partitions Air Leakage Through Exterior Doors Air Leakage Through Automatic Doors
429	Air Exchange Through Air Curtains 8. Commercial and Institutional Ventilation Ventilation Rate Procedure Multiple Spaces
430	Survey of Ventilation Rates in Office Buildings 9. Office Building Example Location Building Occupancy Infiltration
431	Local Exhausts
432	Ventilation
433	10. Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Openings Ceiling Heights Required Flow for Indoor Temperature Control Airflow Through Large Intentional Openings Flow Caused by Wind Only
434	Flow Caused by Thermal Forces Only Natural Ventilation Guidelines
435	Hybrid Ventilation 11. Air Exchange Effect on Thermal Loads
436	Effect on Envelope Insulation Infiltration Degree-Days 12. DYNAMIC CONTROL OF VENTILATION Occupancy-Based Demand-Controlled Ventilation
437	Implementation in VAV Systems Averaging Time-Varying Ventilation Rates
438	Continuous Modulation-Equivalent Ventilation or “Smart” Ventilation 13. EXTREME CASES Protection from Extraordinary Events
439	Shelter in Place Safe Havens 14. Symbols
440	References
446	Bibliography
447	SI_F21_Ch17 1. Residential Features 2. Calculation Approach
448	3. Other Methods 4. Residential Heat Balance (RHB) Method 5. Residential Load Factor (RLF) Method 6. Common Data and Procedures
449	General Guidelines Basic Relationships Design Conditions
450	Building Data Load Components
454	7. Cooling Load Peak Load Computation Opaque Surfaces
455	Slab Floors Surfaces Adjacent to Buffer Space Transparent Fenestration Surfaces
456	Infiltration and Ventilation Internal Gain Air Distribution System: Heat Gain Total Latent Load
457	Summary of RLF Cooling Load Equations 8. Heating Load Exterior Surfaces Above Grade Below-Grade and On-Grade Surfaces Surfaces Adjacent to Buffer Space Ventilation and Infiltration Humidification Pickup Load
458	Summary of Heating Load Procedures 9. Load Calculation Example Solution
460	10. Symbols
461	References
463	SI_F21_Ch18 1. Cooling Load Calculation Principles 1.1 Terminology Heat Flow Rates
464	Time Delay Effect 1.2 Cooling Load Calculation Methods
465	1.3 Data Assembly
466	2. Internal Heat Gains 2.1 People 2.2 Lighting Instantaneous Heat Gain from Lighting
467	2.3 Electric Motors
469	Overloading or Underloading Radiation and Convection 2.4 Appliances Cooking Appliances
471	Hospital and Laboratory Equipment
472	Office Equipment
476	3. Infiltration and Moisture Migration Heat Gains 3.1 Infiltration
478	Standard Air Volumes
480	Heat Gain Calculations Using Standard Air Values
481	Elevation Correction Examples 3.2 Latent Heat Gain from Moisture Diffusion 3.3 Other Latent Loads 4. Fenestration Heat Gain 4.1 Fenestration Direct Solar, Diffuse Solar, and Conductive Heat Gains
482	4.2 Exterior Shading 5. Heat Balance Method 5.1 Assumptions 5.2 Elements
483	Outdoor-Face Heat Balance Wall Conduction Process Indoor-Face Heat Balance
484	Using SHGC to Calculate Solar Heat Gain
485	Air Heat Balance 5.3 General Zone for Load Calculation
486	5.4 Mathematical Description Conduction Process Heat Balance Equations
487	Overall HB Iterative Solution 5.5 Input Required
488	6. Radiant Time Series (RTS) Method 6.1 Assumptions and Principles 6.2 Overview
489	6.3 RTS Procedure
490	6.4 Heat Gain Through Exterior Surfaces Sol-Air Temperature Calculating Conductive Heat Gain Using Conduction Time Series
491	6.5 Heat Gain Through Interior Surfaces Floors 6.6 Calculating Cooling Load
499	7. Heating Load Calculations
505	7.1 Heat Loss Calculations Outdoor Design Conditions Indoor Design Conditions Calculation of Transmission Heat Losses
507	Infiltration 7.2 Heating Safety Factors and Load Allowances
508	7.3 Other Heating Considerations 8. System Heating and Cooling Load Effects 8.1 Zoning 8.2 Ventilation 8.3 Air Heat Transport Systems On/Off Control Systems Variable-Air-Volume Systems Constant-Air-Volume Reheat Systems
509	Mixed Air Systems Heat Gain from Fans Duct Surface Heat Transfer
510	Duct Leakage Ceiling Return Air Plenum Temperatures
511	Ceiling Plenums with Ducted Returns Underfloor Air Distribution Systems Plenums in Load Calculations 8.4 Central Plant Piping Pumps 9. Example Cooling and Heating Load Calculations 9.1 Single-Room Detailed Cooling load Example Room and Weather Characteristics
513	Cooling Loads Using RTS Method
522	9.2 The Effect OF Orientation on Peak Cooling Load Magnitude and TIME
525	9.3 effect of cooling load diversity on peak block load 9.4 Single-room detailed heating load example
526	9.5 conclusion 10. Previous Cooling Load Calculation Methods References
528	Bibliography
530	SI_F21_Ch19 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1.1 Models and Approaches Physics-Based (Forward) Modeling
531	Data-Driven (Inverse) Modeling 1.2 Overall Modeling Strategies
532	1.3 Simulating Secondary and Primary Systems 1.4 History of Simulation Method Development
533	1.5 Using Energy Models Typical Applications
534	Choosing Measures for Evaluation When to Use Energy Models ASHRAE Standard 209 Energy Modelers
535	1.6 Uncertainty in Modeling 1.7 Choosing an Analysis Method Selecting Energy Analysis Computer Programs
536	2. Degree-Day and Bin Methods 2.1 Degree-Day Method
537	Variable-Base Degree-Day Method
538	Sources of Degree-Day Data 2.2 Bin and Modified Bin Methods
539	3. Thermal Loads Modeling 3.1 Space Sensible Load Calculation Methods Heat Balance Method
540	Weighting-Factor Method
541	Comprehensive Room Transfer Function
542	Thermal-Network Methods Other Methods 3.2 Envelope Component Modeling Above-Grade Opaque Surfaces Below-Grade Opaque Surfaces
543	Fenestration Infiltration
544	Ventilation 3.3 Inputs to Thermal Loads Models Choosing Climate Data Internal Heat Gains Thermal Zoning Strategies
545	4. HVAC Component Modeling 4.1 Modeling Strategies Empirical (Regression-Based) Models
546	First-Principles Models
547	4.2 Primary System Components Boilers
548	Chillers Cooling Tower Model Variable-Speed Vapor-Compression Heat Pump Model Ground-Coupled Systems
549	4.3 Secondary System Components Fans, Pumps, and Distribution Systems
550	Heat and Mass Transfer Components
551	Application to Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils
552	4.4 Terminal Components Terminal Units and Controls
553	Underfloor Distribution Thermal Displacement Ventilation Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems 4.5 Modeling of System Controls
554	4.6 Integration of System Models
555	5. Low-Energy System Modeling 5.1 Natural and Hybrid Ventilation Natural Ventilation
556	Hybrid Ventilation 5.2 Daylighting
557	5.3 PASSIVE HEAting AND COOLING
558	6. OCCUPANT Modeling
559	6.1 METHODOLOGICAL BASIS Overview of Modeling Approaches
561	Occupant Behavior Models
562	6.2 OCCUPANT MODEL EVALUATION
564	6.3 APPLICATIONS IN BUILDING DESIGN AND OPERATION Selecting an Occupant Modeling Approach Occupant-Centric Building Design Applications
566	Additional Considerations for Occupant Model Application
567	6.4 OCCUPANT BEHAVIOR MODELING TOOLS AND DATA SETS Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools Occupant Behavior Data Sets
568	7. multi-scale Modeling 7.1 MODELING AT SUBBUILDING SCALE
569	7.2 MODELING AT BUILDING SCALE
570	7.3 MODELING AT DISTRICT SCALE 7.4 MODELING AT URBAN SCALE
571	7.5 MODELING AT REGIONAL AND NATIONAL SCALES
572	8. Data-Driven Modeling 8.1 Categories of Data-Driven Methods Empirical or “Black-Box” Approach Gray-Box Approach 8.2 Types of Data-Driven Models Steady-State Models
577	Dynamic Models 8.3 Model Accuracy and Goodness of Fit
578	8.4 Examples Using Data-Driven Methods Modeling Utility Bill Data Neural Network Models
579	8.5 Model Selection 9. MODEL CALIBRATION
581	9.1 BAYESIAN ANALYSIS 9.2 PATTERN-BASED APPROACH 9.3 MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION
582	10. Validation and Testing 10.1 Methodological Basis
583	Empirical Validation
584	Analytical Verification
585	Combining Empirical, Analytical, and Comparative Techniques Testing Model Calibration Techniques Using Synthetic Data
587	References
597	Bibliography
598	Analytical Verification
599	Empirical Validation
600	Intermodel Comparative Testing
601	General Testing and Validation
602	SI_F21_Ch20
603	1. Indoor Air Quality and Sustainability 2. Terminology Outlet Types and Characteristics
604	3. Principles of Jet Behavior Air Jet Fundamentals
607	Isothermal Radial Flow Jets Nonisothermal Jets
608	Nonisothermal Horizontal Free Jet Comparison of Free Jet to Attached Jet Air Curtain Units Converging Jets 4. Symbols References
609	Bibliography
611	SI_F21_Ch21 Head A initial – 1. Bernoulli Equation
612	Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 1.1 Head and Pressure Head C – Static Pressure Head C – Velocity Pressure Head C – Total Pressure Head C – Pressure and Velocity Measurements Head A cont – 2. System Analysis
614	Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 2.1 Pressure Changes in System
615	Head A cont – 3. Fluid Resistance Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 3.1 Friction Losses Head C – Darcy and Colebrook Equations
616	Head C – Roughness Factors Head C – Friction Chart Head C – Noncircular Ducts
619	Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 3.2 Dynamic Losses Head C – Local Loss Coefficients
620	Head C – Duct Fitting Database
621	Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 3.3 Ductwork Sectional Losses Head C – Darcy-Weisbach Equation Head A cont – 4. Fan/System Interface Head C – Fan Inlet and Outlet Conditions
622	Head C – Fan System Effect Coefficients Head A cont – 5. Mechanical Equipment Rooms Head C – Outdoor Air Intake and Exhaust Air Discharge Locations
624	Head C – Equipment Room Locations Head A cont – 6. Duct Design Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.1 Design Considerations Head C – HVAC System Air Leakage
627	Head C – Fire and Smoke Control Head C – Duct Insulation Head C – Physical Security Head C – Louvers Head C – Duct Shape Selection
629	Head C – Testing and Balancing Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.2 Design Recommendations Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.3 Design Methods
630	Head C – Noise Control Head C – Goals Head C – Design Method to Use
633	Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.4 Industrial Exhaust Systems
640	Head REF – References
642	Head REF – Bibliography
643	SI_F21_Ch22 1. Fundamentals 1.1 Codes and Standards 1.2 Design Considerations 1.3 General Pipe Systems Metallic Pipe Systems
647	Nonmetallic (Plastic) Pipe Systems Special Systems 1.4 Design Equations Darcy-Weisbach Equation
648	Hazen-Williams Equation Valve and Fitting Losses
650	Losses in Multiple Fittings Calculating Pressure Losses Stress Calculations
652	1.5 Sizing Procedure 1.6 Pipe-Supporting Elements
653	Hanger Spacing and Pipe Wall Thickness 1.7 Pipe Expansion and Flexibility
654	1.8 Pipe Bends and Loops L Bends
655	Z Bends U Bends and Pipe Loops Expansion and Contraction Control of Other Materials
656	Cold Springing of Pipe Analyzing Existing Piping Configurations 2. Pipe and Fitting Materials 2.1 Pipe Steel Pipe
657	Copper Tube Ductile Iron and Cast Iron Nonmetallic (Plastic)
660	2.2 Fittings 2.3 Joining Methods Threading Soldering and Brazing
661	Flared and Compression Joints Flanges
662	Welding Integrally Reinforced Outlet Fittings Solvent Cement Rolled-Groove Joints Bell-and-Spigot Joints Press-Connect (Press Fit) Joints Push-Connect Joints Unions 2.4 Expansion Joints and Expansion Compensating Devices
663	Packed Expansion Joints Packless Expansion Joints
664	3. Applications 3.1 Water Piping Flow Rate Limitations Noise Generation
665	Erosion Allowances for Aging Water Hammer 3.2 Service Water Piping
667	Plastic Pipe Procedure for Sizing Cold-Water Systems
668	Hydronic System Piping
669	Range of Usage of Pressure Drop Charts Air Separation
670	Valve and Fitting Pressure Drop
671	3.3 Steam Piping Pipe Sizes
672	Sizing Charts 3.4 Low-Pressure Steam Piping High-Pressure Steam Piping
674	Use of Basic and Velocity Multiplier Charts 3.5 Steam Condensate Systems Two-Pipe Systems
677	One-Pipe Systems 3.6 Gas Piping
678	3.7 Fuel Oil Piping Pipe Sizes for Heavy Oil
679	References
681	Bibliography
683	SI_F21_Ch23 1. Design Objectives and Considerations Energy Conservation Economic Thickness
685	Personnel Protection Condensation Control
687	2. INSULATION SYSTEM MOISTURE RESISTANCE Thermal Conductivity of Below-Ambient Pipe Insulation Systems
688	Freeze Prevention Noise Control
689	Fire Safety
690	Corrosion Under Insulation
691	3. Materials and Systems Categories of Insulation Materials
692	Physical Properties of Insulation Materials
693	Weather Protection
695	Vapor Retarders
696	Sheet Vapor Retarders
697	Alternative Non-Vapor-Retarding Systems
698	Pipe Insulation
700	Tanks, Vessels, and Equipment Ducts
703	4. Design Data Estimating Heat Loss and Gain Controlling Surface Temperatures
704	5. Project Specifications Standards
705	References
707	SI_F21_Ch24 1. Flow Patterns Flow Patterns Around Isolated, Rectangular Block- Type Buildings
709	Flow Patterns Around Building Groups
710	2. Wind Pressure on Buildings Approach Wind Speed
711	Local Wind Pressure Coefficients Surface-Averaged Wall Pressures
712	Roof Pressures Interference and Shielding Effects on Pressures
713	3. Sources of Wind Data Wind at Recording Stations Estimating Wind at Sites Remote from Recording Stations
714	4. Wind Effects on System Operation
715	Natural and Mechanical Ventilation
716	Minimizing Wind Effect on System Volume Flow Rate Chemical Hood Operation 5. Building Pressure Balance and Internal Flow Control Pressure Balance Internal Flow Control
717	6. Environmental Impacts of Building External Flow Pollutant Dispersion and Exhaust Reentrainment Pedestrian Wind Comfort and Safety
718	Wind-Driven Rain on Buildings 7. Physical and Computational Modeling Physical Modeling Similarity Requirements
719	Wind Simulation Facilities Designing Model Test Programs Computational Modeling
720	8. Symbols
721	References
725	Bibliography
726	SI_F21_Ch25 1. Fundamentals 1.1 Terminology and Symbols Heat
727	Air Moisture 1.2 Hygrothermal Loads and Driving Forces
728	Ambient Temperature and Humidity Indoor Temperature and Humidity Solar Radiation Exterior Condensation
729	Wind-Driven Rain Construction Moisture Ground- and Surface Water
730	Air Pressure Differentials 2. Heat Transfer 2.1 Steady-State Thermal Response
731	Surface-to-Surface Thermal Resistance of a Flat Assembly Combined Convective and Radiative Surface Heat Transfer Heat Flow Across an Air Space
732	Total Thermal Resistance of a Flat Building Assembly Thermal Transmittance of a Flat Building Assembly Interface Temperatures in a Flat Building Component Series and Parallel Heat Flow Paths
733	Thermal Bridging and Thermal Performance of Multidimensional Construction Linear and Point Thermal Transmittances 2.2 Transient Thermal Response
734	3. Airflow Heat Flux with Airflow
735	4. Moisture Transfer 4.1 Moisture Storage in Building Materials
736	4.2 Moisture Flow Mechanisms
737	Water Vapor Flow by Diffusion Water Vapor Flow by Air Movement Water Flow by Capillary Suction
738	Liquid Flow at Low Moisture Content Transient Moisture Flow
739	5. Combined Heat, Air , and Moisture Transfer 6. Simplified Hygrothermal Design Calculations and Analyses 6.1 Surface Humidity and Condensation 6.2 Interstitial Condensation and Drying Dew-Point Method
740	7. Transient Computational Analysis
741	7.1 Criteria to Evaluate Hygrothermal Simulation Results Thermal Comfort Perceived Air Quality Human Health Durability of Finishes and Structure Energy Efficiency
742	References
743	Bibliography
744	SI_F21_Ch26 1. Insulation Materials and Insulating Systems 1.1 Apparent Thermal Conductivity Influencing Conditions
746	1.2 Materials and Systems Glass Fiber and Mineral Wool Cellulose Fiber
747	Plastic Foams Cellular Glass Capillary-Active Insulation Materials (CAIMs) Transparent Insulation Vacuum Insulation Panels
748	Reflective Insulation Systems 2. Air Barriers
749	3. Water Vapor Retarders
750	4. Data Tables 4.1 Thermal Property Data 4.2 Surface Emissivity and Emittance Data 4.3 Thermal Resistance of Plane Air Spaces 4.4 Air Permeance Data
755	4.5 Water Vapor Permeance Data
756	4.6 Moisture Storage Data 4.7 Soils Data
759	4.8 Surface Film Coefficients/ Resistances
764	4.9 Codes and Standards References
767	SI_F21_Ch27 1. Heat Transfer 1.1 One-Dimensional Assembly U-Factor Calculation Wall Assembly U-Factor
768	Roof Assembly U-Factor Attics Basement Walls and Floors
769	1.2 Two-Dimensional Assembly U-Factor Calculation Wood-Frame Walls
770	Masonry Walls Constructions Containing Metal
771	Zone Method of Calculation Modified Zone Method for Metal Stud Walls with Insulated Cavities
772	Complex Assemblies
773	Windows and Doors 2. Moisture Transport 2.1 Wall with Insulated Sheathing
774	2.2 Vapor Pressure Profile (Glaser or Dew-Point) Analysis Winter Wall Wetting Examples
776	3. Transient Hygrothermal Modeling
778	4. Air Movement Equivalent Permeance References Bibliography
779	SI_F21_Ch28 1. Principles of Combustion Combustion Reactions Flammability Limits
780	Ignition Temperature Combustion Modes
781	Heating Value Altitude Compensation
783	2. Fuel Classification 3. Gaseous Fuels Types and Properties
785	4. Liquid Fuels Types of Fuel Oils
786	Characteristics of Fuel Oils
787	Types and Properties of Liquid Fuels for Engines 5. Solid Fuels
788	Types of Coals Characteristics of Coal
789	6. Combustion Calculations Air Required for Combustion
791	Theoretical CO2 Quantity of Flue Gas Produced Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas
792	Sample Combustion Calculations
793	7. Efficiency Calculations
795	Seasonal Efficiency 8. Combustion Considerations Air Pollution
796	Portable Combustion Analyzers (PCAs)
797	Condensation and Corrosion Abnormal Combustion Noise in Gas Appliances
798	Soot References
799	Bibliography
801	SI_F21_Ch29 1. Refrigerant Properties Global Environmental Properties
806	Physical Properties Electrical Properties Sound Velocity 2. Refrigerant Performance 3. Safety
809	4. Leak Detection Electronic Detection Bubble Method
810	Pressure Change Methods UV Dye Method Ammonia Leaks 5. Compatibility with Construction Materials Metals Elastomers
811	Plastics Additional Compatibility Reports References
812	Bibliography
813	SI_F21_Ch30
814	Fig. 1 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 12
815	Refrigerant 12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
816	Fig. 2 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 22
817	Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
818	Fig. 3 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 23
819	Refrigerant 23 (Trifluoromethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
820	Fig. 4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 32
822	Fig. 5 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 123
823	Refrigerant 123 (2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
824	Fig. 6 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 124
825	Refrigerant 124 (2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
826	Fig. 7 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 125
828	Fig. 8 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 134a
829	Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
832	Fig. 9 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 143a
834	Fig. 10 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 152a
835	Refrigerant 152a (1,1-Difluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
836	Fig. 11 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 245fa
838	Fig. 12 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant R-1233zd(E)
840	Fig. 13 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1234yf
842	Fig. 14 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1234ze(E)
844	Fig. 15 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 404A
846	Fig. 16 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 407C
847	Refrigerant 407C [R-32/125/134a (23/25/52)] Properties of Liquid on Bubble Line and Vapor on Dew Line
848	Fig. 17 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 410A
849	Refrigerant 410A [R-32/125 (50/50)] Properties of Liquid on Bubble Line and Vapor on Dew Line
850	Fig. 18 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 507A
852	Fig. 19 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia)
853	Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
854	Fig. 20 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 718 (Water/Steam)
855	Refrigerant 718 (Water/Steam) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
856	Fig. 21 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 744 (Carbon Dioxide)
857	Refrigerant 744 (Carbon Dioxide) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
858	Fig. 22 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 50 (Methane)
859	Refrigerant 50 (Methane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor Refrigerant 50 (Methane) Properties of Gas at 0.101 325 MPa (one standard atmosphere)
860	Fig. 23 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 170 (Ethane)
862	Fig. 24 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 290 (Propane)
864	Fig. 25 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 600 (n-Butane)
866	Fig. 26 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 600a (Isobutane)
868	Fig. 27 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1150 (Ethylene)
869	Refrigerant 1150 (Ethylene) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
870	Fig. 28 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1270 (Propylene)
871	Refrigerant 1270 (Propylene) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
872	Fig. 29 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 704 (Helium)
873	Refrigerant 704 (Helium) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor Refrigerant 704 (Helium) Properties of Gas at 0.101 325 MPa (one standard atmosphere)
874	Fig. 30 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen)
875	Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen) Properties of Gas at 0.101 325 MPa (one standard atmosphere)
876	Fig. 31 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 729 (Air)
877	Refrigerant 729 (Air) Properties of Liquid on the Bubble Line and Vapor on the Dew Line Refrigerant 729 (Air) Properties of Gas at 0.101 325 MPa (one standard atmosphere)
878	Fig. 32 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen)
879	Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen) Properties of Gas at 0.101 325 MPa (one standard atmosphere)
880	Fig. 33 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 740 (Argon)
882	Fig. 34 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Ammonia/Water Solutions Prepared by Kwang Kim and Keith Herold, Center for Environmental Energy Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park
884	Fig. 35 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Water/Lithium Bromide Solutions
885	Fig. 36 Equilibrium Chart for Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions
886	References Fig. 37 Specific Density of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide Fig. 38 Specific Heat of Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions Fig. 39 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide
891	SI_F21_Ch31 1. Salt-Based Brines Physical Properties
894	Corrosion Inhibition 2. Inhibited Glycols Physical Properties
895	Corrosion Inhibition
901	Service Considerations
902	3. Halocarbons 4. Nonhalocarbon, Nonaqueous Fluids
903	References Bibliography
904	SI_F21_Ch32 1. Desiccant Applications 2. Desiccant Cycle
906	3. Types of Desiccants Liquid Absorbents
907	Solid Adsorbents
908	4. Desiccant Isotherms 5. Desiccant Life 6. Cosorption of Water Vapor and Indoor Air Contaminants
909	References Bibliography
910	SI_F21_Ch33
914	SI_F21_Ch34 1. TYPES OF ENERGY, ENERGY DEFINITIONS, AND energy Characteristics Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Resources Energy Sources Versus Energy Resources Energy Forms and Their Energy Content
915	Environmental Considerations 1.1 On-Site Energy/Energy Resource Relationships Quantifiable Relationships and Performance Metrics
916	Intangible Relationships
917	1.2 Summary 2. Energy Resource Planning 2.1 Integrated Resource Planning (IRP)
918	2.2 Tradable Emission Credits 3. Overview of Global Energy Resources 3.1 World Energy Resources Production
919	Fossil Fuel Reserves Consumption
921	3.2 Carbon Emissions
922	3.3 U.S. Energy Use Per Capita Energy Consumption Projected Overall Energy Consumption
924	Outlook Summary 3.4 U.S. Agencies and Associations References Bibliography
925	SI_F21_Ch35 1. Definition 2. Characteristics of Sustainability Sustainability Addresses the Future Sustainability Has Many Contributors Sustainability Is Comprehensive Technology Plays Only a Partial Role
926	3. Factors Impacting Sustainability 4. Primary HVAC&R Considerations in Sustainable Design Energy Resource Availability
927	Fresh Water Supply Effective and Efficient Use of Energy Resources and Water Material Resource Availability and Management Embodied Energy and Embodied Carbon
928	Air, Noise, and Water Pollution Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal
929	5. Factors Driving Sustainability into Design Practice Climate Change Regulatory Environment
930	Evolving Standards of Care
931	Changing Design Process
932	Other Opportunities 6. Designing for Effective Energy Resource Use Energy Ethic: Resource Conservation Design Principles Energy and Power Simplicity Self-Imposed Budgets Design Process for Energy-Efficient Projects
933	Building Energy Use Elements
936	References
937	Bibliography
939	SI_F21_Ch36 1. Overview of Climate Science
940	Climate vs Weather Global Signatures of Climate Change Natural and Human Drivers of Climate Change
941	Causes of Observed Global Warming
942	Climate Change in the Distant Past Feedbacks in the Climate Systems
943	Changes in Climate System Related to Recent Global Warming
944	Observed Changes in Global Climate Conditions Station-level Trend Data
945	Future Changes in Climate
947	Projected Climatic Information for Use in Building Design and Analysis
948	Using Recent Measured Data Summary
949	2. Mitigating Climate Change
950	Reduce Carbon Emissions by Design and Construction
951	Perform Deep Energy Retrofits of Existing Buildings Reduce Carbon Emissions from Building Operations
952	Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and Building Electrification Cost of Avoiding GHG Emissions Refrigerants and Fluorinated Gases (F-Gases)
953	Geoengineering Technologies
954	Summary 3. Adapting to Climate Change An ASHRAE Framework for Risk-Aware Practice Adaptation and Related Terms
955	Chronic vs Acute Impacts of Climate Change Impacts on Envelope-Driven Loads Impacts on HVAC Systems
956	Impacts on Indoor Air Quality Operational Management and Design for Smoke Migration Risk from Wildfires
957	Existing Professional Activities Design Opportunities and Strategies
958	Resources for Adaptation Existing ASHRAE Resources 4. Conclusion 5. glossary
960	References
965	SI_F21_Ch37 1. Effects of Humidity and Dampness 2. Elements of Moisture Management
966	3. Envelope and HVAC Interactions 4. Indoor Wetting and Drying Understanding Vapor Balance
967	Hygric Buffering Student Residences and Schools
968	5. Vapor Release Related to Building Use Residential Buildings
969	Natatoriums
970	6. Indoor/Outdoor Vapor Pressure Difference Analysis
971	Residential Buildings
973	Natatoriums
974	7. Avoiding Moisture Problems
975	HVAC Systems Ground Pipes Building Fabric Building Envelope 8. Climate-Specific Moisture Management Temperate and Mixed Climates
976	Hot and Humid Climates Cold Climates 9. Moisture Management in Other Handbook Chapters
977	References
978	Bibliography
979	SI_F21_Ch38 1. Terminology
981	2. Uncertainty Analysis Uncertainty Sources Uncertainty of a Measured Variable
982	3. Temperature Measurement Sampling and Averaging
983	Static Temperature Versus Total Temperature 3.1 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers Sources of Thermometer Errors 3.2 Resistance Thermometers
984	Resistance Temperature Devices Thermistors Semiconductor Devices
985	3.3 Thermocouples
986	Wire Diameter and Composition
987	Multiple Thermocouples Surface Temperature Measurement Thermocouple Construction 3.4 Optical Pyrometry 3.5 Infrared Radiation Thermometers
988	3.6 Infrared Thermography 4. Humidity Measurement 4.1 Psychrometers 4.2 Dew-Point Hygrometers Condensation Dew-Point Hygrometers
989	Salt-Phase Heated Hygrometers 4.3 Mechanical Hygrometers
990	4.4 Electrical Impedance, Resistance, and Capacitance Hygrometers Dunmore Hygrometers Polymer Film Electronic Hygrometers Ion Exchange Resin Electric Hygrometers Impedance-Based Porous Ceramic Electronic Hygrometers Aluminum Oxide Capacitive Sensor Resistive Sensor 4.5 Electrolytic Hygrometers 4.6 Piezoelectric Sorption 4.7 Spectroscopic (Radiation Absorption) Hygrometers
991	4.8 Gravimetric Hygrometers 4.9 Calibration 5. Pressure Measurement Units 5.1 Instruments Pressure Standards
992	Mechanical Pressure Gages Electromechanical Transducers General Considerations
993	6. Air Velocity Measurement 6.1 Airborne Tracer Techniques 6.2 Anemometers Deflecting Vane Anemometers Propeller or Revolving (Rotating) Vane Anemometers Cup Anemometers Thermal Anemometers
995	Laser Doppler Velocimeters (or Anemometers) Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 6.3 Pitot-Static Tubes
996	6.4 Measuring Flow in Ducts
998	6.5 Airflow-Measuring Hoods 6.6 Vortex Shedding in Airflow Measurement
999	7. Flow Rate Measurement
1000	Flow Measurement Methods 7.1 Venturi, Nozzle, and Orifice Flowmeters
1002	7.2 Variable-Area Flowmeters (Rotameters)
1003	7.3 Coriolis Principle Flowmeters 7.4 Positive-Displacement Meters 7.5 Turbine Flowmeters 7.6 Electromagnetic (MAG) Flowmeters 7.7 Vortex-Shedding Flowmeters
1004	8. Air Infiltration, Airtightness, and Outdoor Air Ventilation Rate Measurement Carbon Dioxide 9. Carbon Dioxide Measurement 9.1 Nondispersive Infrared CO2 Detectors
1005	Calibration Applications 9.2 Amperometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors 9.3 Photoacoustic CO2 Detectors Open-Cell Sensors Optical (Shaft) Encoders
1006	Closed-Cell Sensors 9.4 Potentiometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors 9.5 Colorimetric Detector Tubes 9.6 Laboratory Measurements 10. Electric Measurement Ammeters Voltmeters
1007	Wattmeters Power-Factor Meters 11. Rotative Speed and Position Measurement Tachometers Stroboscopes AC Tachometer-Generators
1008	12. Sound and Vibration Measurement 12.1 Sound Measurement Microphones
1009	Sound Measurement Systems Frequency Analysis Sound Chambers Calibration 12.2 Vibration Measurement Transducers
1010	Vibration Measurement Systems Calibration 13. Lighting Measurement
1011	14. Thermal Comfort Measurement Clothing and Activity Level Air Temperature Air Velocity Plane Radiant Temperature Mean Radiant Temperature Air Humidity 14.1 Calculating Thermal Comfort
1012	14.2 Integrating Instruments 15. Moisture Content and Transfer Measurement Moisture Content
1013	Vapor Permeability Liquid Diffusivity
1014	16. Heat Transfer Through Building Materials Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductance and Resistance 17. Air Contaminant Measurement 18. Combustion Analysis
1015	18.1 Flue Gas Analysis 19. Data Acquisition and Recording Digital Recording
1016	Data-Logging Devices 20. Mechanical Power Measurement Measurement of Shaft Power Measurement of Fluid Pumping Power 20.1 Symbols
1017	Standards
1018	References
1020	Bibliography
1021	SI_F21_Ch39 1. Abbreviations for Text, Drawings, and Computer Programs Computer Programs 2. Letter Symbols
1024	3. Letter Symbols 4. Dimensionless Numbers 5. Mathematical Symbols
1030	6. Piping System Identification Definitions Method of Identification
1031	7. Codes and Standards
1033	SI_F21_Ch40
1035	SI_F21_Ch41
1065	SI_F21_Errata 2019 HVAC Applications 2020 HVAC Systems and Equipment
1070	Blank Page
1071	SI_F2021 IndexIX Abbreviations, F38 Absorbents Absorption Acoustics. See Sound Activated alumina, S24.1, 4, 12 Activated carbon adsorption, A47.9 Adaptation, environmental, F9.17 ADPI. See Air diffusion performance index (ADPI) Adsorbents Adsorption Aeration, of farm crops, A26 Aerosols, S29.1 AFDD. See Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD) Affinity laws for centrifugal pumps, S44.8 AFUE. See Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE) AHU. See Air handlers Air Air barriers, F25.9; F26.5 Airborne infectious diseases, F10.7 Air cleaners. (See also Filters, air; Industrial exhaust gas cleaning) Air conditioners. (See also Central air conditioning)
1072	Air conditioning. (See also Central air conditioning) Air contaminants, F11. (See also Contaminants) Aircraft, A13 Air curtains Air diffusers, S20 Air diffusion, F20 Air diffusion performance index (ADPI), A58.6 Air dispersion systems, fabric, S19.11 Air distribution, A58; F20; S4; S20 Air exchange rate Air filters. See Filters, air Airflow
1073	Airflow retarders, F25.9 Air flux, F25.2. (See also Airflow) Air handlers Air inlets Air intakes Air jets. See Air diffusion Air leakage. (See also Infiltration) Air mixers, S4.8 Air outlets Airports, air conditioning, A3.6 Air quality. [See also Indoor air quality (IAQ)] Air terminal units (ATUs) Airtightness, F37.24 Air-to-air energy recovery, S26 Air-to-transmission ratio, S5.13 Air transport, R27 Air washers Algae, control, A50.12 All-air systems Altitude, effects of Ammonia Anchor bolts, seismic restraint, A56.7 Anemometers Animal environments
1074	Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), S34.2 Antifreeze Antisweat heaters (ASH), R15.5 Apartment buildings Aquifers, thermal storage, S51.7 Archimedes number, F20.6 Archives. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Arenas Argon, recovery, R47.17 Asbestos, F10.5 ASH. See Antisweat heaters (ASH) Atriums Attics, unconditioned, F27.2 Auditoriums, A5.3 Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD), A40.4; A63.1 Automobiles Autopsy rooms, A9.12; A10.6, 7 Avogadro’s law, and fuel combustion, F28.11 Backflow-prevention devices, S46.14 BACnet®, A41.9; F7.18 Bacteria Bakery products, R41 Balance point, heat pumps, S48.9 Balancing. (See also Testing, adjusting, and balancing) BAS. See Building automation systems (BAS) Baseboard units Basements Bayesian analysis, F19.37 Beer’s law, F4.16 Behavior BEMP. See Building energy modeling professional (BEMP) Bernoulli equation, F21.1 Best efficiency point (BEP), S44.8 Beverages, R39 BIM. See Building information modeling (BIM) Bioaerosols Biocides, control, A50.14 Biodiesel, F28.8 Biological safety cabinets, A17.5 Biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11 Bioterrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Boilers, F19.21; S32 Boiling Brake horsepower, S44.8 Brayton cycle Bread, R41 Breweries Brines. See Coolants, secondary Building automation systems (BAS), A41.8; A63.1; F7.14
1075	Building energy modeling professional (BEMP), F19.5 Building energy monitoring, A42. (See also Energy, monitoring) Building envelopes Building information modeling (BIM), A41.8; A60.18 Building materials, properties, F26 Building performance simulation (BPS), A65.8 Buildings Building thermal mass Burners Buses Bus terminals Butane, commercial, F28.5 CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD) Cafeterias, service water heating, A51.12, 19 Calcium chloride brines, F31.1 Candy Capillary action, and moisture flow, F25.10 Capillary tubes Carbon dioxide Carbon emissions, F34.7 Carbon monoxide Cargo containers, R25 Carnot refrigeration cycle, F2.6
1076	Cattle, beef and dairy, A25.7. (See also Animal environments) CAV. See Constant air volume (CAV) Cavitation, F3.13 CBRE. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents CEER. See Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER) Ceiling effect. See Coanda effect Ceilings Central air conditioning, A43. (See also Air conditioning) Central plant optimization, A8.13 Central plants Central systems Cetane number, engine fuels, F28.9 CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Change-point regression models, F19.28 Charge minimization, R1.36 Charging, refrigeration systems, R8.4 Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents, A61 Chemical plants Chemisorption, A47.10 Chilled beams, S20.10 Chilled water (CW) Chillers Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F6.7 Chimneys, S35 Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), A35.44 Chocolate, R42.1. (See also Candy) Choking, F3.13 CHP systems. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Cinemas, A5.3 CKV. See Commercial kitchen ventilation (CVK) Claude cycle, R47.8 Cleanrooms. See Clean spaces Clean spaces, A19
1077	Clear-sky solar radiation, calculation, F14.8 Climate change, F36 Climatic design information, F14 Clinics, A9.17 Clothing CLTD/CLF. See Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF) CMMS. See Computerized maintenance management system (CMSS) Coal Coanda effect, A34.22; F20.2, 7; S20.2 Codes, A66. (See also Standards) Coefficient of performance (COP) Coefficient of variance of the root mean square error [CV(RMSE)], F19.33 Cogeneration. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Coils Colburn’s analogy, F4.17 Colebrook equation Collaborative design, A60 Collectors, solar, A36.6, 11, 24, 25; S37.3 Colleges and universities, A8.11 Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER), S49.3 Combined heat and power (CHP), S7 Combustion, F28
1078	Combustion air systems Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC), S7.21; S8.1 Comfort. (See also Physiological principles, humans) Commercial and public buildings, A3 Commercial kitchen ventilation (CKV), A34 Commissioning, A44 Comprehensive room transfer function method (CRTF), F19.11 Compressors, S38 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F13.1, F19.25 Computer-aided design (CAD), A19.6 Computerized maintenance management system (CMMS), A60.17 Computers, A41 Concert halls, A5.4 Concrete Condensate Condensation
1079	Condensers, S39 Conductance, thermal, F4.3; F25.1 Conduction Conductivity, thermal, F25.1; F26.1 Constant air volume (CAV) Construction. (See also Building envelopes) Containers. (See also Cargo containers) Contaminants Continuity, fluid dynamics, F3.2 Control. (See also Controls, automatic; Supervisory control)
1080	Controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage Controlled-environment rooms (CERs), and plant growth, A25.16 Controls, automatic, F7. (See also Control) Convection Convectors Convention centers, A5.5 Conversion factors, F39 Cooking appliances Coolants, secondary Coolers. (See also Refrigerators)
1081	Cooling. (See also Air conditioning) Cooling load Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF), F18.57 Cooling towers, S40 Cool storage, S51.1 COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP) Corn, drying, A26.1 Correctional facilities. See Justice facilities Corrosion Costs. (See also Economics) Cotton, drying, A26.8 Courthouses, A10.5 Courtrooms, A10.5 CPVC. See Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) Crawlspaces Critical spaces Crops. See Farm crops Cruise terminals, A3.6 Cryogenics, R47
1082	Curtain walls, F15.6 Dairy products, R33 Dampers Dampness problems in buildings, A64.1 Dams, concrete cooling, R45.1 Darcy equation, F21.6 Darcy-Weisbach equation Data centers, A20 Data-driven modeling Daylighting, F19.26 DDC. See Direct digital control (DDC) Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS), F36.12; S4.14; S18.2, 8; S25.4; S51 Definitions, of refrigeration terms, R50 Defrosting Degree-days, F14.12 Dehumidification, A48.15; S24 Dehumidifiers Dehydration Demand control kitchen ventilation (DCKV), A34.18 Density Dental facilities, A9.17 Desiccants, F32.1; S24.1
1083	Design-day climatic data, F14.12 Desorption isotherm, F26.20 Desuperheaters Detection Dew point, A64.8 Diamagnetism, and superconductivity, R47.5 Diesel fuel, F28.9 Diffusers, air, sound control, A49.12 Diffusion Diffusivity Dilution Dining halls, in justice facilities, A10.4 DIR. See Dispersive infrared (DIR) Direct digital control (DDC), F7.4, 11 Direct numerical simulation (DNS), turbulence modeling, F13.4; F24.13 Dirty bombs. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Disabilities, A8.23 Discharge coefficients, in fluid flow, F3.9 Dispersive infrared (DIR), F7.10 Display cases Display cases, R15.2, 5 District energy (DE). See District heating and cooling (DHC) District heating and cooling (DHC), S12 d-limonene, F31.12 DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS) DOAS. See Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) Doors Dormitories Draft Drag, in fluid flow, F3.5 Driers, S7.6. (See also Dryers) Drip station, steam systems, S12.14 Dryers. (See also Driers) Drying DTW. See Dual-temperature water (DTW) system Dual-duct systems Dual-temperature water (DTW) system, S13.1 DuBois equation, F9.3 Duct connections, A64.10 Duct design Ducts
1084	Dust mites, F25.16 Dusts, S29.1 Dynamometers, A18.1 Earth, stabilization, R45.3, 4 Earthquakes, seismic-resistant design, A56.1 Economic analysis, A38 Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP), S7.2 Economic performance degradation index (EPDI), A63.5 Economics. (See also Costs) Economizers ECOP. See Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP) ECS. See Environmental control system (ECS) Eddy diffusivity, F6.7 Educational facilities, A8 EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Effectiveness, heat transfer, F4.22 Effectiveness-NTU heat exchanger model, F19.19 Efficiency Eggs, R34 Electricity Electric thermal storage (ETS), S51.17 Electronic smoking devices (“e-cigarettes”), F11.19 Electrostatic precipitators, S29.7; S30.7 Elevators Emissions, pollution, F28.9 Emissivity, F4.2 Emittance, thermal, F25.2 Enclosed vehicular facilities, A16 Energy
1085	Energy and water use and management, A37 Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC), A38.8 Energy transfer station, S12.37 Engines, S7 Engine test facilities, A18 Enhanced tubes. See Finned-tube heat transfer coils Enthalpy Entropy, F2.1 Environmental control Environmental control system (ECS), A13 Environmental health, F10 Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) EPDI. See Economic performance degradation index (EPDI) Equipment vibration, A49.44; F8.17 ERF. See Effective radiant flux (ERF) ESPC. See Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC) Ethylene glycol, in hydronic systems, S13.24 ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Electric thermal storage (ETS) Evaluation. See Testing Evaporation, in tubes Evaporative coolers. (See also Refrigerators) Evaporative cooling, A53 Evaporators. (See also Coolers, liquid) Exfiltration, F16.2 Exhaust
1086	Exhibit buildings, temporary, A5.6 Exhibit cases Exhibition centers, A5.5 Expansion joints and devices Expansion tanks, S12.10 Explosions. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Fairs, A5.6 Family courts, A10.4. (See also Juvenile detention facilities) Fan-coil units, S5.6 Fans, F19.18; S21 Farm crops, drying and storing, A26 Faults, system, reasons for detecting, A40.4 f-Chart method, sizing heating and cooling systems, A36.20 Fenestration. (See also Windows) Fick’s law, F6.1 Filters, air, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Finned-tube heat-distributing units, S36.2, 5 Finned-tube heat transfer coils, F4.25 Fins, F4.6 Fire/smoke control. See Smoke control Firearm laboratories, A10.7 Fire management, A54.2 Fireplaces, S34.5 Fire safety Fish, R19; R32 Fitness facilities. (See also Gymnasiums) Fittings
1087	Fixed-guideway vehicles, A12.7. (See also Mass-transit systems) Fixture units, A51.1, 28 Flammability limits, gaseous fuels, F28.1 Flash tank, steam systems, S11.14 Floors Flowers, cut Flowmeters, A39.26; F37.18 Fluid dynamics computations, F13.1 Fluid flow, F3 Food. (See also specific foods) Food service Forced-air systems, residential, A1.1 Forensic labs, A10.6 Fouling factor Foundations Fountains, Legionella pneumophila control, A50.15 Fourier’s law, and heat transfer, F25.5 Four-pipe systems, S5.5 Framing, for fenestration Freeze drying, A31.6 Freeze prevention. (See also Freeze protection systems) Freeze protection systems, A52.19, 20 Freezers Freezing Friction, in fluid flow
1088	Fruit juice, R38 Fruits Fuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP), S7.22 Fuels, F28 Fume hoods, laboratory exhaust, A17.3 Fungi Furnaces, S33 Galleries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Garages Gases Gas-fired equipment, S34. (See also Natural gas) Gas vents, S35.1 Gaussian process (GP) models, F19.30 GCHP. See Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Generators Geothermal energy, A35 Geothermal heat pumps (GHP), A35.1 Glaser method, F25.15 Glazing Global climate change, F36 Global warming potential (GWP), F29.5 Glossary, of refrigeration terms, R50 Glycols, desiccant solution, S24.2 Graphical symbols, F38 Green design, and sustainability, F35.1 Greenhouses. (See also Plant environments) Grids, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Ground-coupled systems, F19.23 Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), A35.1 Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP), A35.30 GSHP. See Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) Guard stations, in justice facilities, A10.5 GWHP. See Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP) GWP. See Global warming potential (GWP) Gymnasiums, A5.5; A8.3 HACCP. See Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) Halocarbon Hartford loop, S11.3 Hay, drying, A26.8 Hazard analysis and control, F10.4 Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP), R22.4 Hazen-Williams equation, F22.6 HB. See Heat balance (HB) Health
1089	Health care facilities, A9. (See also specific types) Health effects, mold, A64.1 Heat Heat and moisture control, F27.1 Heat balance (HB), S9.23 Heat balance method, F19.3 Heat capacity, F25.1 Heat control, F27 Heaters, S34 Heat exchangers, S47 Heat flow, F25. (See also Heat transfer) Heat flux, F25.1 Heat gain. (See also Load calculations) Heating Heating load Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF), S48.6 Heating values of fuels, F28.3, 9, 10 Heat loss. (See also Load calculations)
1090	Heat pipes, air-to-air energy recovery, S26.14 Heat pumps Heat recovery. (See also Energy, recovery) Heat storage. See Thermal storage Heat stress Heat transfer, F4; F25; F26; F27. (See also Heat flow) Heat transmission Heat traps, A51.1 Helium High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, A29.3; S29.6; S30.3 High-rise buildings. See Tall buildings High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, R33.2 High-temperature water (HTW) system, S13.1
1091	Homeland security. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Hoods Hospitals, A9.3 Hot-box method, of thermal modeling, F25.8 Hotels and motels, A7 Hot-gas bypass, R1.35 Houses of worship, A5.3 HSI. See Heat stress, index (HSI) HSPF. See Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) HTST. See High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization Humidification, S22 Humidifiers, S22 Humidity (See also Moisture) HVAC security, A61 Hybrid inverse change point model, F19.31 Hybrid ventilation, F19.26 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), R1.1 Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), R1.1 Hydrogen, liquid, R47.3 Hydronic systems, S35. (See also Water systems) Hygrometers, F7.9; F37.10, 11 Hygrothermal loads, F25.2 Hygrothermal modeling, F25.15; F27.10 IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ) IBD. See Integrated building design (IBD) Ice Ice makers Ice rinks, A5.5; R44 ID50‚ mean infectious dose, A61.9 Ignition temperatures of fuels, F28.2 IGUs. See Insulating glazing units (IGUs) Illuminance, F37.31 Indoor airflow, A59.1
1092	Indoor air quality (IAQ). (See also Air quality) Indoor environmental modeling, F13 Indoor environmental quality (IEQ), kitchens, A33.20. (See also Air quality) Indoor swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums) Induction Industrial applications Industrial environments, A15, A32; A33 Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Industrial hygiene, F10.3 Infiltration. (See also Air leakage) Infrared applications In-room terminal systems Instruments, F14. (See also specific instruments or applications) Insulating glazing units (IGUs), F15.5 Insulation, thermal
1093	Integrated building design (IBD), A60.1 Integrated project delivery (IPD), A60.1 Integrated project delivery and building design, Intercoolers, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.12 Internal heat gains, F19.13 Jacketing, insulation, R10.7 Jails, A10.4 Joule-Thomson cycle, R47.6 Judges’ chambers, A10.5 Juice, R38.1 Jury facilities, A10.5 Justice facilities, A10 Juvenile detention facilities, A10.1. (See also Family courts) K-12 schools, A8.3 Kelvin’s equation, F25.11 Kirchoff’s law, F4.12 Kitchens, A34 Kleemenko cycle, R47.13 Krypton, recovery, R47.18 Laboratories, A17 Laboratory information management systems (LIMS), A10.8 Lakes, heat transfer, A35.37 Laminar flow Large eddy simulation (LES), turbulence modeling, F13.3; F24.13 Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA), F37.17 Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV), F37.17 Latent energy change materials, S51.2 Laundries LCR. See Load collector ratio (LCR) LD50‚ mean lethal dose, A61.9 LDA. See Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA) LDV. See Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV) LE. See Life expectancy (LE) rating Leakage
1094	Leakage function, relationship, F16.15 Leak detection of refrigerants, F29.9 Legionella pneumophila, A50.15; F10.7 Legionnaires’ disease. See Legionella pneumophila LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES) Lewis relation, F6.9; F9.4 Libraries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Life expectancy (LE) rating, film, A23.3 Lighting Light measurement, F37.31 LIMS. See Laboratory information management systems (LIMS) Linde cycle, R47.6 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), S8.6 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F28.5 Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R4 Lithium bromide/water, F30.71 Lithium chloride, S24.2 LNG. See Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Load calculations Load collector ratio (LCR), A36.22 Local exhaust. See Exhaust Loss coefficients Louvers, F15.33 Low-temperature water (LTW) system, S13.1 LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) LTW. See Low-temperature water (LTW) system Lubricants, R6.1; R12. (See also Lubrication; Oil) Lubrication, R12 Mach number, S38.32 Maintenance. (See also Operation and maintenance) Makeup air units, S28.8 Malls, 12.7 Manometers, differential pressure readout, A39.25 Manufactured homes, A1.9 Masonry, insulation, F26.7. (See also Building envelopes) Mass transfer, F6
1095	Mass-transit systems McLeod gages, F37.13 Mean infectious dose (ID50), A61.9 Mean lethal dose (LD50), A61.9 Mean temperature difference, F4.22 Measurement, F36. (See also Instruments) Measurement, F37. (See also Instruments) Meat, R30 Mechanical equipment room, central Mechanical traps, steam systems, S11.8 Medium-temperature water (MTW) system, S13.1 Megatall buildings, A4.1 Meshes, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Metabolic rate, F9.6 Metals and alloys, low-temperature, R48.6 Microbial growth, R22.4 Microbial volatile organic chemicals (MVOCs), F10.8 Microbiology of foods, R22.1 Microphones, F37.29 Mines, A30 Modeling. (See also Data-driven modeling; Energy, modeling) Model predictive control (MPC), A65.6 Moist air Moisture (See also Humidity) Mold, A64.1; F25.16 Mold-resistant gypsum board, A64.7
1096	Molecular sieves, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Zeolites) Montreal Protocol, F29.1 Morgues, A9.1 Motors, S45 Movie theaters, A5.3 MPC (model predictive control), A65.6 MRT. See Mean radiant temperature (MRT) Multifamily residences, A1.8 Multiple-use complexes Multisplit unitary equipment, S48.1 Multizone airflow modeling, F13.14 Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries MVOCs. See Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) Natatoriums. (See also Swimming pools) Natural gas, F28.5 Navier-Stokes equations, F13.2 NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curves Net positive suction head (NPSH), A35.31; R2.9; S44.10 Network airflow models, F19.25 Neutral pressure level (NPL), A4.1 Night setback, recovery, A43.44 Nitrogen Noise, F8.13. (See also Sound) Noise criterion (NC) curves, F8.16 Noncondensable gases Normalized mean bias error (NMBE), F19.33 NPL. See Neutral pressure level (NPL) NPSH. See Net positive suction head (NPSH) NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU) Nuclear facilities, A29 Number of transfer units (NTU) Nursing facilities, A9.17 Nuts, storage, R42.7 Odors, F12 ODP. See Ozone depletion potential (ODP) Office buildings Oil, fuel, F28.7 Oil. (See also Lubricants) Olf unit, F12.6 One-pipe systems Operating costs, A38.4 Operation and maintenance, A39. (See also Maintenance) OPR. See Owner’s project requirements (OPR) Optimization, A43.4
1097	Outdoor air, free cooling (See also Ventilation) Outpatient health care facilities, A9.16 Owning costs, A38.1 Oxygen Ozone Ozone depletion potential (ODP), F29.5 PACE. (See Property assessment for clean energy) Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), S49.5 Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), S49.5 PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Paint, and moisture problems, F25.16 Panel heating and cooling, S6. (See also Radiant heating and cooling) Paper Paper products facilities, A27 Parallel compressor systems, R15.14 Particulate matter, indoor air quality (IAQ), F10.5 Passive heating, F19.27 Pasteurization, R33.2 Peak dew point, A64.10 Peanuts, drying, A26.9 PEC systems. See Personal environmental control (PEC) systems PEL. See Permissible exposure limits (PEL) Performance contracting, A42.2 Performance monitoring, A48.6 Permafrost stabilization, R45.4 Permeability Permeance Permissible exposure limits (PELs), F10.5 Personal environmental control (PEC) systems, F9.26 Pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11 Pharmacies, A9.13 Phase-change materials, thermal storage in, S51.16, 27 Photographic materials, A23 Photovoltaic (PV) systems, S36.18. (See also Solar energy) Physical properties of materials, F33 Physiological principles, humans. (See also Comfort) Pigs. See Swine Pipes. (See also Piping) Piping. (See also Pipes)
1098	Pitot tubes, A39.2; F37.17 Places of assembly, A5 Planes. See Aircraft Plank’s equation, R20.7 Plant environments, A25.10 Plenums PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV) Police stations, A10.1 Pollutant transport modeling. See Contami- nants, indoor, concentration prediction Pollution Pollution, air, and combustion, F28.9, 17 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), F10.6 Polydimethylsiloxane, F31.12 Ponds, spray, S40.6 Pope cell, F37.12 Positive building pressure, A64.11 Positive positioners, F7.8 Potatoes Poultry. (See also Animal environments) Power grid, A63.9 Power-law airflow model, F13.14 Power plants, A28 PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD) Prandtl number, F4.17 Precooling Predicted mean vote (PMV), F37.32 Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F9.18 Preschools, A8.1 Pressure Pressure drop. (See also Darcy-Weisbach equation) Primary-air systems, S5.10 Printing plants, A21
1099	Prisons, A10.4 Produce Product load, R15.6 Propane Property assessment for clean energy (PACE), A38.9 Propylene glycol, hydronic systems, S13.24 Psychrometers, F1.13 Psychrometrics, F1 PTACs. See Packaged terminal air condition- ers (PTACs) PTHPs. See Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs) Public buildings. See Commercial and public buildings; Places of assembly Pumps Pumps, F19.18 Purge units, centrifugal chillers, S43.11 PV systems. See Photovoltaic (PV) systems; Solar energy Radiant heating and cooling, A55; S6.1; S15; S33.4. (See also Panel heating and cooling) Radiant time series (RTS) method, F18.2, 22 Radiation Radiators, S36.1, 5 Radioactive gases, contaminants, F11.21 Radiosity method, F19.26 Radon, F10.16, 22 Rail cars, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Railroad tunnels, ventilation Rain, and building envelopes, F25.4 RANS. See Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation Rapid-transit systems. See Mass-transit systems Rayleigh number, F4.20 Ray tracing method, F19.27 RC curves. See Room criterion (RC) curves Receivers Recycling refrigerants, R9.3 Refrigerant/absorbent pairs, F2.15 Refrigerant control devices, R11
1100	Refrigerants, F29.1 Refrigerant transfer units (RTU), liquid chillers, S43.11 Refrigerated facilities, R23 Refrigeration, F1.16. (See also Absorption; Adsorption)
1101	Refrigeration oils, R12. (See also Lubricants) Refrigerators Regulators. (See also Valves) Relative humidity, F1.12 Residential health care facilities, A9.17 Residential systems, A1 Resistance, thermal, F4; F25; F26. (See also R-values) Resistance temperature devices (RTDs), F7.9; F37.6 Resistivity, thermal, F25.1 Resource utilization factor (RUF), F34.2 Respiration of fruits and vegetables, R19.17 Restaurants Retail facilities, 12 Retrofit performance monitoring, A42.4 Retrofitting refrigerant systems, contaminant control, S7.9 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, F13.3; F24.13 Reynolds number, F3.3 Rice, drying, A26.9 RMS. See Root mean square (RMS) Road tunnels, A16.3 Roofs, U-factors, F27.2 Room air distribution, A58; S20.1 Room criterion (RC) curves, F8.16 Root mean square (RMS), F37.1 RTDs. See Resistance temperature devices (RTDs) RTS. See Radiant time series (RTS) RTU. See Refrigerant transfer units (RTU) RUF. See Resource utilization factor (RUF) Rusting, of building components, F25.16 R-values, F23; F25; F26. (See also Resistance, thermal) Safety Sanitation Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR), A38.12 Savings-to-investment-ratio (SIR), A38.12 Scale Schneider system, R23.7 Schools Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) Security. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
1102	Seeds, storage, A26.12 SEER. See Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) Seismic restraint, A49.53; A56.1 Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), F10.4, 12; F11.15 Sensors Separators, lubricant, R11.23 Service water heating, A51 SES. See Subway environment simulation (SES) program Set points, A65.1 Shading Ships, A13 Shooting ranges, indoor, A10.8 Short-tube restrictors, R11.31 Silica gel, S24.1, 4, 6, 12 Single-duct systems, all-air, S4.11 SIR. See Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) Skating rinks, R44.1 Skylights, and solar heat gain, F15.21 Slab heating, A52 Slab-on-grade foundations, A45.11 SLR. See Solar-load ratio (SLR) Smart building systems, A63.1 Smart grid, A63.9, 11 Smoke control, A54 Snow-melting systems, A52 Snubbers, seismic, A56.8 Sodium chloride brines, F31.1 Soft drinks, R39.10 Software, A65.7 Soils. (See also Earth) Solar energy, A36; S37.1 (See also Solar heat gain; Solar radiation)
1103	Solar heat gain, F15.14; F18.16 Solar-load ratio (SLR), A36.22 Solar-optical glazing, F15.14 Solar radiation, F14.8; F15.14 Solid fuel Solvent drying, constant-moisture, A31.7 Soot, F28.20 Sorbents, F32.1 Sorption isotherm, F25.10; F26.20 Sound, F8. (See also Noise) Soybeans, drying, A26.7 Specific heat Split-flux method, F19.26 Spot cooling Stack effect Stadiums, A5.4 Stairwells Standard atmosphere, U.S., F1.1 Standards, A66. (See also Codes) Static air mixers, S4.8 Static electricity and humidity, S22.2
1104	Steam Steam systems, S11 Steam traps, S11.7 Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F4.2, 12 Stevens’ law, F12.3 Stirling cycle, R47.14 Stokers, S31.17 Storage Stoves, heating, S34.5 Stratification Stroboscopes, F37.28 Subcoolers Subway environment simulation (SES) program, A16.3 Subway systems. (See also Mass-transit systems) Suction risers, R2.24 Sulfur content, fuel oils, F28.9 Superconductivity, diamagnetism, R47.5 Supermarkets. See Retail facilities, supermarkets Supertall buildings, A4.1 Supervisory control, A43 Supply air outlets, S20.2. (See also Air outlets) Surface effect. See Coanda effect Surface transportation Surface water heat pump (SWHP), A35.3 Sustainability, F16.1; F35.1; S48.2 SVFs. See Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) SVOCs. See Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) SWHP. See Surface water heat pump (SWHP) Swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums) Swine, recommended environment, A25.7 Symbols, F38 Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F10.6 TABS. See Thermally activated building systems (TABS)
1105	Tachometers, F37.28 Tall buildings, A4 Tanks, secondary coolant systems, R13.2 TDD. See Tubular daylighting devices Telecomunication facilities, air-conditioning systems, A20.1 Temperature Temperature-controlled transport, R25.1 Temperature index, S22.3 Terminal units. [See also Air terminal units (ATUs)], A48.13, F19.16; S20.7 Terminology, of refrigeration, R50 Terrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents TES. See Thermal energy storage (TES) Testing Testing, adjusting, and balancing. (See also Balancing) TETD/TA. See Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA) TEWI. See Total equivalent warning impact (TEWI) Textile processing plants, A22 TFM. See Transfer function method (TFM) Theaters, A5.3 Thermal bridges, F25.8 Thermal comfort. See Comfort Thermal displacement ventilation (TDV), F19.17 Thermal emittance, F25.2 Thermal energy storage (TES), S8.6; S51
1106	Thermally activated building systems (TABS), A43.3, 34 Thermal-network method, F19.11 Thermal properties, F26.1 Thermal resistivity, F25.1 Thermal storage, Thermal storage. See Thermal energy storage (TES) S51 Thermal transmission data, F26 Thermal zones, F19.14 Thermistors, R11.4 Thermodynamics, F2.1 Thermometers, F37.5 Thermopile, F7.4; F37.9; R45.4 Thermosiphons Thermostats Three-dimensional (3D) printers, F11.18 Three-pipe distribution, S5.6 Tobacco smoke Tollbooths Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA), F18.57 Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), F29.5 Trailers and trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Transducers, F7.10, 13 Transfer function method (TFM); F18.57; F19.3 Transmittance, thermal, F25.2 Transmitters, F7.9, 10 Transpiration, R19.19 Transportation centers Transport properties of refrigerants, F30 Traps Trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Tubular daylighting devices (TDDs), F15.30 Tuning automatic control systems, F7.19 Tunnels, vehicular, A16.1 Turbines, S7 Turbochargers, heat recovery, S7.34 Turbulence modeling, F13.3 Turbulent flow, fluids, F3.3 Turndown ratio, design capacity, S13.4 Two-node model, for thermal comfort, F9.18 Two-pipe systems, S5.5; S13.20 U.S. Marshal spaces, A10.6 U-factor Ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, S29.6; S30.3 Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems, S17
1107	Ultraviolet air and surface treatment, A62 Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A60.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems] Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A62.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems] Uncertainty analysis Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems, A4.6; A58.14; F19.17 Unitary systems, S48 Unit heaters. See Heaters Units and conversions, F39 Unit ventilators, S28.1 Utility interface, electric, S7.43 Utility rates, A63.11 UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems UVGI. See Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) Vacuum cooling, of fruits and vegetables, R28.9 Validation, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Valves. (See also Regulators) Vaporization systems, S8.6 Vapor pressure, F27.8; F33.2 Vapor retarders, jackets, F23.12 Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Variable-frequency drives, S45.14 Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), S18.1; S48.1, 14 Variable-speed drives. See Variable-frequency drives S51 VAV. See Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Vegetables, R37 Vehicles Vena contracta, F3.4 Vending machines, R16.5 Ventilation, F16
1108	Ventilators Venting Verification, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.11 Vibration, F8.17 Viral pathogens, F10.9 Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat release rate, A30.3 Viscosity, F3.1 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), F10.11 Voltage, A57.1 Volume ratio, compressors VRF. See Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) VRT. See Virgin rock temperature (VRT) Walls Warehouses, A3.8 Water Water heaters Water horsepower, pump, S44.7 Water/lithium bromide absorption Water-source heat pump (WSHP), S2.4; S48.11 Water systems, S13
1109	Water treatment, A50 Water use and management (See Energy and water use and management) Water vapor control, A45.6 Water vapor permeance/permeability, F26.12, 17, 18 Water vapor retarders, F26.6 Water wells, A35.30 Weather data, F14 Weatherization, F16.18 Welding sheet metal, S19.12 Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat stress, A32.5 Wheels, rotary enthalpy, S26.9 Whirlpools and spas Wien’s displacement law, F4.12 Wind. (See also Climatic design information; Weather data) Wind chill index, F9.23 Windows. (See also Fenestration) Wind restraint design, A56.15 Wineries Wireless sensors, A63.7 Wood construction, and moisture, F25.10 Wood products facilities, A27.1 Wood pulp, A27.2 Wood stoves, S34.5 WSHP. See Water-source heat pump (WSHP) Xenon, R47.18 Zeolites, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Molecular sieves)

ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook IP 2021

Sun, 20 Oct 2024 10:41:13 +0000

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	I-P_F2021 FrontCover
2	I-P_F2021 FrontMatter
3	Dedicated To The Advancement Of The Profession And Its Allied Industries DISCLAIMER
10	I-P_F21_Ch01 1. Composition of Dry and Moist Air 2. U.S. Standard Atmosphere
11	3. Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air
21	4. Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation
22	5. Humidity Parameters Basic Parameters Humidity Parameters Involving Saturation
23	6. Perfect Gas Relationships for Dry and Moist Air
24	7. Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature
25	8. Numerical Calculation of Moist Air Properties Moist Air Property Tables for Standard Pressure 9. Psychrometric Charts
26	10. Typical Air-Conditioning Processes Moist Air Sensible Heating or Cooling Moist Air Cooling and Dehumidification
28	Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams
29	Adiabatic Mixing of Water Injected into Moist Air Space Heat Absorption and Moist Air Moisture Gains
30	11. Transport Properties of Moist Air
35	12. TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF WATER AT SATURATION
36	13. Symbols
41	References
42	Bibliography
43	I-P_F21_Ch02 1. Thermodynamics 1.1 Stored Energy 1.2 Energy in Transition
44	1.3 First Law of Thermodynamics 1.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics
46	1.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Refrigeration Cycles 1.6 Equations of State
47	1.7 Calculating Thermodynamic Properties
48	Phase Equilibria for Multicomponent Systems
49	2. Compression Refrigeration Cycles 2.1 Carnot Cycle
50	2.2 Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using a Pure Refrigerant or Azeotropic Mixture
51	2.3 Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle
52	2.4 Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixture
53	2.5 Multistage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles
54	2.6 Actual Refrigeration Systems
56	3. Absorption Refrigeration Cycles
58	4. Adsorption Refrigeration Systems 5. REVERSE BRAYTON CYCLE
60	6. REVERSE STIRLING CYCLE
61	7. Symbols
62	References
63	Bibliography
64	I-P_F21_Ch03 1. Fluid Properties Density
65	2. Basic Relations of Fluid Dynamics Continuity in a Pipe or Duct Bernoulli Equation and Pressure Variation in Flow Direction
66	Laminar Flow Turbulence 3. Basic Flow Processes Wall Friction Boundary Layer
67	Flow Patterns with Separation
68	Drag Forces on Bodies or Struts Nonisothermal Effects
69	4. Flow Analysis Generalized Bernoulli Equation Conduit Friction
71	Valve, Fitting, and Transition Losses
72	Control Valve Characterization for Liquids Incompressible Flow in Systems
73	Flow Measurement
74	Unsteady Flow
75	Compressibility
76	Compressible Conduit Flow Cavitation
77	5. Noise in Fluid Flow 6. Symbols References
78	bibliography
80	I-P_F21_Ch04 1. Heat Transfer Processes Conduction Convection
81	Radiation Combined Radiation and Convection Contact or Interface Resistance Heat Flux
82	Overall Resistance and Heat Transfer Coefficient 2. Thermal Conduction One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction
83	Two- and Three-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction: Shape Factors
85	Extended Surfaces
87	Transient Conduction
90	3. Thermal Radiation
91	Blackbody Radiation Actual Radiation
92	Angle Factor
93	Radiant Exchange Between Opaque Surfaces
95	Radiation in Gases
96	4. Thermal Convection Forced Convection
101	5. Heat Exchangers Mean Temperature Difference Analysis NTU-Effectiveness (e) Analysis
103	Plate Heat Exchangers Heat Exchanger Transients 6. Heat Transfer Augmentation
104	Passive Techniques
108	Active Techniques
110	7. Symbols
111	Greek Subscripts References
114	Bibliography Fins Heat Exchangers
115	Heat Transfer, General
116	I-P_F21_Ch05 1. Boiling Boiling and Pool Boiling in Natural Convection Systems
119	Maximum Heat Flux and Film Boiling Boiling/Evaporation in Tube Bundles Forced-Convection Evaporation in Tubes
125	Boiling in Plate Heat Exchangers (PHEs)
126	2. Condensing Condensation on Inner Surface of Tubes
130	Other Impurities 3. Pressure Drop Friedel Correlation
131	Lockhart and Martinelli Correlation Grönnerud Correlation Müller-Steinhagen and Heck Correlation Wallis Correlation
132	Recommendations Pressure Drop in Microchannels
133	Pressure Drop in Plate Heat Exchangers
135	4. Symbols
137	References
141	Bibliography
142	I-P_F21_Ch06 1. Molecular Diffusion Fick’s Law Fick’s Law for Dilute Mixtures
143	Fick’s Law for Mass Diffusion Through Solids or Stagnant Fluids (Stationary Media) Fick’s Law for Ideal Gases with Negligible Temperature Gradient Diffusion Coefficient
144	Diffusion of One Gas Through a Second Stagnant Gas
145	Equimolar Counterdiffusion Molecular Diffusion in Liquids and Solids
146	2. Convection of Mass Mass Transfer Coefficient
147	Analogy Between Convective Heat and Mass Transfer
150	Lewis Relation
151	3. Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer Between Water-Wetted Surfaces and Air Enthalpy Potential Basic Equations for Direct-Contact Equipment
153	Air Washers
154	Cooling Towers Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils
155	4. Symbols
156	References Bibliography
158	I-P_F21_Ch07 1. GENERAL 1.1 Terminology
159	1.2 Types of Control Action Two-Position Action
160	Modulating Control
161	Combinations of Two-Position and Modulating 1.3 Classification of Control Components by Energy Source Computers for Automatic Control 2. CONTROL COMPONENTS 2.1 Control Devices Valves
163	Dampers
165	Pneumatic Positive (Pilot) Positioners
166	2.2 Sensors and Transmitters Temperature Sensors Humidity Sensors and Transmitters
167	Pressure Transmitters and Transducers Flow Rate Sensors Indoor Air Quality Sensors Lighting Level Sensors Power Sensing and Transmission Time Switches 3.4 Specifying Building Automation System Networks
168	2.3 Controllers Digital Controllers Electric/Electronic Controllers
169	Pneumatic Receiver-Controllers Thermostats 2.4 Auxiliary Control Devices Relays
170	Equipment Status Other Switches Transducers
171	Other Auxiliary Control Devices 3. COMMUNICATION NETWORKS FOR BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
172	3.1 Communication Protocols 3.2 OSI Network Model 3.3 Network Structure BAS Three-Tier Network Architecture
173	Connections Between BAS Networks and Other Computer Networks Transmission Media
175	Communication Tasks 3.5 Approaches to Interoperability Standard Protocols Gateways and Interfaces 4. SPECIFYING BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
176	5. COMMISSIONING 5.1 Tuning Tuning Proportional, PI, and PID Controllers
177	Tuning Digital Controllers
178	Computer Modeling of Control Systems 5.2 Codes and Standards References Bibliography
180	I-P_F21_Ch08 1. Acoustical Design Objective 2. Characteristics of Sound Levels Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level
181	Frequency Speed Wavelength Sound Power and Sound Power Level Sound Intensity and Sound Intensity Level
182	Combining Sound Levels Resonances Absorption and Reflection of Sound
183	Room Acoustics Acoustic Impedance 3. Measuring Sound Instrumentation Time Averaging Spectra and Analysis Bandwidths
185	Sound Measurement Basics Measurement of Room Sound Pressure Level
186	Measurement of Acoustic Intensity 4. Determining Sound Power Free-Field Method Reverberation Room Method
187	Progressive Wave (In-Duct) Method Sound Intensity Method Measurement Bandwidths for Sound Power 5. Converting from Sound Power to Sound Pressure
188	6. Sound Transmission Paths Spreading Losses Direct Versus Reverberant Fields Airborne Transmission Ductborne Transmission
189	Room-to-Room Transmission Structureborne Transmission Flanking Transmission 7. Typical Sources of Sound Source Strength Directivity of Sources Acoustic Nearfield
190	8. Controlling Sound Terminology Enclosures and Barriers Partitions
192	Sound Attenuation in Ducts and Plenums Standards for Testing Duct Silencers 9. System Effects
193	10. Human Response to Sound Noise Predicting Human Response to Sound Sound Quality Loudness
194	Acceptable Frequency Spectrum 11. Sound Rating Systems and Acoustical Design Goals
195	A-Weighted Sound Level (dBA) Noise Criteria (NC) Method Room Criterion (RC) Method Criteria Selection Guidelines
196	12. Fundamentals of Vibration Single-Degree-of-Freedom Model Mechanical Impedance Natural Frequency
197	Practical Application for Nonrigid Foundations 13. Vibration Measurement Basics
198	14. Symbols
199	References
200	Bibliography
202	I-P_F21_Ch09 1. Human Thermoregulation
203	2. Energy Balance 3. Thermal Exchanges with Environment
204	Body Surface Area Sensible Heat Loss from Skin Evaporative Heat Loss from Skin
205	Respiratory Losses Alternative Formulations
206	Total Skin Heat Loss
207	4. Engineering Data and Measurements Metabolic Rate and Mechanical Efficiency
208	Heat Transfer Coefficients
209	Clothing Insulation and Permeation Efficiency
211	Total Evaporative Heat Loss Environmental Parameters
213	5. Conditions for Thermal Comfort
214	Thermal Complaints
215	6. Thermal Comfort and Task Performance 7. Thermal Nonuniform Conditions and Local Discomfort Asymmetric Thermal Radiation
216	Draft Vertical Air Temperature Difference
217	Warm or Cold Floors
218	8. Secondary Factors Affecting Comfort Day-to-Day Variations Age Adaptation Sex Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms 9. Prediction of Thermal Comfort Steady-State Energy Balance
219	Two-Node Model
221	Multisegment Thermal Physiology and Comfort Models Adaptive Models Zones of Comfort and Discomfort
222	10. Environmental Indices Effective Temperature Humid Operative Temperature Heat Stress Index
223	Index of Skin Wettedness Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature
224	Wet-Globe Temperature Wind Chill Index 11. Special Environments Infrared Heating
226	Comfort Equations for Radiant Heating
227	Personal Environmental Control (PEC) Systems Hot and Humid Environments
228	Extremely Cold Environments
229	12. Symbols
230	Codes and Standards
231	References
234	Bibliography
236	I-P_F21_Ch10 1. Background
238	1.1 Health Sciences Relevant to Indoor Environment Epidemiology and Biostatistics Industrial, Occupational, and Environmental Medicine or Hygiene Microbiology Toxicology
239	1.2 Hazard Recognition, Analysis, and Control Hazard Control 2. Airborne Contaminants
240	2.1 Particles Industrial Environments Climate Change 3.6 Outdoor Air Ventilation and Health
241	Synthetic Vitreous Fibers Combustion Nuclei Particles in Nonindustrial Environments
242	Bioaerosols
244	2.2 Gaseous Contaminants Industrial Environments
246	Nonindustrial Environments
251	3. Physical Agents 3.1 Thermal Environment Range of Healthy Living Conditions
252	Hypothermia Hyperthermia Seasonal Patterns Increased Deaths in Heat Waves
253	Effects of Thermal Environment on Specific Diseases
254	Injury from Hot and Cold Surfaces 3.2 Electrical Hazards 3.3 Mechanical Energies Vibration Standard Limits
255	Sound and Noise
256	3.4 Electromagnetic Radiation Ionizing Radiation
257	Nonionizing Radiation
258	3.5 Ergonomics
259	References
265	Bibliography
266	I-P_F21_Ch11 1. Classes of Air Contaminants
267	2. Particulate Contaminants 2.1 Particulate Matter Solid Particles Liquid Particles Complex Particles Sizes of Airborne Particles
269	Particle Size Distribution
270	Units of Measurement Harmful Effects of Particulate Contaminants Measurement of Airborne Particles
271	Typical Particle Levels Bioaerosols
273	Controlling Exposures to Particulate Matter 3. Gaseous Contaminants
275	Harmful Effects of Gaseous Contaminants Units of Measurement
277	Measurement of Gaseous Contaminants
278	3.1 Volatile Organic Compounds
280	Controlling Exposure to VOCs 3.2 Semivolatile Organic Compounds 3.3 Inorganic Gases
281	Controlling Exposures to Inorganic Gases 4. Air Contaminants by Source 4.1 Outdoor Air Contaminants
282	4.2 Industrial Air Contaminants
283	4.3 Commercial, Institutional, and Residential Indoor Air Contaminants
285	4.4 Flammable Gases and Vapors 4.5 Combustible Dusts
286	4.6 Radioactive Air Contaminants Radon
287	4.7 Soil Gases References
290	Bibliography
292	I-P_F21_Ch12 1. Odor Sources 2. Sense of Smell Olfactory Stimuli
293	Anatomy and Physiology Olfactory Acuity 3. Factors Affecting Odor Perception Humidity and Temperature Sorption and Release of Odors Emotional Responses to Odors
294	4. Odor Sensation Attributes Detectability Intensity
295	Character
296	Hedonics 5. Dilution of Odors by Ventilation 6. Odor Concentration Analytical Measurement Odor Units
297	7. Olf Units References
299	Bibliography
300	I-P_F21_Ch13 1. Computational Fluid Dynamics Mathematical and Numerical Background
302	Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Approaches Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
303	Direction Numerical Simulation (DNS) 1.1 Meshing for Computational Fluid Dynamics Structured Grids
304	Unstructured Grids Grid Quality Immersed Boundary Grid Generation Grid Independence
305	1.2 Boundary Conditions for Computational Fluid Dynamics Inlet Boundary Conditions
306	Outlet Boundary Conditions Wall/Surface Boundary Conditions
307	Symmetry Surface Boundary Conditions
308	Fixed Sources and Sinks Modeling Considerations 1.3 CFD Modeling Approaches Planning Dimensional Accuracy and Faithfulness to Details CFD Simulation Steps 1.4 Verification, Validation, and Reporting Results
309	Verification
311	Validation
312	Reporting CFD Results
313	2. Multizone Network Airflow and Contaminant Transport Modeling 2.1 Multizone Airflow Modeling Theory
314	Solution Techniques
315	2.2 Contaminant Transport Modeling Fundamentals Solution Techniques 2.3 Multizone Modeling Approaches Simulation Planning Steps
316	2.4 Verification and Validation Analytical Verification
317	Intermodel Comparison Empirical Validation
319	2.5 Symbols
320	References
322	Bibliography
324	I-P_F21_Ch14 1. Climatic Design Conditions Station Information Annual Design Conditions
325	Monthly Design Conditions
326	Historical Trends
328	Data Sources
329	Calculation of Design Conditions
330	Differences from Previously Published Design Conditions Applicability and Characteristics of Design Conditions
331	2. Calculating Clear-sky Solar Radiation
332	Solar Constant and Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation Equation of Time and Solar Time Declination
333	Sun Position Air Mass Clear-Sky Solar Radiation
334	3. Transposition to Receiving Surfaces of Various Orientations Solar Angles Related to Receiving Surfaces
335	Calculation of Clear-Sky Solar Irradiance Incident on Receiving Surface 4. Generating Design-Day Data
336	5. Estimation of Degree-Days Monthly Degree-Days Annual Degree-Days
337	6. Representativeness of Data and Sources of Uncertainty Representativeness of Data
338	Uncertainty from Variation in Length of Record Effects of Climate Change Episodes Exceeding the Design Dry-Bulb Temperature
340	7. Other Sources of Climatic Information Joint Frequency Tables of Psychrometric Conditions Degree Days and Climate Normals Typical Year Data Sets
341	Observational Data Sets Reanalysis Data Sets
342	References
343	Bibliography
344	I-P_F21_Ch15 1. Fenestration Components 1.1 Glazing Units
345	1.2 Framing
346	1.3 Shading 2. Determining Fenestration Energy Flow
347	3. U-Factor (Thermal Transmittance) Comparison Between Area-Weighted and Length-Weighted Methods
348	3.1 Determining Fenestration U-Factors Center-of-Glass U-Factor Edge-of-Glass U-Factor Frame U-Factor
349	Curtain Wall Construction 3.2 Surface and Cavity Heat Transfer Coefficients
356	3.3 Representative U-Factors for Doors
357	4. Solar Heat Gain and Visible Transmittance 4.1 Solar-Optical Properties of Glazing Optical Properties of Single Glazing Layers
359	Optical Properties of Glazing Systems
362	4.2 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Calculation of Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
363	Diffuse Radiation Solar Gain Through Frame and Other Opaque Elements
364	Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, Visible Transmittance, and Spectrally Averaged Solar-Optical Property Values Airflow Windows Skylights
375	Glass Block Walls Plastic Materials for Glazing 4.3 Calculation of Solar Heat Gain
376	Opaque Fenestration Elements 5. Shading and Fenestration Attachments 5.1 Shading
377	Overhangs and Glazing Unit Recess: Horizontal and Vertical Projections
378	5.2 Fenestration Attachments Simplified Methodology Slat-Type Sunshades
380	Drapery
381	Roller Shades and Insect Screens 6. Visual and Thermal Controls Operational Effectiveness of Shading Devices Indoor Shading Devices
396	Double Drapery 7. Air Leakage Infiltration Through Fenestration
397	Indoor Air Movement 8. Daylighting 8.1 Daylight Prediction
399	8.2 Light Transmittance and Daylight Use
400	9. Selecting Fenestration 9.1 Annual Energy Performance Simplified Techniques for Rough Estimates of Fenestration Annual Energy Performance
401	Simplified Residential Annual Energy Performance Ratings 9.2 Condensation Resistance
403	9.3 Occupant Comfort and Acceptance
404	Sound Reduction Strength and Safety Life-Cycle Costs
405	9.4 Durability 9.5 Supply and Exhaust Airflow Windows 9.6 Codes and Standards National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)
406	United States Energy Policy Act (EPAct) ICC’s 2015 International Energy Conservation Code ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2016 ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2014
407	ICC’s 2015 International Green Construction Code™ Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Building Code of Australia/National Construction Code Complex Glazings and Window Coverings 9.7 Symbols References
411	Bibliography
412	I-P_F21_Ch16 1. MOTIVATION
413	Sources of Indoor Airborne Pollutants
414	Sustainable Building Standards and Rating Systems 2. Basic Concepts and Terminology
415	Outdoor Air Fraction Air Change Rate Time Constants
416	Age of Air Air Change Effectiveness 3. DRIVING MECHANISMS FOR INFILTRATION Stack Pressure
417	Wind Pressure
418	Interaction of Mechanical Systems with Infiltration
419	Combining Driving Forces Neutral Pressure Level
420	Thermal Draft Coefficient 4. Measurements OF VENTILATION AND INFILTRATION PARAMETERS Directly Measuring Air Change Rate
421	Decay or Growth Constant Concentration Constant Injection
422	Multizone Air Change Measurement Envelope Leakage Measurement Airtightness Ratings
423	Conversion Between Ratings 5. Residential Infiltration
424	Building Air Leakage Data Air Leakage of Building Components Leakage Distribution
426	Multifamily Building Leakage Controlling Air Leakage Empirical Models Multizone Models
427	Single-Zone Models Superposition of Wind and Stack Effects Residential Calculation Examples
429	Combining Residential Infiltration and Mechanical Ventilation Typical Practice 6. Residential Ventilation
430	Types of Mechanical Ventilation in Residences Local Exhaust
431	Whole-House Ventilation Air Distribution
432	Selection Principles for Residential Ventilation Systems 7. Commercial and Institutional Air Leakage Envelope Leakage
433	Air Leakage Through Internal Partitions
434	Air Leakage Through Exterior Doors Air Leakage Through Automatic Doors
435	Air Exchange Through Air Curtains 8. Commercial and Institutional Ventilation Ventilation Rate Procedure
436	Multiple Spaces Survey of Ventilation Rates in Office Buildings 9. Office Building Example Location Building Occupancy
437	Infiltration Local Exhausts
438	Ventilation
439	10. Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Openings Ceiling Heights Required Flow for Indoor Temperature Control Airflow Through Large Intentional Openings Flow Caused by Wind Only
440	Flow Caused by Thermal Forces Only Natural Ventilation Guidelines
441	Hybrid Ventilation 11. Air Exchange Effect on Thermal Loads
442	Effect on Envelope Insulation Infiltration Degree-Days 12. DYNAMIC CONTROL OF VENTILATION Occupancy-Based Demand-Controlled Ventilation
443	Implementation in VAV Systems Averaging Time-Varying Ventilation Rates
444	Continuous Modulation-Equivalent Ventilation or “Smart” Ventilation 13. EXTREME CASES Protection from Extraordinary Events
445	Shelter in Place Safe Havens 14. Symbols
446	References
452	Bibliography
453	I-P_F21_Ch17 1. Residential Features 2. Calculation Approach
454	3. Other Methods 4. Residential Heat Balance (RHB) Method 5. Residential Load Factor (RLF) Method 6. Common Data and Procedures
455	General Guidelines Basic Relationships Design Conditions
456	Building Data Load Components
460	7. Cooling Load Peak Load Computation Opaque Surfaces
461	Slab Floors Surfaces Adjacent to Buffer Space Transparent Fenestration Surfaces
462	Infiltration and Ventilation Internal Gain Air Distribution System: Heat Gain Total Latent Load
463	Summary of RLF Cooling Load Equations 8. Heating Load Exterior Surfaces Above Grade Below-Grade and On-Grade Surfaces Surfaces Adjacent to Buffer Space Ventilation and Infiltration Humidification Pickup Load
464	Summary of Heating Load Procedures 9. Load Calculation Example Solution
466	10. Symbols
467	References
469	I-P_F21_Ch18 1. Cooling Load Calculation Principles 1.1 Terminology Heat Flow Rates
470	Time Delay Effect 1.2 Cooling Load Calculation Methods
471	1.3 Data Assembly
472	2. Internal Heat Gains 2.1 People 2.2 Lighting Instantaneous Heat Gain from Lighting
473	2.3 Electric Motors
475	Overloading or Underloading Radiation and Convection 2.4 Appliances
476	Cooking Appliances
477	Hospital and Laboratory Equipment
478	Office Equipment
483	3. Infiltration and Moisture Migration Heat Gains
484	3.1 Infiltration
486	Standard Air Volumes Heat Gain Calculations Using Standard Air Values
487	Elevation Correction Examples 3.2 Latent Heat Gain from Moisture Diffusion 3.3 Other Latent Loads 4. Fenestration Heat Gain 4.1 Fenestration Direct Solar, Diffuse Solar, and Conductive Heat Gains
488	4.2 Exterior Shading 5. Heat Balance Method 5.1 Assumptions
489	5.2 Elements Outdoor-Face Heat Balance Wall Conduction Process Indoor-Face Heat Balance
490	Using SHGC to Calculate Solar Heat Gain
491	Air Heat Balance 5.3 General Zone for Load Calculation
492	5.4 Mathematical Description Conduction Process Heat Balance Equations
493	Overall HB Iterative Solution 5.5 Input Required
494	6. Radiant Time Series (RTS) Method 6.1 Assumptions and Principles 6.2 Overview
495	6.3 RTS Procedure
496	6.4 Heat Gain Through Exterior Surfaces Sol-Air Temperature Calculating Conductive Heat Gain Using Conduction Time Series
497	6.5 Heat Gain Through Interior Surfaces
498	Floors 6.6 Calculating Cooling Load
503	7. Heating Load Calculations
511	7.1 Heat Loss Calculations Outdoor Design Conditions Indoor Design Conditions Calculation of Transmission Heat Losses
513	Infiltration 7.2 Heating Safety Factors and Load Allowances
514	7.3 Other Heating Considerations 8. System Heating and Cooling Load Effects 8.1 Zoning 8.2 Ventilation 8.3 Air Heat Transport Systems On/Off Control Systems Variable-Air-Volume Systems Constant-Air-Volume Reheat Systems
515	Mixed Air Systems Heat Gain from Fans Duct Surface Heat Transfer
516	Duct Leakage Ceiling Return Air Plenum Temperatures
517	Ceiling Plenums with Ducted Returns Underfloor Air Distribution Systems Plenums in Load Calculations 8.4 Central Plant Piping Pumps 9. Example Cooling and Heating Load Calculations 9.1 Single-Room Detailed Cooling load Example Room and Weather Characteristics
519	Cooling Loads Using RTS Method
528	9.2 Effect OF Orientation on Peak Cooling Load Magnitude and TIME
530	9.3 effect of cooling load diversity on peak block load
531	9.4 Single-room detailed heating load example
532	9.5 conclusion 10. Previous Cooling Load Calculation Methods References
534	Bibliography
536	I-P_F21_Ch19 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1.1 Models and Approaches Physics-Based (Forward) Modeling
537	Data-Driven (Inverse) Modeling 1.2 Overall Modeling Strategies
538	1.3 Simulating Secondary and Primary Systems 1.4 History of Simulation Method Development
539	1.5 Using Energy Models Typical Applications
540	Choosing Measures for Evaluation When to Use Energy Models ASHRAE Standard 209 Energy Modelers
541	1.6 Uncertainty in Modeling 1.7 Choosing an Analysis Method Selecting Energy Analysis Computer Programs
542	2. Degree-Day and Bin Methods 2.1 Degree-Day Method
543	Variable-Base Degree-Day Method
544	Sources of Degree-Day Data 2.2 Bin and Modified Bin Methods
545	3. Thermal Loads Modeling 3.1 Space Sensible Load Calculation Methods Heat Balance Method
546	Weighting-Factor Method
548	Comprehensive Room Transfer Function Thermal-Network Methods Other Methods 3.2 Envelope Component Modeling Above-Grade Opaque Surfaces Below-Grade Opaque Surfaces
549	Fenestration Infiltration
550	Ventilation 3.3 Inputs to Thermal Loads Models Choosing Climate Data Internal Heat Gains Thermal Zoning Strategies
551	4. HVAC Component Modeling 4.1 Modeling Strategies Empirical (Regression-Based) Models
552	First-Principles Models
553	4.2 Primary System Components Boilers
554	Chillers Cooling Tower Model Variable-Speed Vapor-Compression Heat Pump Model Ground-Coupled Systems
555	4.3 Secondary System Components Fans, Pumps, and Distribution Systems
556	Heat and Mass Transfer Components
557	Application to Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils
558	4.4 Terminal Components Terminal Units and Controls
559	Underfloor Distribution Thermal Displacement Ventilation Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems 4.5 Modeling of System Controls
560	4.6 Integration of System Models
561	5. Low-Energy System Modeling 5.1 Natural and Hybrid Ventilation Natural Ventilation
562	Hybrid Ventilation 5.2 Daylighting
563	5.3 PASSIVE HEAting AND COOLING
564	6. OCCUPANT Modeling
565	6.1 METHODOLOGICAL BASIS Overview of Modeling Approaches
567	Occupant Behavior Models
568	6.2 OCCUPANT MODEL EVALUATION
570	6.3 APPLICATIONS IN BUILDING DESIGN AND OPERATION Selecting an Occupant Modeling Approach Occupant-Centric Building Design Applications
572	Additional Considerations for Occupant Model Application
573	6.4 OCCUPANT BEHAVIOR MODELING TOOLS AND DATA SETS Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools Occupant Behavior Data Sets
574	7. multi-scale Modeling 7.1 MODELING AT SUBBUILDING SCALE
575	7.2 MODELING AT BUILDING SCALE
576	7.3 MODELING AT DISTRICT SCALE 7.4 MODELING AT URBAN SCALE
577	7.5 MODELING AT REGIONAL AND NATIONAL SCALES
578	8. Data-Driven Modeling 8.1 Categories of Data-Driven Methods Empirical or “Black-Box” Approach Gray-Box Approach 8.2 Types of Data-Driven Models Steady-State Models
583	Dynamic Models 8.3 Model Accuracy and Goodness of Fit
584	8.4 Examples Using Data-Driven Methods Modeling Utility Bill Data Neural Network Models
585	8.5 Model Selection 9. MODEL CALIBRATION
587	9.1 BAYESIAN ANALYSIS 9.2 PATTERN-BASED APPROACH 9.3 MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION
588	10. Validation and Testing 10.1 Methodological Basis
589	Empirical Validation
590	Analytical Verification
591	Combining Empirical, Analytical, and Comparative Techniques Testing Model Calibration Techniques Using Synthetic Data
593	References
603	Bibliography
604	Analytical Verification
605	Empirical Validation
606	Intermodel Comparative Testing
607	General Testing and Validation
608	I-P_F21_Ch20
609	1. Indoor Air Quality and Sustainability 2. Terminology Outlet Types and Characteristics
610	3. Principles of Jet Behavior Air Jet Fundamentals
613	Isothermal Radial Flow Jets Nonisothermal Jets
614	Nonisothermal Horizontal Free Jet Comparison of Free Jet to Attached Jet Air Curtain Units Converging Jets 4. Symbols References
615	Bibliography
617	I-P_F21_Ch21 Head A initial – 1. Bernoulli Equation
618	Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 1.1 Head and Pressure Head C – Static Pressure Head C – Velocity Pressure Head C – Total Pressure Head C – Pressure and Velocity Measurements Head A cont – 2. System Analysis
621	Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 2.1 Pressure Changes in System Head A cont – 3. Fluid Resistance Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 3.1 Friction Losses Head C – Darcy and Colebrook Equations
622	Head C – Roughness Factors Head C – Friction Chart Head C – Noncircular Ducts
625	Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 3.2 Dynamic Losses Head C – Local Loss Coefficients
628	Head C – Duct Fitting Database
629	Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 3.3 Ductwork Sectional Losses Head C – Darcy-Weisbach Equation Head A cont – 4. Fan/System Interface Head C – Fan Inlet and Outlet Conditions Head C – Fan System Effect Coefficients
631	Head A cont – 5. Mechanical Equipment Rooms Head C – Outdoor Air Intake and Exhaust Air Discharge Locations Head C – Equipment Room Locations Head A cont – 6. Duct Design Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.1 Design Considerations Head C – HVAC System Air Leakage
634	Head C – Fire and Smoke Control Head C – Duct Insulation Head C – Physical Security Head C – Louvers
635	Head C – Duct Shape Selection
636	Head C – Testing and Balancing Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.2 Design Recommendations
637	Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.3 Design Methods Head C – Noise Control
640	Head C – Goals Head C – Design Method to Use
641	Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.4 Industrial Exhaust Systems
648	Head REF – References
649	Head REF – Bibliography
651	I-P_F21_Ch22 1. Fundamentals 1.1 Codes and Standards 1.2 Design Considerations 1.3 General Pipe Systems Metallic Pipe Systems
655	Nonmetallic (Plastic) Pipe Systems Special Systems 1.4 Design Equations Darcy-Weisbach Equation
656	Hazen-Williams Equation Valve and Fitting Losses
658	Losses in Multiple Fittings Calculating Pressure Losses Stress Calculations
660	1.5 Sizing Procedure 1.6 Pipe-Supporting Elements
661	Hanger Spacing and Pipe Wall Thickness 1.7 Pipe Expansion and Flexibility
662	1.8 Pipe Bends and Loops L Bends
663	Z Bends U Bends and Pipe Loops Expansion and Contraction Control of Other Materials
664	Cold Springing of Pipe Analyzing Existing Piping Configurations 2. Pipe and Fitting Materials 2.1 Pipe Steel Pipe
665	Copper Tube Ductile Iron and Cast Iron Nonmetallic (Plastic)
668	2.2 Fittings 2.3 Joining Methods Threading Soldering and Brazing
669	Flared and Compression Joints Flanges
670	Welding Integrally Reinforced Outlet Fittings Solvent Cement Rolled-Groove Joints Bell-and-Spigot Joints Press-Connect (Press Fit) Joints Push-Connect Joints Unions 2.4 Expansion Joints and Expansion Compensating Devices
671	Packed Expansion Joints Packless Expansion Joints
672	3. Applications 3.1 Water Piping Flow Rate Limitations Noise Generation
673	Erosion Allowances for Aging Water Hammer 3.2 Service Water Piping
675	Plastic Pipe Procedure for Sizing Cold-Water Systems
676	Hydronic System Piping Range of Usage of Pressure Drop Charts
677	Air Separation
678	Valve and Fitting Pressure Drop
679	3.3 Steam Piping Pipe Sizes Sizing Charts
683	3.4 Low-Pressure Steam Piping High-Pressure Steam Piping
684	Use of Basic and Velocity Multiplier Charts 3.5 Steam Condensate Systems Two-Pipe Systems
688	One-Pipe Systems 3.6 Gas Piping 3.7 Fuel Oil Piping
689	Pipe Sizes for Heavy Oil References
691	Bibliography
693	I-P_F21_Ch23 1. Design Objectives and Considerations Energy Conservation Economic Thickness
694	Personnel Protection
695	Condensation Control
697	2. INSULATION SYSTEM MOISTURE RESISTANCE Thermal Conductivity of Below-Ambient Pipe Insulation Systems
698	Freeze Prevention Noise Control
699	Fire Safety
700	Corrosion Under Insulation
701	3. Materials and Systems Categories of Insulation Materials
702	Physical Properties of Insulation Materials
703	Weather Protection
705	Vapor Retarders
706	Sheet Vapor Retarders
707	Alternative Non-Vapor-Retarding Systems Pipe Insulation
709	Tanks, Vessels, and Equipment
710	Ducts
712	4. Design Data Estimating Heat Loss and Gain
713	Controlling Surface Temperatures
714	5. Project Specifications Standards
715	References
717	I-P_F21_Ch24 1. Flow Patterns Flow Patterns Around Isolated, Rectangular Block- Type Buildings
719	Flow Patterns Around Building Groups
720	2. Wind Pressure on Buildings Approach Wind Speed
721	Local Wind Pressure Coefficients Surface-Averaged Wall Pressures
722	Roof Pressures Interference and Shielding Effects on Pressures
723	3. Sources of Wind Data Wind at Recording Stations Estimating Wind at Sites Remote from Recording Stations
724	4. Wind Effects on System Operation
725	Natural and Mechanical Ventilation
726	Minimizing Wind Effect on System Volume Flow Rate Chemical Hood Operation 5. Building Pressure Balance and Internal Flow Control Pressure Balance Internal Flow Control
727	6. Environmental Impacts of Building External Flow Pollutant Dispersion and Exhaust Reentrainment Pedestrian Wind Comfort and Safety
728	Wind-Driven Rain on Buildings 7. Physical and Computational Modeling Physical Modeling Similarity Requirements
729	Wind Simulation Facilities Designing Model Test Programs Computational Modeling
730	8. Symbols
731	References
735	Bibliography
736	I-P_F21_Ch25 1. Fundamentals 1.1 Terminology and Symbols Heat
737	Air Moisture 1.2 Hygrothermal Loads and Driving Forces
738	Ambient Temperature and Humidity Indoor Temperature and Humidity Solar Radiation Exterior Condensation
739	Wind-Driven Rain Construction Moisture Ground- and Surface Water
740	Air Pressure Differentials 2. Heat Transfer 2.1 Steady-State Thermal Response
741	Surface-to-Surface Thermal Resistance of a Flat Assembly Combined Convective and Radiative Surface Heat Transfer Heat Flow Across an Air Space
742	Total Thermal Resistance of a Flat Building Assembly Thermal Transmittance of a Flat Building Assembly Interface Temperatures in a Flat Building Component Series and Parallel Heat Flow Paths
743	Thermal Bridging and Thermal Performance of Multidimensional Construction Linear and Point Thermal Transmittances 2.2 Transient Thermal Response
744	3. Airflow Heat Flux with Airflow
745	4. Moisture Transfer 4.1 Moisture Storage in Building Materials
746	4.2 Moisture Flow Mechanisms
747	Water Vapor Flow by Diffusion Water Vapor Flow by Air Movement Water Flow by Capillary Suction
748	Liquid Flow at Low Moisture Content Transient Moisture Flow
749	5. Combined Heat, Air , and Moisture Transfer 6. Simplified Hygrothermal Design Calculations and Analyses 6.1 Surface Humidity and Condensation 6.2 Interstitial Condensation and Drying Dew-Point Method
750	7. Transient Computational Analysis
751	7.1 Criteria to Evaluate Hygrothermal Simulation Results Thermal Comfort Perceived Air Quality Human Health Durability of Finishes and Structure Energy Efficiency
752	References
753	Bibliography
754	I-P_F21_Ch26 1. Insulation Materials and Insulating Systems 1.1 Apparent Thermal Conductivity Influencing Conditions
756	1.2 Materials and Systems Glass Fiber and Mineral Wool Cellulose Fiber
757	Plastic Foams Cellular Glass Capillary-Active Insulation Materials (CAIMs) Transparent Insulation Vacuum Insulation Panels
758	Reflective Insulation Systems 2. Air Barriers
759	3. Water Vapor Retarders
760	4. Data Tables 4.1 Thermal Property Data 4.2 Surface Emissivity and Emittance Data 4.3 Thermal Resistance of Plane Air Spaces 4.4 Air Permeance Data
765	4.5 Water Vapor Permeance Data
766	4.6 Moisture Storage Data 4.7 Soils Data
769	4.8 Surface Film Coefficients/ Resistances
772	4.9 Codes and Standards
774	References
776	Bibliography
777	Blank Page
778	I-P_F21_Ch27 1. Heat Transfer 1.1 One-Dimensional Assembly U-Factor Calculation Wall Assembly U-Factor
779	Roof Assembly U-Factor Attics Basement Walls and Floors
780	1.2 Two-Dimensional Assembly U-Factor Calculation Wood-Frame Walls
781	Masonry Walls Constructions Containing Metal
782	Zone Method of Calculation Modified Zone Method for Metal Stud Walls with Insulated Cavities
783	Complex Assemblies
784	Windows and Doors 2. Moisture Transport 2.1 Wall with Insulated Sheathing
785	2.2 Vapor Pressure Profile (Glaser or Dew-Point) Analysis Winter Wall Wetting Examples
787	3. Transient Hygrothermal Modeling
789	4. Air Movement Equivalent Permeance References Bibliography
790	I-P_F21_Ch28 1. Principles of Combustion Combustion Reactions Flammability Limits
791	Ignition Temperature Combustion Modes
792	Heating Value Altitude Compensation
794	2. Fuel Classification 3. Gaseous Fuels Types and Properties
796	4. Liquid Fuels Types of Fuel Oils
797	Characteristics of Fuel Oils
798	Types and Properties of Liquid Fuels for Engines 5. Solid Fuels
799	Types of Coals Characteristics of Coal
800	6. Combustion Calculations Air Required for Combustion
802	Theoretical CO2 Quantity of Flue Gas Produced Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas
803	Sample Combustion Calculations
804	7. Efficiency Calculations
806	Seasonal Efficiency 8. Combustion Considerations Air Pollution
807	Portable Combustion Analyzers (PCAs) Condensation and Corrosion
808	Abnormal Combustion Noise in Gas Appliances
809	Soot References
810	Bibliography
812	I-P_F21_Ch29 1. Refrigerant Properties Global Environmental Properties
817	Physical Properties Electrical Properties Sound Velocity 2. Refrigerant Performance 3. Safety
820	4. Leak Detection Electronic Detection Bubble Method
821	Pressure Change Methods UV Dye Method Ammonia Leaks 5. Compatibility with Construction Materials Metals Elastomers
822	Plastics Additional Compatibility Reports References
823	Bibliography
824	I-P_F21_Ch30
825	Fig. 1 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 12
827	Fig. 2 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 22
829	Fig. 3 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 23
831	Fig. 4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 32
833	Fig. 5 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 123
835	Fig. 6 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 124
837	Fig. 7 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 125
839	Fig. 8 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 134a
843	Fig. 9 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 143a
845	Fig. 10 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 152a
847	Fig. 11 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 245fa
849	Fig. 12 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant R-1233zd(E)
851	Fig. 13 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1234yf
853	Fig. 14 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1234ze(E)
855	Fig. 15 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 404A
857	Fig. 16 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 407C
859	Fig. 17 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 410A
861	Fig. 18 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 507A
863	Fig. 19 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia)
865	Fig. 20 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 718 (Water/Steam)
867	Fig. 21 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 744 (Carbon Dioxide)
869	Fig. 22 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 50 (Methane)
871	Fig. 23 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 170 (Ethane)
873	Fig. 24 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 290 (Propane)
875	Fig. 25 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 600 (n-Butane)
877	Fig. 26 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 600a (Isobutane)
879	Fig. 27 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1150 (Ethylene)
881	Fig. 28 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1270 (Propylene)
883	Fig. 29 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 704 (Helium)
885	Fig. 30 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen)
887	Fig. 31 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 729 (Air)
889	Fig. 32 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen)
891	Fig. 33 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 740 (Argon)
893	Fig. 34 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Ammonia/Water Solutions Prepared by Kwang Kim and Keith Herold, Center for Environmental Energy Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park
895	Fig. 35 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Water/Lithium Bromide Solutions
896	Fig. 36 Equilibrium Chart for Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions
897	Fig. 37 Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide References Fig. 38 Specific Heat of Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions Fig. 39 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide
902	I-P_F21_Ch31 1. Salt-Based Brines Physical Properties
905	Corrosion Inhibition 2. Inhibited Glycols Physical Properties
907	Corrosion Inhibition
912	Service Considerations
913	3. Halocarbons 4. Nonhalocarbon, Nonaqueous Fluids
914	References
915	Bibliography
916	I-P_F21_Ch32 1. Desiccant Applications 2. Desiccant Cycle
918	3. Types of Desiccants Liquid Absorbents
919	Solid Adsorbents
920	4. Desiccant Isotherms 5. Desiccant Life 6. Cosorption of Water Vapor and Indoor Air Contaminants
921	References Bibliography
922	I-P_F21_Ch33
926	I-P_F21_Ch34 1. TYPES OF ENERGY, ENERGY DEFINITIONS, AND energy Characteristics Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Resources Energy Sources Versus Energy Resources Energy Forms and Their Energy Content
927	Environmental Considerations 1.1 On-Site Energy/Energy Resource Relationships Quantifiable Relationships and Performance Metrics
928	Intangible Relationships
929	1.2 Summary 2. Energy Resource Planning 2.1 Integrated Resource Planning (IRP)
930	2.2 Tradable Emission Credits 3. Overview of Global Energy Resources 3.1 World Energy Resources Production
931	Fossil Fuel Reserves Consumption
933	3.2 Carbon Emissions
934	3.3 U.S. Energy Use Per Capita Energy Consumption Projected Overall Energy Consumption
936	Outlook Summary 3.4 U.S. Agencies and Associations References Bibliography
937	I-P_F21_Ch35 1. Definition 2. Characteristics of Sustainability Sustainability Addresses the Future Sustainability Has Many Contributors Sustainability Is Comprehensive Technology Plays Only a Partial Role
938	3. Factors Impacting Sustainability 4. Primary HVAC&R Considerations in Sustainable Design Energy Resource Availability
939	Fresh Water Supply Effective and Efficient Use of Energy Resources and Water Material Resource Availability and Management Embodied Energy and Embodied Carbon
940	Air, Noise, and Water Pollution Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal
941	5. Factors Driving Sustainability into Design Practice Climate Change Regulatory Environment
942	Evolving Standards of Care
943	Changing Design Process
944	Other Opportunities 6. Designing for Effective Energy Resource Use Energy Ethic: Resource Conservation Design Principles Energy and Power Simplicity Self-Imposed Budgets
945	Design Process for Energy-Efficient Projects Building Energy Use Elements
948	References
949	Bibliography
951	I-P_F21_Ch36 1. Overview of Climate Science
952	Climate vs Weather Global Signatures of Climate Change Natural and Human Drivers of Climate Change
953	Causes of Observed Global Warming
954	Climate Change in the Distant Past Feedbacks in the Climate Systems
955	Changes in Climate System Related to Recent Global Warming
956	Observed Changes in Global Climate Conditions Station-level Trend Data
957	Future Changes in Climate
959	Projected Climatic Information for Use in Building Design and Analysis
960	Using Recent Measured Data Summary
961	2. Mitigating Climate Change
962	Reduce Carbon Emissions by Design and Construction
963	Perform Deep Energy Retrofits of Existing Buildings Reduce Carbon Emissions from Building Operations
964	Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and Building Electrification Cost of Avoiding GHG Emissions Refrigerants and Fluorinated Gases (F-Gases)
965	Geoengineering Technologies
966	Summary 3. Adapting to Climate Change An ASHRAE Framework for Risk-Aware Practice Adaptation and Related Terms
967	Chronic vs Acute Impacts of Climate Change Impacts on Envelope-Driven Loads Impacts on HVAC Systems
968	Impacts on Indoor Air Quality Operational Management and Design for Smoke Migration Risk from Wildfires
969	Existing Professional Activities Design Opportunities and Strategies
970	Resources for Adaptation Existing ASHRAE Resources 4. Conclusion 5. glossary
972	References
976	Blank Page
977	I-P_F21_Ch37 1. Effects of Humidity and Dampness 2. Elements of Moisture Management
978	3. Envelope and HVAC Interactions 4. Indoor Wetting and Drying Understanding Vapor Balance
979	Hygric Buffering Student Residences and Schools
980	5. Vapor Release Related to Building Use Residential Buildings
981	Natatoriums
982	6. Indoor/Outdoor Vapor Pressure Difference Analysis
983	Residential Buildings
985	Natatoriums
986	7. Avoiding Moisture Problems
987	HVAC Systems Ground Pipes Building Fabric Building Envelope
988	8. Climate-Specific Moisture Management Temperate and Mixed Climates Hot and Humid Climates Cold Climates 9. Moisture Management in Other Handbook Chapters
989	References
990	Bibliography
991	I-P_F21_Ch38 1. Terminology
993	2. Uncertainty Analysis Uncertainty Sources Uncertainty of a Measured Variable
994	3. Temperature Measurement Sampling and Averaging
995	Static Temperature Versus Total Temperature 3.1 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers Sources of Thermometer Errors 3.2 Resistance Thermometers
996	Resistance Temperature Devices Thermistors Semiconductor Devices
997	3.3 Thermocouples
998	Wire Diameter and Composition
999	Multiple Thermocouples Surface Temperature Measurement Thermocouple Construction 3.4 Optical Pyrometry 3.5 Infrared Radiation Thermometers 3.6 Infrared Thermography
1000	4. Humidity Measurement 4.1 Psychrometers
1001	4.2 Dew-Point Hygrometers Condensation Dew-Point Hygrometers Salt-Phase Heated Hygrometers 4.3 Mechanical Hygrometers 4.4 Electrical Impedance, Resistance, and Capacitance Hygrometers
1002	Dunmore Hygrometers Polymer Film Electronic Hygrometers Ion Exchange Resin Electric Hygrometers Impedance-Based Porous Ceramic Electronic Hygrometers Aluminum Oxide Capacitive Sensor Resistive Sensor 4.5 Electrolytic Hygrometers 4.6 Piezoelectric Sorption 4.7 Spectroscopic (Radiation Absorption) Hygrometers
1003	4.8 Gravimetric Hygrometers 4.9 Calibration 5. Pressure Measurement Units 5.1 Instruments Pressure Standards
1004	Mechanical Pressure Gages Electromechanical Transducers General Considerations
1005	6. Air Velocity Measurement 6.1 Airborne Tracer Techniques 6.2 Anemometers Deflecting Vane Anemometers Propeller or Revolving (Rotating) Vane Anemometers Cup Anemometers Thermal Anemometers
1007	Laser Doppler Velocimeters (or Anemometers) Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 6.3 Pitot-Static Tubes
1008	6.4 Measuring Flow in Ducts
1010	6.5 Airflow-Measuring Hoods
1011	6.6 Vortex Shedding in Airflow Measurement 7. Flow Rate Measurement
1013	Flow Measurement Methods 7.1 Venturi, Nozzle, and Orifice Flowmeters
1014	7.2 Variable-Area Flowmeters (Rotameters)
1015	7.3 Coriolis Principle Flowmeters 7.4 Positive-Displacement Meters 7.5 Turbine Flowmeters 7.6 Electromagnetic (MAG) Flowmeters 7.7 Vortex-Shedding Flowmeters
1016	8. Air Infiltration, Airtightness, and Outdoor Air Ventilation Rate Measurement Carbon Dioxide 9. Carbon Dioxide Measurement 9.1 Nondispersive Infrared CO2 Detectors
1017	Calibration Applications 9.2 Amperometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors 9.3 Photoacoustic CO2 Detectors Open-Cell Sensors Optical (Shaft) Encoders
1018	Closed-Cell Sensors 9.4 Potentiometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors 9.5 Colorimetric Detector Tubes 9.6 Laboratory Measurements 10. Electric Measurement Ammeters Voltmeters
1019	Wattmeters Power-Factor Meters 11. Rotative Speed and Position Measurement Tachometers Stroboscopes AC Tachometer-Generators
1020	12. Sound and Vibration Measurement 12.1 Sound Measurement Microphones
1021	Sound Measurement Systems Frequency Analysis Sound Chambers Calibration 12.2 Vibration Measurement
1022	Transducers Vibration Measurement Systems Calibration 13. Lighting Measurement
1023	14. Thermal Comfort Measurement Clothing and Activity Level Air Temperature Air Velocity Plane Radiant Temperature Mean Radiant Temperature Air Humidity 14.1 Calculating Thermal Comfort
1024	14.2 Integrating Instruments 15. Moisture Content and Transfer Measurement Moisture Content
1025	Vapor Permeability Liquid Diffusivity
1026	16. Heat Transfer Through Building Materials Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductance and Resistance 17. Air Contaminant Measurement
1027	18. Combustion Analysis 18.1 Flue Gas Analysis 19. Data Acquisition and Recording Digital Recording
1028	Data-Logging Devices 20. Mechanical Power Measurement Measurement of Shaft Power Measurement of Fluid Pumping Power
1029	20.1 Symbols Standards
1030	References
1032	Bibliography
1033	I-P_F21_Ch39 1. Abbreviations for Text, Drawings, and Computer Programs Computer Programs 2. Letter Symbols
1036	3. Letter Symbols 4. Dimensionless Numbers
1037	5. Mathematical Symbols
1042	6. Piping System Identification Definitions Method of Identification
1043	7. Codes and Standards
1044	I-P_F21_Ch40
1046	I-P_F21_Ch41
1076	I-P_F21_Errata 2019 HVAC Applications 2020 HVAC Systems and Equipment
1082	I-P_F2021 IndexIX Abbreviations, F38 Absorbents Absorption Acoustics. See Sound Activated alumina, S24.1, 4, 12 Activated carbon adsorption, A47.9 Adaptation, environmental, F9.17 ADPI. See Air diffusion performance index (ADPI) Adsorbents Adsorption Aeration, of farm crops, A26 Aerosols, S29.1 AFDD. See Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD) Affinity laws for centrifugal pumps, S44.8 AFUE. See Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE) AHU. See Air handlers Air Air barriers, F25.9; F26.5 Airborne infectious diseases, F10.7 Air cleaners. (See also Filters, air; Industrial exhaust gas cleaning) Air conditioners. (See also Central air conditioning)
1083	Air conditioning. (See also Central air conditioning) Air contaminants, F11. (See also Contaminants) Aircraft, A13 Air curtains Air diffusers, S20 Air diffusion, F20 Air diffusion performance index (ADPI), A58.6 Air dispersion systems, fabric, S19.11 Air distribution, A58; F20; S4; S20 Air exchange rate Air filters. See Filters, air Airflow
1084	Airflow retarders, F25.9 Air flux, F25.2. (See also Airflow) Air handlers Air inlets Air intakes Air jets. See Air diffusion Air leakage. (See also Infiltration) Air mixers, S4.8 Air outlets Airports, air conditioning, A3.6 Air quality. [See also Indoor air quality (IAQ)] Air terminal units (ATUs) Airtightness, F37.24 Air-to-air energy recovery, S26 Air-to-transmission ratio, S5.13 Air transport, R27 Air washers Algae, control, A50.12 All-air systems Altitude, effects of Ammonia Anchor bolts, seismic restraint, A56.7 Anemometers Animal environments
1085	Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), S34.2 Antifreeze Antisweat heaters (ASH), R15.5 Apartment buildings Aquifers, thermal storage, S51.7 Archimedes number, F20.6 Archives. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Arenas Argon, recovery, R47.17 Asbestos, F10.5 ASH. See Antisweat heaters (ASH) Atriums Attics, unconditioned, F27.2 Auditoriums, A5.3 Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD), A40.4; A63.1 Automobiles Autopsy rooms, A9.12; A10.6, 7 Avogadro’s law, and fuel combustion, F28.11 Backflow-prevention devices, S46.14 BACnet®, A41.9; F7.18 Bacteria Bakery products, R41 Balance point, heat pumps, S48.9 Balancing. (See also Testing, adjusting, and balancing) BAS. See Building automation systems (BAS) Baseboard units Basements Bayesian analysis, F19.37 Beer’s law, F4.16 Behavior BEMP. See Building energy modeling professional (BEMP) Bernoulli equation, F21.1 Best efficiency point (BEP), S44.8 Beverages, R39 BIM. See Building information modeling (BIM) Bioaerosols Biocides, control, A50.14 Biodiesel, F28.8 Biological safety cabinets, A17.5 Biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11 Bioterrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Boilers, F19.21; S32 Boiling Brake horsepower, S44.8 Brayton cycle Bread, R41 Breweries Brines. See Coolants, secondary Building automation systems (BAS), A41.8; A63.1; F7.14
1086	Building energy modeling professional (BEMP), F19.5 Building energy monitoring, A42. (See also Energy, monitoring) Building envelopes Building information modeling (BIM), A41.8; A60.18 Building materials, properties, F26 Building performance simulation (BPS), A65.8 Buildings Building thermal mass Burners Buses Bus terminals Butane, commercial, F28.5 CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD) Cafeterias, service water heating, A51.12, 19 Calcium chloride brines, F31.1 Candy Capillary action, and moisture flow, F25.10 Capillary tubes Carbon dioxide Carbon emissions, F34.7 Carbon monoxide Cargo containers, R25 Carnot refrigeration cycle, F2.6
1087	Cattle, beef and dairy, A25.7. (See also Animal environments) CAV. See Constant air volume (CAV) Cavitation, F3.13 CBRE. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents CEER. See Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER) Ceiling effect. See Coanda effect Ceilings Central air conditioning, A43. (See also Air conditioning) Central plant optimization, A8.13 Central plants Central systems Cetane number, engine fuels, F28.9 CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Change-point regression models, F19.28 Charge minimization, R1.36 Charging, refrigeration systems, R8.4 Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents, A61 Chemical plants Chemisorption, A47.10 Chilled beams, S20.10 Chilled water (CW) Chillers Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F6.7 Chimneys, S35 Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), A35.44 Chocolate, R42.1. (See also Candy) Choking, F3.13 CHP systems. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Cinemas, A5.3 CKV. See Commercial kitchen ventilation (CVK) Claude cycle, R47.8 Cleanrooms. See Clean spaces Clean spaces, A19
1088	Clear-sky solar radiation, calculation, F14.8 Climate change, F36 Climatic design information, F14 Clinics, A9.17 Clothing CLTD/CLF. See Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF) CMMS. See Computerized maintenance management system (CMSS) Coal Coanda effect, A34.22; F20.2, 7; S20.2 Codes, A66. (See also Standards) Coefficient of performance (COP) Coefficient of variance of the root mean square error [CV(RMSE)], F19.33 Cogeneration. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Coils Colburn’s analogy, F4.17 Colebrook equation Collaborative design, A60 Collectors, solar, A36.6, 11, 24, 25; S37.3 Colleges and universities, A8.11 Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER), S49.3 Combined heat and power (CHP), S7 Combustion, F28
1089	Combustion air systems Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC), S7.21; S8.1 Comfort. (See also Physiological principles, humans) Commercial and public buildings, A3 Commercial kitchen ventilation (CKV), A34 Commissioning, A44 Comprehensive room transfer function method (CRTF), F19.11 Compressors, S38 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F13.1, F19.25 Computer-aided design (CAD), A19.6 Computerized maintenance management system (CMMS), A60.17 Computers, A41 Concert halls, A5.4 Concrete Condensate Condensation
1090	Condensers, S39 Conductance, thermal, F4.3; F25.1 Conduction Conductivity, thermal, F25.1; F26.1 Constant air volume (CAV) Construction. (See also Building envelopes) Containers. (See also Cargo containers) Contaminants Continuity, fluid dynamics, F3.2 Control. (See also Controls, automatic; Supervisory control)
1091	Controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage Controlled-environment rooms (CERs), and plant growth, A25.16 Controls, automatic, F7. (See also Control) Convection Convectors Convention centers, A5.5 Conversion factors, F39 Cooking appliances Coolants, secondary Coolers. (See also Refrigerators)
1092	Cooling. (See also Air conditioning) Cooling load Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF), F18.57 Cooling towers, S40 Cool storage, S51.1 COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP) Corn, drying, A26.1 Correctional facilities. See Justice facilities Corrosion Costs. (See also Economics) Cotton, drying, A26.8 Courthouses, A10.5 Courtrooms, A10.5 CPVC. See Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) Crawlspaces Critical spaces Crops. See Farm crops Cruise terminals, A3.6 Cryogenics, R47
1093	Curtain walls, F15.6 Dairy products, R33 Dampers Dampness problems in buildings, A64.1 Dams, concrete cooling, R45.1 Darcy equation, F21.6 Darcy-Weisbach equation Data centers, A20 Data-driven modeling Daylighting, F19.26 DDC. See Direct digital control (DDC) Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS), F36.12; S4.14; S18.2, 8; S25.4; S51 Definitions, of refrigeration terms, R50 Defrosting Degree-days, F14.12 Dehumidification, A48.15; S24 Dehumidifiers Dehydration Demand control kitchen ventilation (DCKV), A34.18 Density Dental facilities, A9.17 Desiccants, F32.1; S24.1
1094	Design-day climatic data, F14.12 Desorption isotherm, F26.20 Desuperheaters Detection Dew point, A64.8 Diamagnetism, and superconductivity, R47.5 Diesel fuel, F28.9 Diffusers, air, sound control, A49.12 Diffusion Diffusivity Dilution Dining halls, in justice facilities, A10.4 DIR. See Dispersive infrared (DIR) Direct digital control (DDC), F7.4, 11 Direct numerical simulation (DNS), turbulence modeling, F13.4; F24.13 Dirty bombs. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Disabilities, A8.23 Discharge coefficients, in fluid flow, F3.9 Dispersive infrared (DIR), F7.10 Display cases Display cases, R15.2, 5 District energy (DE). See District heating and cooling (DHC) District heating and cooling (DHC), S12 d-limonene, F31.12 DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS) DOAS. See Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) Doors Dormitories Draft Drag, in fluid flow, F3.5 Driers, S7.6. (See also Dryers) Drip station, steam systems, S12.14 Dryers. (See also Driers) Drying DTW. See Dual-temperature water (DTW) system Dual-duct systems Dual-temperature water (DTW) system, S13.1 DuBois equation, F9.3 Duct connections, A64.10 Duct design Ducts
1095	Dust mites, F25.16 Dusts, S29.1 Dynamometers, A18.1 Earth, stabilization, R45.3, 4 Earthquakes, seismic-resistant design, A56.1 Economic analysis, A38 Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP), S7.2 Economic performance degradation index (EPDI), A63.5 Economics. (See also Costs) Economizers ECOP. See Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP) ECS. See Environmental control system (ECS) Eddy diffusivity, F6.7 Educational facilities, A8 EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Effectiveness, heat transfer, F4.22 Effectiveness-NTU heat exchanger model, F19.19 Efficiency Eggs, R34 Electricity Electric thermal storage (ETS), S51.17 Electronic smoking devices (“e-cigarettes”), F11.19 Electrostatic precipitators, S29.7; S30.7 Elevators Emissions, pollution, F28.9 Emissivity, F4.2 Emittance, thermal, F25.2 Enclosed vehicular facilities, A16 Energy
1096	Energy and water use and management, A37 Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC), A38.8 Energy transfer station, S12.37 Engines, S7 Engine test facilities, A18 Enhanced tubes. See Finned-tube heat transfer coils Enthalpy Entropy, F2.1 Environmental control Environmental control system (ECS), A13 Environmental health, F10 Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) EPDI. See Economic performance degradation index (EPDI) Equipment vibration, A49.44; F8.17 ERF. See Effective radiant flux (ERF) ESPC. See Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC) Ethylene glycol, in hydronic systems, S13.24 ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Electric thermal storage (ETS) Evaluation. See Testing Evaporation, in tubes Evaporative coolers. (See also Refrigerators) Evaporative cooling, A53 Evaporators. (See also Coolers, liquid) Exfiltration, F16.2 Exhaust
1097	Exhibit buildings, temporary, A5.6 Exhibit cases Exhibition centers, A5.5 Expansion joints and devices Expansion tanks, S12.10 Explosions. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Fairs, A5.6 Family courts, A10.4. (See also Juvenile detention facilities) Fan-coil units, S5.6 Fans, F19.18; S21 Farm crops, drying and storing, A26 Faults, system, reasons for detecting, A40.4 f-Chart method, sizing heating and cooling systems, A36.20 Fenestration. (See also Windows) Fick’s law, F6.1 Filters, air, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Finned-tube heat-distributing units, S36.2, 5 Finned-tube heat transfer coils, F4.25 Fins, F4.6 Fire/smoke control. See Smoke control Firearm laboratories, A10.7 Fire management, A54.2 Fireplaces, S34.5 Fire safety Fish, R19; R32 Fitness facilities. (See also Gymnasiums) Fittings
1098	Fixed-guideway vehicles, A12.7. (See also Mass-transit systems) Fixture units, A51.1, 28 Flammability limits, gaseous fuels, F28.1 Flash tank, steam systems, S11.14 Floors Flowers, cut Flowmeters, A39.26; F37.18 Fluid dynamics computations, F13.1 Fluid flow, F3 Food. (See also specific foods) Food service Forced-air systems, residential, A1.1 Forensic labs, A10.6 Fouling factor Foundations Fountains, Legionella pneumophila control, A50.15 Fourier’s law, and heat transfer, F25.5 Four-pipe systems, S5.5 Framing, for fenestration Freeze drying, A31.6 Freeze prevention. (See also Freeze protection systems) Freeze protection systems, A52.19, 20 Freezers Freezing Friction, in fluid flow
1099	Fruit juice, R38 Fruits Fuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP), S7.22 Fuels, F28 Fume hoods, laboratory exhaust, A17.3 Fungi Furnaces, S33 Galleries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Garages Gases Gas-fired equipment, S34. (See also Natural gas) Gas vents, S35.1 Gaussian process (GP) models, F19.30 GCHP. See Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Generators Geothermal energy, A35 Geothermal heat pumps (GHP), A35.1 Glaser method, F25.15 Glazing Global climate change, F36 Global warming potential (GWP), F29.5 Glossary, of refrigeration terms, R50 Glycols, desiccant solution, S24.2 Graphical symbols, F38 Green design, and sustainability, F35.1 Greenhouses. (See also Plant environments) Grids, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Ground-coupled systems, F19.23 Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), A35.1 Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP), A35.30 GSHP. See Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) Guard stations, in justice facilities, A10.5 GWHP. See Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP) GWP. See Global warming potential (GWP) Gymnasiums, A5.5; A8.3 HACCP. See Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) Halocarbon Hartford loop, S11.3 Hay, drying, A26.8 Hazard analysis and control, F10.4 Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP), R22.4 Hazen-Williams equation, F22.6 HB. See Heat balance (HB) Health
1100	Health care facilities, A9. (See also specific types) Health effects, mold, A64.1 Heat Heat and moisture control, F27.1 Heat balance (HB), S9.23 Heat balance method, F19.3 Heat capacity, F25.1 Heat control, F27 Heaters, S34 Heat exchangers, S47 Heat flow, F25. (See also Heat transfer) Heat flux, F25.1 Heat gain. (See also Load calculations) Heating Heating load Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF), S48.6 Heating values of fuels, F28.3, 9, 10 Heat loss. (See also Load calculations)
1101	Heat pipes, air-to-air energy recovery, S26.14 Heat pumps Heat recovery. (See also Energy, recovery) Heat storage. See Thermal storage Heat stress Heat transfer, F4; F25; F26; F27. (See also Heat flow) Heat transmission Heat traps, A51.1 Helium High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, A29.3; S29.6; S30.3 High-rise buildings. See Tall buildings High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, R33.2 High-temperature water (HTW) system, S13.1
1102	Homeland security. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Hoods Hospitals, A9.3 Hot-box method, of thermal modeling, F25.8 Hotels and motels, A7 Hot-gas bypass, R1.35 Houses of worship, A5.3 HSI. See Heat stress, index (HSI) HSPF. See Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) HTST. See High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization Humidification, S22 Humidifiers, S22 Humidity (See also Moisture) HVAC security, A61 Hybrid inverse change point model, F19.31 Hybrid ventilation, F19.26 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), R1.1 Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), R1.1 Hydrogen, liquid, R47.3 Hydronic systems, S35. (See also Water systems) Hygrometers, F7.9; F37.10, 11 Hygrothermal loads, F25.2 Hygrothermal modeling, F25.15; F27.10 IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ) IBD. See Integrated building design (IBD) Ice Ice makers Ice rinks, A5.5; R44 ID50‚ mean infectious dose, A61.9 Ignition temperatures of fuels, F28.2 IGUs. See Insulating glazing units (IGUs) Illuminance, F37.31 Indoor airflow, A59.1
1103	Indoor air quality (IAQ). (See also Air quality) Indoor environmental modeling, F13 Indoor environmental quality (IEQ), kitchens, A33.20. (See also Air quality) Indoor swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums) Induction Industrial applications Industrial environments, A15, A32; A33 Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Industrial hygiene, F10.3 Infiltration. (See also Air leakage) Infrared applications In-room terminal systems Instruments, F14. (See also specific instruments or applications) Insulating glazing units (IGUs), F15.5 Insulation, thermal
1104	Integrated building design (IBD), A60.1 Integrated project delivery (IPD), A60.1 Integrated project delivery and building design, Intercoolers, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.12 Internal heat gains, F19.13 Jacketing, insulation, R10.7 Jails, A10.4 Joule-Thomson cycle, R47.6 Judges’ chambers, A10.5 Juice, R38.1 Jury facilities, A10.5 Justice facilities, A10 Juvenile detention facilities, A10.1. (See also Family courts) K-12 schools, A8.3 Kelvin’s equation, F25.11 Kirchoff’s law, F4.12 Kitchens, A34 Kleemenko cycle, R47.13 Krypton, recovery, R47.18 Laboratories, A17 Laboratory information management systems (LIMS), A10.8 Lakes, heat transfer, A35.37 Laminar flow Large eddy simulation (LES), turbulence modeling, F13.3; F24.13 Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA), F37.17 Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV), F37.17 Latent energy change materials, S51.2 Laundries LCR. See Load collector ratio (LCR) LD50‚ mean lethal dose, A61.9 LDA. See Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA) LDV. See Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV) LE. See Life expectancy (LE) rating Leakage
1105	Leakage function, relationship, F16.15 Leak detection of refrigerants, F29.9 Legionella pneumophila, A50.15; F10.7 Legionnaires’ disease. See Legionella pneumophila LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES) Lewis relation, F6.9; F9.4 Libraries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Life expectancy (LE) rating, film, A23.3 Lighting Light measurement, F37.31 LIMS. See Laboratory information management systems (LIMS) Linde cycle, R47.6 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), S8.6 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F28.5 Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R4 Lithium bromide/water, F30.71 Lithium chloride, S24.2 LNG. See Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Load calculations Load collector ratio (LCR), A36.22 Local exhaust. See Exhaust Loss coefficients Louvers, F15.33 Low-temperature water (LTW) system, S13.1 LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) LTW. See Low-temperature water (LTW) system Lubricants, R6.1; R12. (See also Lubrication; Oil) Lubrication, R12 Mach number, S38.32 Maintenance. (See also Operation and maintenance) Makeup air units, S28.8 Malls, 12.7 Manometers, differential pressure readout, A39.25 Manufactured homes, A1.9 Masonry, insulation, F26.7. (See also Building envelopes) Mass transfer, F6
1106	Mass-transit systems McLeod gages, F37.13 Mean infectious dose (ID50), A61.9 Mean lethal dose (LD50), A61.9 Mean temperature difference, F4.22 Measurement, F36. (See also Instruments) Measurement, F37. (See also Instruments) Meat, R30 Mechanical equipment room, central Mechanical traps, steam systems, S11.8 Medium-temperature water (MTW) system, S13.1 Megatall buildings, A4.1 Meshes, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Metabolic rate, F9.6 Metals and alloys, low-temperature, R48.6 Microbial growth, R22.4 Microbial volatile organic chemicals (MVOCs), F10.8 Microbiology of foods, R22.1 Microphones, F37.29 Mines, A30 Modeling. (See also Data-driven modeling; Energy, modeling) Model predictive control (MPC), A65.6 Moist air Moisture (See also Humidity) Mold, A64.1; F25.16 Mold-resistant gypsum board, A64.7
1107	Molecular sieves, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Zeolites) Montreal Protocol, F29.1 Morgues, A9.1 Motors, S45 Movie theaters, A5.3 MPC (model predictive control), A65.6 MRT. See Mean radiant temperature (MRT) Multifamily residences, A1.8 Multiple-use complexes Multisplit unitary equipment, S48.1 Multizone airflow modeling, F13.14 Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries MVOCs. See Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) Natatoriums. (See also Swimming pools) Natural gas, F28.5 Navier-Stokes equations, F13.2 NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curves Net positive suction head (NPSH), A35.31; R2.9; S44.10 Network airflow models, F19.25 Neutral pressure level (NPL), A4.1 Night setback, recovery, A43.44 Nitrogen Noise, F8.13. (See also Sound) Noise criterion (NC) curves, F8.16 Noncondensable gases Normalized mean bias error (NMBE), F19.33 NPL. See Neutral pressure level (NPL) NPSH. See Net positive suction head (NPSH) NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU) Nuclear facilities, A29 Number of transfer units (NTU) Nursing facilities, A9.17 Nuts, storage, R42.7 Odors, F12 ODP. See Ozone depletion potential (ODP) Office buildings Oil, fuel, F28.7 Oil. (See also Lubricants) Olf unit, F12.6 One-pipe systems Operating costs, A38.4 Operation and maintenance, A39. (See also Maintenance) OPR. See Owner’s project requirements (OPR) Optimization, A43.4
1108	Outdoor air, free cooling (See also Ventilation) Outpatient health care facilities, A9.16 Owning costs, A38.1 Oxygen Ozone Ozone depletion potential (ODP), F29.5 PACE. (See Property assessment for clean energy) Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), S49.5 Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), S49.5 PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Paint, and moisture problems, F25.16 Panel heating and cooling, S6. (See also Radiant heating and cooling) Paper Paper products facilities, A27 Parallel compressor systems, R15.14 Particulate matter, indoor air quality (IAQ), F10.5 Passive heating, F19.27 Pasteurization, R33.2 Peak dew point, A64.10 Peanuts, drying, A26.9 PEC systems. See Personal environmental control (PEC) systems PEL. See Permissible exposure limits (PEL) Performance contracting, A42.2 Performance monitoring, A48.6 Permafrost stabilization, R45.4 Permeability Permeance Permissible exposure limits (PELs), F10.5 Personal environmental control (PEC) systems, F9.26 Pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11 Pharmacies, A9.13 Phase-change materials, thermal storage in, S51.16, 27 Photographic materials, A23 Photovoltaic (PV) systems, S36.18. (See also Solar energy) Physical properties of materials, F33 Physiological principles, humans. (See also Comfort) Pigs. See Swine Pipes. (See also Piping) Piping. (See also Pipes)
1109	Pitot tubes, A39.2; F37.17 Places of assembly, A5 Planes. See Aircraft Plank’s equation, R20.7 Plant environments, A25.10 Plenums PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV) Police stations, A10.1 Pollutant transport modeling. See Contami- nants, indoor, concentration prediction Pollution Pollution, air, and combustion, F28.9, 17 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), F10.6 Polydimethylsiloxane, F31.12 Ponds, spray, S40.6 Pope cell, F37.12 Positive building pressure, A64.11 Positive positioners, F7.8 Potatoes Poultry. (See also Animal environments) Power grid, A63.9 Power-law airflow model, F13.14 Power plants, A28 PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD) Prandtl number, F4.17 Precooling Predicted mean vote (PMV), F37.32 Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F9.18 Preschools, A8.1 Pressure Pressure drop. (See also Darcy-Weisbach equation) Primary-air systems, S5.10 Printing plants, A21
1110	Prisons, A10.4 Produce Product load, R15.6 Propane Property assessment for clean energy (PACE), A38.9 Propylene glycol, hydronic systems, S13.24 Psychrometers, F1.13 Psychrometrics, F1 PTACs. See Packaged terminal air condition- ers (PTACs) PTHPs. See Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs) Public buildings. See Commercial and public buildings; Places of assembly Pumps Pumps, F19.18 Purge units, centrifugal chillers, S43.11 PV systems. See Photovoltaic (PV) systems; Solar energy Radiant heating and cooling, A55; S6.1; S15; S33.4. (See also Panel heating and cooling) Radiant time series (RTS) method, F18.2, 22 Radiation Radiators, S36.1, 5 Radioactive gases, contaminants, F11.21 Radiosity method, F19.26 Radon, F10.16, 22 Rail cars, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Railroad tunnels, ventilation Rain, and building envelopes, F25.4 RANS. See Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation Rapid-transit systems. See Mass-transit systems Rayleigh number, F4.20 Ray tracing method, F19.27 RC curves. See Room criterion (RC) curves Receivers Recycling refrigerants, R9.3 Refrigerant/absorbent pairs, F2.15 Refrigerant control devices, R11
1111	Refrigerants, F29.1 Refrigerant transfer units (RTU), liquid chillers, S43.11 Refrigerated facilities, R23 Refrigeration, F1.16. (See also Absorption; Adsorption)
1112	Refrigeration oils, R12. (See also Lubricants) Refrigerators Regulators. (See also Valves) Relative humidity, F1.12 Residential health care facilities, A9.17 Residential systems, A1 Resistance, thermal, F4; F25; F26. (See also R-values) Resistance temperature devices (RTDs), F7.9; F37.6 Resistivity, thermal, F25.1 Resource utilization factor (RUF), F34.2 Respiration of fruits and vegetables, R19.17 Restaurants Retail facilities, 12 Retrofit performance monitoring, A42.4 Retrofitting refrigerant systems, contaminant control, S7.9 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, F13.3; F24.13 Reynolds number, F3.3 Rice, drying, A26.9 RMS. See Root mean square (RMS) Road tunnels, A16.3 Roofs, U-factors, F27.2 Room air distribution, A58; S20.1 Room criterion (RC) curves, F8.16 Root mean square (RMS), F37.1 RTDs. See Resistance temperature devices (RTDs) RTS. See Radiant time series (RTS) RTU. See Refrigerant transfer units (RTU) RUF. See Resource utilization factor (RUF) Rusting, of building components, F25.16 R-values, F23; F25; F26. (See also Resistance, thermal) Safety Sanitation Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR), A38.12 Savings-to-investment-ratio (SIR), A38.12 Scale Schneider system, R23.7 Schools Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) Security. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
1113	Seeds, storage, A26.12 SEER. See Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) Seismic restraint, A49.53; A56.1 Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), F10.4, 12; F11.15 Sensors Separators, lubricant, R11.23 Service water heating, A51 SES. See Subway environment simulation (SES) program Set points, A65.1 Shading Ships, A13 Shooting ranges, indoor, A10.8 Short-tube restrictors, R11.31 Silica gel, S24.1, 4, 6, 12 Single-duct systems, all-air, S4.11 SIR. See Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) Skating rinks, R44.1 Skylights, and solar heat gain, F15.21 Slab heating, A52 Slab-on-grade foundations, A45.11 SLR. See Solar-load ratio (SLR) Smart building systems, A63.1 Smart grid, A63.9, 11 Smoke control, A54 Snow-melting systems, A52 Snubbers, seismic, A56.8 Sodium chloride brines, F31.1 Soft drinks, R39.10 Software, A65.7 Soils. (See also Earth) Solar energy, A36; S37.1 (See also Solar heat gain; Solar radiation)
1114	Solar heat gain, F15.14; F18.16 Solar-load ratio (SLR), A36.22 Solar-optical glazing, F15.14 Solar radiation, F14.8; F15.14 Solid fuel Solvent drying, constant-moisture, A31.7 Soot, F28.20 Sorbents, F32.1 Sorption isotherm, F25.10; F26.20 Sound, F8. (See also Noise) Soybeans, drying, A26.7 Specific heat Split-flux method, F19.26 Spot cooling Stack effect Stadiums, A5.4 Stairwells Standard atmosphere, U.S., F1.1 Standards, A66. (See also Codes) Static air mixers, S4.8 Static electricity and humidity, S22.2
1115	Steam Steam systems, S11 Steam traps, S11.7 Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F4.2, 12 Stevens’ law, F12.3 Stirling cycle, R47.14 Stokers, S31.17 Storage Stoves, heating, S34.5 Stratification Stroboscopes, F37.28 Subcoolers Subway environment simulation (SES) program, A16.3 Subway systems. (See also Mass-transit systems) Suction risers, R2.24 Sulfur content, fuel oils, F28.9 Superconductivity, diamagnetism, R47.5 Supermarkets. See Retail facilities, supermarkets Supertall buildings, A4.1 Supervisory control, A43 Supply air outlets, S20.2. (See also Air outlets) Surface effect. See Coanda effect Surface transportation Surface water heat pump (SWHP), A35.3 Sustainability, F16.1; F35.1; S48.2 SVFs. See Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) SVOCs. See Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) SWHP. See Surface water heat pump (SWHP) Swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums) Swine, recommended environment, A25.7 Symbols, F38 Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F10.6 TABS. See Thermally activated building systems (TABS)
1116	Tachometers, F37.28 Tall buildings, A4 Tanks, secondary coolant systems, R13.2 TDD. See Tubular daylighting devices Telecomunication facilities, air-conditioning systems, A20.1 Temperature Temperature-controlled transport, R25.1 Temperature index, S22.3 Terminal units. [See also Air terminal units (ATUs)], A48.13, F19.16; S20.7 Terminology, of refrigeration, R50 Terrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents TES. See Thermal energy storage (TES) Testing Testing, adjusting, and balancing. (See also Balancing) TETD/TA. See Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA) TEWI. See Total equivalent warning impact (TEWI) Textile processing plants, A22 TFM. See Transfer function method (TFM) Theaters, A5.3 Thermal bridges, F25.8 Thermal comfort. See Comfort Thermal displacement ventilation (TDV), F19.17 Thermal emittance, F25.2 Thermal energy storage (TES), S8.6; S51
1117	Thermally activated building systems (TABS), A43.3, 34 Thermal-network method, F19.11 Thermal properties, F26.1 Thermal resistivity, F25.1 Thermal storage, Thermal storage. See Thermal energy storage (TES) S51 Thermal transmission data, F26 Thermal zones, F19.14 Thermistors, R11.4 Thermodynamics, F2.1 Thermometers, F37.5 Thermopile, F7.4; F37.9; R45.4 Thermosiphons Thermostats Three-dimensional (3D) printers, F11.18 Three-pipe distribution, S5.6 Tobacco smoke Tollbooths Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA), F18.57 Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), F29.5 Trailers and trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Transducers, F7.10, 13 Transfer function method (TFM); F18.57; F19.3 Transmittance, thermal, F25.2 Transmitters, F7.9, 10 Transpiration, R19.19 Transportation centers Transport properties of refrigerants, F30 Traps Trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Tubular daylighting devices (TDDs), F15.30 Tuning automatic control systems, F7.19 Tunnels, vehicular, A16.1 Turbines, S7 Turbochargers, heat recovery, S7.34 Turbulence modeling, F13.3 Turbulent flow, fluids, F3.3 Turndown ratio, design capacity, S13.4 Two-node model, for thermal comfort, F9.18 Two-pipe systems, S5.5; S13.20 U.S. Marshal spaces, A10.6 U-factor Ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, S29.6; S30.3 Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems, S17
1118	Ultraviolet air and surface treatment, A62 Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A60.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems] Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A62.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems] Uncertainty analysis Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems, A4.6; A58.14; F19.17 Unitary systems, S48 Unit heaters. See Heaters Units and conversions, F39 Unit ventilators, S28.1 Utility interface, electric, S7.43 Utility rates, A63.11 UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems UVGI. See Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) Vacuum cooling, of fruits and vegetables, R28.9 Validation, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Valves. (See also Regulators) Vaporization systems, S8.6 Vapor pressure, F27.8; F33.2 Vapor retarders, jackets, F23.12 Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Variable-frequency drives, S45.14 Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), S18.1; S48.1, 14 Variable-speed drives. See Variable-frequency drives S51 VAV. See Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Vegetables, R37 Vehicles Vena contracta, F3.4 Vending machines, R16.5 Ventilation, F16
1119	Ventilators Venting Verification, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.11 Vibration, F8.17 Viral pathogens, F10.9 Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat release rate, A30.3 Viscosity, F3.1 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), F10.11 Voltage, A57.1 Volume ratio, compressors VRF. See Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) VRT. See Virgin rock temperature (VRT) Walls Warehouses, A3.8 Water Water heaters Water horsepower, pump, S44.7 Water/lithium bromide absorption Water-source heat pump (WSHP), S2.4; S48.11 Water systems, S13
1120	Water treatment, A50 Water use and management (See Energy and water use and management) Water vapor control, A45.6 Water vapor permeance/permeability, F26.12, 17, 18 Water vapor retarders, F26.6 Water wells, A35.30 Weather data, F14 Weatherization, F16.18 Welding sheet metal, S19.12 Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat stress, A32.5 Wheels, rotary enthalpy, S26.9 Whirlpools and spas Wien’s displacement law, F4.12 Wind. (See also Climatic design information; Weather data) Wind chill index, F9.23 Windows. (See also Fenestration) Wind restraint design, A56.15 Wineries Wireless sensors, A63.7 Wood construction, and moisture, F25.10 Wood products facilities, A27.1 Wood pulp, A27.2 Wood stoves, S34.5 WSHP. See Water-source heat pump (WSHP) Xenon, R47.18 Zeolites, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Molecular sieves)

ASHRAE HVACSystemsEquipment Handbook SI 2024

Sun, 20 Oct 2024 10:30:46 +0000

The 2024 ASHRAE Handbook — HVAC Systems and Equipment discusses various systems and the equipment (components or assemblies) that comprise them and describes features and differences. This information helps system designers and operators in selecting and using equipment. Major sections discuss air-conditioning and heating systems; equipment and components for air handling, heating, cooling, and general application; packaged, unitary, and split-system equipment; and general systems

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
3	Dedicated To The Advancement Of The Profession And Its Allied Industries DISCLAIMER
10	SI_S24_Ch01 1. Selecting a System Additional Goals
11	Equipment and System Constraints
12	Constructability Constraints Narrowing the Choices Selection Report
13	2. HVAC Systems and Equipment Decentralized System Characteristics
14	Centralized System Characteristics Air Distribution Systems
15	Primary Equipment Refrigeration Equipment Heating Equipment Air Delivery Equipment 3. Space Requirements Equipment Rooms
16	Fan Rooms Horizontal Distribution Vertical Shafts
17	Rooftop Equipment Equipment Access 4. Air Distribution Air Terminal Units Duct Insulation Ceiling and Floor Plenums
18	5. Pipe Distribution Pipe Systems Pipe Insulation 6. Security and environmental health and safety 7. Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems
19	8. Maintenance Management 9. Building System Commissioning
20	SI_S24_Ch02 1. System Characteristics Advantages
21	Disadvantages 2. Design Considerations Air-Side Economizer Advantages
22	Disadvantages Water-Side Economizer Advantages Disadvantages 3. Window-Mounted and Through-the- Wall Room HVAC Units Advantages Disadvantages
23	Design Considerations 4. Water-Source Heat Pump Systems
24	Advantages Disadvantages Design Considerations 5. Multiple-Unit Systems Advantages
25	Disadvantages Design Considerations
26	6. Residential and Light Commercial Split Systems Advantages Disadvantages Design Considerations 7. Commercial Self-Contained (Floor- by-Floor) Systems Advantages
27	Disadvantages Design Considerations
28	8. Commercial Outdoor Packaged Systems Advantages Disadvantages Design Considerations
29	9. Single-Zone VAV Systems Advantages Disadvantages
30	Design Considerations 10. Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems 11. Maintenance Management 12. Building System Commissioning
31	Bibliography
32	SI_S24_Ch03 1. System Characteristics
33	Advantages Disadvantages 2. Design Considerations Cooling and Heating Loads
34	Security System Flow Design
36	Energy Recovery and Thermal Storage 3. Equipment Primary Refrigeration Equipment Ancillary Refrigeration Equipment
37	Primary Heating Equipment
38	Ancillary Heating Equipment 4. Distribution Systems
39	5. Sound, Vibration, Seismic, and Wind Considerations Sound and Vibration Seismic and Wind Issues 6. Space Considerations
40	Location of Central Plant and Equipment Central Plant Security 7. Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems
41	Instrumentation 8. Maintenance Management Systems
42	9. Building System Commissioning 10. System Replacements and Expansions References Bibliography
44	SI_S24_Ch04 Advantages of All-Air Systems Disadvantages of All-Air Systems
45	Heating and Cooling Calculations Zoning Space Heating Air Temperature Versus Air Quantity
46	Space Pressure Other Considerations First, Operating, and Maintenance Costs
47	Energy in Air Handling 1. AIR-HANDLING UNITS Primary Equipment Air-Handling Equipment
48	Central Mechanical Equipment Rooms (MERs) Decentralized MERs Fans 1.1 Air-Handling Unit Psychrometric Processes Cooling
49	Heating Humidification Dehumidification
50	Air Mixing or Blending 1.2 Air-Handling Unit Components Return Air Fan Relief Air Fan Automatic Dampers Relief Openings Return Air Dampers Outdoor Air Intakes
51	Economizers Mixing Plenums Static Air Mixers Filter Section
52	Preheat Coil Cooling Coil Reheat Coil Humidifiers
53	Dehumidifiers Energy Recovery Devices Sound Control Devices Supply Air Fan
54	Miscellaneous Components 1.3 Air Distribution Ductwork Design
55	2. AIR-HANDLING SYSTEMS 2.1 Single-Duct Systems Constant Volume Variable Air Volume (VAV)
56	2.2 Dual-Duct Systems Constant Volume Variable Air Volume
57	2.3 Multizone Systems
58	2.4 Special Systems Primary/Secondary Dedicated Outdoor Air Underfloor Air Distribution
59	Wetted Duct/Supersaturated
60	Compressed-Air and Water Spray Low-Temperature Smoke Control 2.5 Air Terminal Units Constant-Volume Reheat Variable Air Volume
61	Terminal Humidifiers Terminal Filters 2.6 Air Distribution System Controls
62	2.7 Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems 2.8 Maintenance Management System
63	2.9 Building System Commissioning References Bibliography
64	SI_S24_Ch05 1. System Characteristics Advantages
65	Disadvantages Heating and Cooling Calculations Space Heating
66	Central (Primary-Air) Ventilation Systems Central Plant Sizing Building Pressurization First, Operating, and Maintenance Costs Energy
67	Life-Cycle Costs 2. System Components and Configurations Components
68	Configurations 3. Secondary-Water Distribution 4. Piping Arrangements Four-Pipe Distribution Two-Pipe Distribution
69	Three-Pipe Distribution Condenser Water Systems with Heat Pump Terminal Units 5. Fan-Coil Unit and Unit Ventilator Systems Types and Location
70	Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Wiring Condensate Capacity Control Maintenance
71	6. Variable-Refrigerant-Flow (VRF) Units 7. Chilled-Beam Systems Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements
72	Selection Wiring Condensate Capacity Control Maintenance Other Concerns 8. Radiant-Panel Heating Systems Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Wiring Capacity Control Maintenance 9. Radiant-Floor Heating Systems
73	Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Wiring Capacity Control Maintenance 10. Induction Unit Systems 11. Supplemental Heating Units
74	12. Primary-Air Systems 13. Performance Under Varying Load
75	14. Changeover Temperature 15. Two-Pipe Systems with Central Ventilation
76	Critical Design Elements
77	Changeover Temperature Considerations Nonchangeover Design
78	Zoning Room Control Evaluation Electric Heat for Two-Pipe Systems 16. Four-Pipe Systems Zoning Room Control
79	Evaluation 17. Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems 18. Maintenance Management Systems and Building System Commissioning References Bibliography
80	SI_S24_Ch06 1. PRINCIPLES OF RADIANT SYSTEMS
81	1.1 Heat Transfer Heat Transfer by Thermal Radiation
82	Heat Transfer by Natural Convection
83	Combined Heat Flux (Thermal Radiation and Natural Convection)
84	1.2 Factors Affecting Heat Transfer Panel Thermal Resistance
85	Effect of Floor Coverings Panel Heat Losses or Gains
86	Panel Performance 1.3 Panel Design
87	Special Cases
88	Examples 2. General Design Considerations
89	2.1 Hybrid Systems
90	3. RADIANT HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS 3.1 Hydronic Ceiling Panels
91	3.2 Embedded Systems with Tubing in Ceilings, Walls, or Floors
92	Hydronic Wall Panels Hydronic Floor Panels
93	3.3 Electrically Heated Radiant Systems Electric Ceiling Panels
95	Electric Wall Heating Electric Floor Heating
96	4. DESIGN PROCEDURE Sensible Cooling Sensible Heating Other Steps Common for Sensible Heating and Cooling
98	4.1 Controls
99	Sensible Cooling Controls Heating Slab Controls References References
100	Bibliography
102	SI_S24_Ch07
158	SI_S24_Ch08
159	1. Advantages Economic Benefits
160	2. Disadvantages 3. Definition and Theory 4. System Types Evaporative Systems
162	Chiller Systems
163	LNG Vaporization Systems Hybrid Systems 5. Calculation of Power Capacity Enhancement and Economics
165	References
166	Bibliography
168	SI_S24_Ch09 1. TERMINOLOGY 2. APPLIED HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
169	2.1 Heat Pump Cycles 2.2 Heat Sources and Sinks Air
171	Water Ground Solar Energy
172	2.3 Types of Heat Pumps 2.4 Heat Pump Components Compressors
174	Heat Transfer Components Refrigeration Components
175	Controls
176	Supplemental Heating 2.5 Industrial Process Heat Pumps Closed-Cycle Systems
179	Open-Cycle and Semi-Open-Cycle Heat Pump Systems
180	Heat Recovery Design Principles
181	3. APPLIED HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS 3.1 Waste Heat Recovery General Considerations
182	Applications of Waste Heat Recovery Alternative Heat Sources Locating the Heat Recovery Heat Pump
183	Specific Considerations of Condenser-Side Recovery Specific Considerations of Evaporator-Side Recovery Special Considerations of Double-Bundle Heat Recovery Selecting a Compressor Type
184	Pumping Considerations HRHP Selection
185	Example 3.2 Water-Loop Heat Pump Systems Description
187	Design Considerations
188	Controls
189	Advantages of a WLHP System Limitations of a WLHP System 3.3 Balanced Heat Recovery Systems Definition Heat Redistribution Heat Balance Concept
190	Heat Balance Studies
191	General Applications
192	Multiple Buildings 3.4 Heat Pumps in District Heating and Cooling Systems References
193	Bibliography
194	SI_S24_Ch10 1. Components
195	Heating and Cooling Units Ducts Accessory Equipment Controls 2. Common System Problems
196	3. System Design Estimating Heating and Cooling Loads Locating Outlets, Returns, Ducts, and Equipment
197	Selecting Heating and Cooling Equipment Determining Airflow Requirements
198	Finalize Duct Design and Size Selecting Supply and Return Grilles and Registers 4. Detailed Duct Design Detailing the Duct Configuration
199	Detailing the Distribution Design
200	Duct Design Recommendations
201	Zone Control for Small Systems Duct Sizing for Zone Damper Systems Box Plenum Systems Using Flexible Duct Embedded Loop Ducts
202	5. Small Commercial Systems Air Distribution in Small Commercial Buildings Controlling Airflow in New Buildings
203	6. Testing for Duct Efficiency Data Inputs Data Output Standards
204	References Bibliography
208	SI_S24_Ch11 1. Advantages 2. Fundamentals
209	3. Effects of Water , Air , and Gases 4. Heat Transfer 5. Basic Steam System Design 6. Steam Source
210	Boilers Heat Recovery and Waste Heat Boilers Heat Exchangers 7. Boiler Connections Supply Piping Return Piping
212	8. Design Steam Pressure 9. Piping Supply Piping Design Considerations
214	11. Steam Traps
216	Mechanical Traps Kinetic Traps
217	12. Pressure-Reducing Valves Valve Size Selection Installation
218	13. Terminal Equipment
219	Selection Natural Convection Units Forced-Convection Units 14. Convection Steam Heating One-Pipe Steam Heating Systems
220	Two-Pipe Steam Heating Systems 15. Steam Distribution
221	16. Temperature Control
222	17. Heat Recovery Flash Steam
224	Bibliography
226	SI_S24_Ch12
276	SI_S24_Ch13 Principles 1. TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATIONS
277	2. CLOSED WATER SYSTEMS 2.1 Method of Design
278	2.2 Thermal Components Loads Load Devices
279	Source Expansion Chamber
281	2.3 Hydraulic Components Pump or Pumping System
284	Variable-Speed Pumping Application
285	Pump Connection
286	Distribution System Expansion Chamber
287	2.4 Piping Circuits
288	2.5 Capacity Control of Load System
289	Sizing Control Valves
291	Alternatives to Control Valves 2.6 Low-Temperature Heating Systems Nonresidential Heating Systems
292	2.7 Chilled-Water Systems
294	2.8 Dual-Temperature Systems
295	Two-Pipe Systems Four-Pipe Common Load Systems Four-Pipe Independent Load Systems
296	2.9 Other Design Considerations Makeup and Fill Water Systems Safety Relief Valves
297	Air Elimination Drain and Shutoff Balance Fittings Pitch Strainers Thermometers
298	Flexible Connectors and Pipe Expansion Compensation Gage Cocks Insulation Condensate Drains Common Pipe 2.10 Other Design Procedures Preliminary Equipment Layout Final Pipe Sizing and Pressure Drop Determination
299	Freeze Prevention 2.11 Antifreeze Solutions Effect on Heat Transfer and Flow Effect on Heat Source or Chiller
300	Effect on Terminal Units Effect on Pump Performance Effect on Piping Pressure Loss Installation and Maintenance References
301	Bibliography
302	SI_S24_Ch14 1. Once-Through City Water Systems 2. Open Cooling Tower Systems
303	Air and Vapor Precautions Pump Selection and Pressure Calculations
304	Water Treatment Freeze Protection and Winter Operation
306	SI_S24_Ch15 1. System Characteristics
307	2. Basic System 3. Design Considerations Direct-Fired High-Temperature Water Generators
308	Expansion and Pressurization
310	Direct-Contact Heaters (Cascades) System Circulating Pumps
311	4. Distribution Piping Design 5. Heat Exchangers 6. Air-Heating Coils 7. Space-Heating Equipment
312	8. Instrumentation and Controls 9. Water Treatment
313	10. Heat Storage 11. Safety Considerations References Bibliography
314	SI_S24_Ch16 1. Energy Conservation 2. Infrared Energy Sources Gas Infrared
315	Electric Infrared
316	Oil Infrared
317	3. System Efficiency 4. Reflectors 5. Controls 6. Precautions
318	7. Maintenance 8. Design Considerations for Beam Radiant Heaters
321	References Bibliography
323	2. GUV Fundamentals Microbial Dose Response
325	UV-C Lamp Drivers or Ballasts
326	Germicidal Lamp Cooling and Heating Effects UV-C Lamp Aging UV-C Lamp Irradiance Induction Lamps Excimer Lamps (Far-UV)
329	4. UV-C LEDs UV-C LED Performance Characteristics
330	Lifetime Rating of LEDs Maintenance, Monitoring, and Replacement 5. UV-C Photodegradation of Materials
331	6. Maintenance Lamp Replacement
332	Lamp Disposal Visual Inspection 7. Safety Hazards of Ultraviolet Radiation to Humans Sources of UV Exposure Exposure Limits
333	Ozone Considerations Upper-Room Applications In-Duct Systems
334	Personnel Safety Training Lamp Breakage 8. Installation and Commissioning
336	9. Unit Conversions References
337	Bibliography
338	SI_S24_Ch18 System Types
339	VRF Applications Zoned Comfort Indoor Air Quality Annual Operating Efficiency Characteristics Local and Remote Monitoring Life-Cycle Cost Comparison
340	1. Standards
341	2. Equipment Air-Source Outdoor and Water-Source Units Indoor Unit Types System Controls System Expansion or Reconfiguration 3. VRF System Operation Load Management
342	Cooling Operation
343	Heating Operation Saturation Temperature Reset Heat Recovery Operation
344	Defrost Operation Oil Recovery Management Humidity Control
345	High-Heating-Performance Air-Source VRF Units 4. Modeling Considerations 5. Design Considerations Water-Source VRF Systems
346	Air-Source VRF Systems Low External Ambient Heating-Dominant Applications Integration with Supplemental Heating Sources Outdoor Air Economizer Generating Radiant Heating/Cooling and Domestic Hot Water 6. VRF System Design Example Performing a Load-Profile Analysis System Type Selection, Zoning, and Potential for Heat Recovery
347	Accurately Sizing Air-Source Outdoor and Indoor Units
348	Selecting Indoor Units Ventilation Air Strategy
349	Refrigerant Piping Refrigerant Piping Guidelines Controls
350	Safety Considerations for Refrigerants Fault Tree Analysis Integrating VRF Systems to Minimize Environmental Impact
351	7. Commissioning References Bibliography
354	SI_S24_Ch19 1. Building Code Requirements 2. Pressure Classifications
355	3. Duct Cleaning 4. HVAC System Leakage System Sealing
356	Sealants Leakage Testing
360	5. Air-Handling Unit Leakage 6. Residential and Commercial Duct Construction Terminology Buildings and Spaces
361	Round, Flat Oval, and Rectangular Ducts Fibrous Glass Ducts
362	Phenolic Ducts Flexible Ducts Hangers and Supports Installation
363	Plenums and Apparatus Casings Acoustical Treatment 7. Industrial Duct Construction Materials
364	Round Ducts Rectangular Ducts Construction Details Hangers 8. Antimicrobial-Treated Ducts 9. Duct Construction for Grease- and Moisture-Laden Vapors Factory-Built Grease Duct Systems Site-Built Grease Duct Systems Duct Systems for Moisture-Laden Air
365	10. Rigid Plastic Ducts 11. Air Dispersion Systems Dispersion Types 12. Underground Ducts
366	13. Ducts Outside Buildings 14. Seismic Qualification 15. Sheet Metal Welding 16. Thermal Insulation 17. Specifications References
368	Bibliography
388	SI_S24_Ch21 1. Types of Fans 2. Principles of Operation
393	3. Testing and Rating 4. Field Testing of Fans for Air Performance 5. Fan Laws
394	6. Fan and System Pressure Relationships
395	7. AIR Temperature Rise Across Fans 8. Duct System Characteristics
396	9. System Effects
398	11. Parallel Fan Operation
400	15. Arrangement and Installation 16. Fan Control
401	17. Fan Inlet Cone Instrumented for Airflow Measurement 18. FAN TERMINOLOGY
407	Prevention and Treatment of Disease Fig. 2 Patient Infections at Indoor Relative Humidities
408	Fig. 3 Mice Survival Rates at 20 and 50% rh Fig. 4 Mortality of Pneumococcus Bacterium Fig. 5 Mortality in Mice Exposed to Aerosolized Influenza Electronic Equipment Process Control and Materials Storage
409	Static Electricity Fig. 6 Effect of Relative Humidity on Static Electricity from Carpets Sound Wave Transmission Miscellaneous 2. Enclosure Characteristics Vapor Retarders Visible Condensation
410	Fig. 7 Limiting Relative Humidity for No Window Condensation Concealed Condensation 3. Energy and water Considerations Load Calculations
411	Design Conditions Ventilation Rate Additional Moisture Losses Internal Moisture Gains Supply Water for Humidifiers
412	Scaling Potential Bacterial Growth 4. Equipment Fig. 8 Adiabatic Versus Isothermal Humidification Process
413	Table 2 Types of Humidifiers Residential Humidifiers for Central Air Systems Residential Humidifiers for Nonducted Applications Industrial and Commercial Humidifiers for Central Air Systems
414	Fig. 9 Residential Humidifiers
415	Fig. 10 Industrial Isothermal (Steam) Humidifiers
416	Fig. 11 Room Fan Distributor
418	Fig. 12 Industrial Adiabatic (Atomizing and Evaporative) Humidifiers
419	Selecting Humidifiers Table 3 Humidifier Advantages and Limitations
421	Mechanical Controls Electronic Controls Control Location Fig. 13 Recommended Humidity Controller Location Management Systems
422	6. Application Considerations Humidity Control with Direct Space Humidification Humidity Control with Duct-Mounted Humidification Humidity Control in Variable-Air-Volume Systems Commissioning Systems References
423	Bibliography
426	SI_S24_Ch23 1. Uses for Coils 2. Coil Construction and Arrangement
427	Water and Aqueous Glycol Coils Direct-Expansion Coils
428	Control of Coils Flow Arrangement
429	Applications
430	3. Coil Selection
431	Performance and Ratings 4. Airflow Resistance
432	5. Heat Transfer 6. Performance of Sensible Cooling Coils
434	7. Performance of Dehumidifying Coils
439	8. Determining Refrigeration Load
440	9. Maintenance
441	10. Symbols References
442	Bibliography
444	SI_S24_Ch24 1. Methods of Dehumidification
445	Compression Cooling Liquid Desiccants
449	Solid Sorption
450	2. Desiccant Dehumidification 2.1 Liquid Desiccant Equipment Moisture Removal Heat Removal Regeneration
451	2.2 Solid-Sorption Equipment
452	2.3 Rotary Solid-Desiccant Dehumidifiers Operation
453	Use of Cooling
454	Using Units in Series Industrial Rotary Desiccant Dehumidifier Performance 2.4 Equipment Ratings
455	2.5 Equipment Operating Recommendations Process Air Filters Reactivation/Regeneration Filters Liquid-Phase Strainers Reactivation/Regeneration Ductwork Leakage Airflow Indication and Control
456	Commissioning Owners’ and Operators’ Perspectives 2.6 Applications for Atmospheric- Pressure Dehumidification Preservation of Materials in Storage Process Dehumidification
457	Ventilation Air Dehumidification Condensation Prevention Dry Air-Conditioning Systems
458	Indoor Air Quality Contaminant Control Testing 3. Desiccant Drying at Elevated Pressure
459	3.1 Equipment Types Absorption Adsorption 3.2 Applications Material Preservation Process Drying of Air and Other Gases
460	Equipment Testing Additional Information References Bibliography
462	SI_S24_Ch25 1. Mechanical Dehumidifiers Psychrometrics of Dehumidification
463	Residential Dehumidifiers
465	General-Purpose Dehumidifiers DX Dedicated Outdoor Air System (DOAS) Units
466	Indoor Swimming Pool Dehumidifiers
468	Ice Rink Dehumidifiers
469	Industrial Dehumidifiers Dehumidifiers for Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA)
471	Tunnel Dryer Dehumidifier 2. Controls and Sensors
472	3. Installation and Service Considerations 4. Wraparound Heat Exchangers
473	References
474	Bibliography
476	SI_S24_Ch26 1. Applications
477	2. Basic heat or heat and water vapor transfer relations Effectiveness
478	Rate of Energy Transfer
479	Fan Power
480	3. Types of Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers Ideal Air-to-Air Energy Exchange Fixed-Plate Heat Exchangers
481	Rotary Air-to-Air Energy Exchangers
484	Coil Energy Recovery (Runaround) Loops
485	Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers
487	Thermosiphon Heat Exchangers
488	Liquid-Desiccant Cooling Systems
489	Twin-Tower Enthalpy Recovery Loops
490	Fixed-Bed Regenerators
492	4. Performance Ratings Performance Ratings for Air-to-Air Heat or Heat and Mass Exchangers
493	Performance Ratings for Residential Ventilators with Air-to-Air Heat or Heat and Mass Exchangers 5. Additional technical considerations Air Leakage
494	Air Capacity of Ventilator Fans Pressure Drop Maintenance Filtration Controls Fouling
495	Corrosion Condensation and Freeze-Up Frost Control Strategies for Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Systems
497	Direct and Indirect Evaporative Air Cooling
498	Use of Economizer
499	6. Comparison of Air-to-Air Heat or Heat and Mass exchanger characteristics 7. Use of Air-to-Air Heat or Heat and Mass Exchangers in Systems Characterizing System Efficiency of Heat or Energy Recovery Ventilators
500	Selection of Heat or Energy Recovery Ventilators
501	Systems with Multiple Energy Recovery Exchangers Using Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers to Modify the Latent Capacity Ratio of Cooling Coils
504	Dessicant and Heat Wheel Systems
506	8. Economic Considerations
507	9. Energy and/or Mass Recovery Calculation Procedure
511	10. Symbols
512	References
513	Bibliography
516	SI_S24_Ch27 1. Coil Construction and Design Steam Coils
517	Water/Aqueous Glycol Heating Coils
518	Volatile Refrigerant Heat Reclaim Coils Electric Heating Coils 2. Coil Selection Coil Ratings
519	Overall Requirements 3. Installation Guidelines
520	4. Coil Maintenance References
522	SI_S24_Ch28 1. Unit Ventilators Application Selection
524	Control
525	2. Unit Heaters Application Selection
527	Control
528	Piping Connections
529	Maintenance 3. Makeup Air Units Description and Applications Selection
530	Control Applicable Codes and Standards
531	Commissioning Maintenance References Bibliography
532	SI_S24_Ch29
548	SI_S24_Ch30 Equipment Selection 1. Regulations and Standards Gas-Cleaning Regulations and Codes
549	Measuring Gas Streams and Contaminants
550	Other Test Methods for Reverse-Pulse Filter Fabric Baghouses and Filter Media Gas Flow Distribution 2. Particulate Contaminant Control 2.1 Mechanical Collectors Settling Chambers
551	Inertial Collectors 2.2 Centrifugal Collectors Cyclone
555	2.3 Electrostatic Precipitators
556	Single-Stage Designs Two-Stage Designs
557	2.4 Fabric Filters Principle of Operation Pressure-Volume Relationships
558	Fabric Filter Media
559	Fabric Filter Media Dust Collector Types
561	2.5 Mist Collectors
562	Mist Types Applications 2.6 Particulate Scrubbers (Wet Collectors) Principle of Operation
563	Spray Towers and Impingement Scrubbers Centrifugal-Type Collectors Orifice-Type Collectors Venturi Scrubber
565	3. Gaseous Contaminant Control 3.1 Spray Dry Scrubbing Principle of Operation Equipment 3.2 Wet-Packed Scrubbers
567	Pressure Drop Absorption Efficiency
571	General Efficiency Comparisons Liquid Effects 3.3 Adsorption of Gaseous Contaminants
572	Equipment for Adsorption Solvent Recovery
573	Odor Control
574	Applications of Fluidized Bed Adsorbers 3.4 Incineration of Gases and Vapors Thermal Oxidizers Catalytic Oxidizers
575	Applications of Oxidizers Adsorption and Oxidation 4. Auxiliary Equipment 4.1 Ducts Temperature Controls
576	Fans 4.2 Dust- and Slurry-Handling Equipment Hoppers Dust Conveyors Dust Disposal Slurry Treatment 5. Operation and Maintenance
577	Corrosion Fires and Explosions References
578	Bibliography
580	SI_S24_Ch31 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1.1 Terminology 1.2 System Application
581	1.3 Safety 1.4 Efficiency and Emission Ratings Steady-State and Cyclic Efficiency Emissions
582	2. GAS-BURNING APPLIANCES 2.1 Gas-Fired Combustion Systems Burners Combustion System Flow
583	Ignition Input Rate Control
584	2.2 Residential Appliances Boilers Forced-Air Furnaces Water Heaters
585	Combination Space- and Water-Heating Appliances Pool Heaters Conversion Burners 2.3 Commercial-Industrial Appliances Boilers Space Heaters
586	Water Heaters Pool Heaters 2.4 Applications Location Gas Supply and Piping
587	Air for Combustion and Ventilation Draft Control Venting Building Depressurization
588	Gas Input Rate Effect of Gas Temperature and Barometric Pressure Changes on Gas Input Rate Fuel Gas Interchangeability
589	Altitude
590	3. OIL-BURNING APPLIANCES 3.1 Residential Oil Burners
591	3.2 Commercial/Industrial Oil Burners Pressure-Atomizing Oil Burners
592	Return-Flow Pressure-Atomizing Oil Burners Air-Atomizing Oil Burners Horizontal Rotary Cup Oil Burners
593	Steam-Atomizing Oil Burners (Register Type) Mechanical Atomizing Oil Burners (Register Type) Return-Flow Mechanical Atomizing Oil Burners 3.3 Dual-Fuel Gas/Oil Burners
594	3.4 Equipment Selection Fuel Oil Storage Systems Fuel-Handling Systems
595	Fuel Oil Preparation System
596	4. SOLID-FUEL-BURNING APPLIANCES 4.1 Capacity Classification of Stokers
597	4.2 Stoker Types by Fuel-Feed Methods Spreader Stokers Underfeed Stokers
598	Chain and Traveling Grate Stokers Vibrating Grate Stokers
600	Limit Controls Other Safety Controls Prescriptive Requirements for Safety Controls Reliability of Safety Controls 5.2 Operating Controls
601	Integrated and Programmed Controls
602	References Bibliography
604	SI_S24_Ch32 1. Classifications Working Pressure and Temperature Fuel Used Construction Materials
606	Type of Draft Condensing or Noncondensing
607	Wall-Hung Boilers Integrated (Combination) Boilers
608	Electric Boilers Heat Pump Boilers 2. Selection Parameters
609	3. Efficiency: Input and Output Ratings 4. Performance Codes and Standards 5. Sizing
610	6. Burner Types 7. Boiler Controls Operating Controls
611	Water Level Controls 8. Flame Safeguard Controls References Bibliography
612	SI_S24_Ch33 1. Components Casing or Cabinet Heat Exchangers
613	Heat Sources Combustion Venting Components Circulating Blowers and Motors Filters and Other Accessories Airflow Variations
614	Combustion System Variations
615	Indoor/Outdoor Furnace Variations 2. Heat Source Types Natural Gas and Propane Furnaces Oil Furnaces Electric Furnaces
616	3. Commercial Equipment Ducted Equipment Unducted Heaters 4. Controls and Operating Characteristics External to Furnace Internal to Furnace
617	5. Equipment Selection Distribution System Equipment Location Forced-Air System Primary Use Fuel Selection Combustion Air and Venting
618	Equipment Sizing Types of Furnaces Consumer Considerations
619	Selecting Furnaces for Commercial Buildings 6. Calculations 7. Technical Data Natural Gas Furnaces
620	Propane Furnaces Oil Furnaces Electric Furnaces Commercial Furnaces 8. Installation
621	9. Agency Listings References Bibliography
622	SI_S24_Ch34 1. GAS IN-SPACE HEATERS Room Heaters Wall Furnaces
623	Floor Furnaces U.S. Minimum Efficiency Requirements 1.1 Controls Valves Thermostats
624	1.2 Vent Connectors 1.3 Sizing Units 2. OIL AND KEROSENE IN-SPACE HEATERS Vaporizing Oil Pot Heaters Powered Atomizing Heaters Portable Kerosene Heaters 3. ELECTRIC IN-SPACE HEATERS Wall, Floor, Toe Space, and Ceiling Heaters Baseboard Heaters
625	3.1 Radiant Heating Systems Heating Panels and Heating Panel Sets Embedded Cable and Storage Heating Systems Cord-Connected Portable Heaters Controls 4. SOLID-FUEL IN-SPACE HEATERS
626	4.1 Fireplaces Simple Fireplaces Factory-Built Fireplaces Freestanding Fireplaces 4.2 Stoves Conventional Wood Stoves Advanced-Design Wood Stoves
627	Fireplace Inserts Pellet-Burning Stoves 5. GENERAL INSTALLATION PRACTICES Safety with Solid Fuels Utility-Furnished Energy
628	Products of Combustion Agency Testing References Bibliography
630	SI_S24_Ch35 1. Terminology 2. Draft Operating Principles
631	3. Chimney Functions Start-Up Air Intakes Vent Size Draft Control Pollution Control
632	Equipment Location Wind Effects Safety Factors 4. Steady-State Chimney Design Equations Mass Flow of Combustion Products in Chimneys and Vents
633	Mean Chimney Gas Temperature and Density
636	System Pressure Loss Caused by Flow Available Draft
637	Chimney Gas Velocity System Resistance Coefficient
639	Configuration and Manifolding Effects Input, Diameter, and Temperature Relationships
640	Volumetric Flow in Chimney or System 5. Steady-State Chimney Design Graphical Solutions
641	6. Vent and Chimney Capacity Calculation Examples
646	7. Gas Appliance Venting
647	Vent Connectors Masonry Chimneys for Gas Appliances Type B and Type L Factory-Built Venting Systems Gas Appliances Without Draft Hoods
648	Conversion to Gas 8. Oil-Fired Appliance Venting Condensation and Corrosion
649	Connector and Chimney Corrosion Vent Connectors Masonry Chimneys for Oil-Fired Appliances Replacement of Appliances 9. Fireplace Chimneys
655	10. Air Supply to Fuel-Burning Appliances 11. Vent and Chimney Materials
657	12. Vent and Chimney Accessories Draft Hoods Draft Regulators Vent Dampers
658	Heat Exchangers or Flue Gas Heat Extractors 13. Draft Fans
659	14. Terminations: Caps and Wind Effects
662	15. Codes and Standards 16. Symbols References
663	Bibliography
664	SI_S24_Ch36 1. Description Radiators Pipe Coils Convectors
665	Baseboard Units Finned-Tube Units Heat Emission 2. Ratings of Heat-Distributing Units Radiators Convectors
666	Baseboard Units Finned-Tube Units Other Heat-Distributing Units Corrections for Nonstandard Conditions 3. Design Effect of Water Velocity
667	Effect of Altitude
668	Effect of Mass Performance at Low Water Temperatures Effect of Enclosure and Paint 4. Applications Radiators Convectors Baseboard Radiation Finned-Tube Radiation Radiant Panels
669	References Bibliography
670	SI_S24_Ch37
671	1. SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS 1.1 Air-Heating Systems 1.2 Liquid-Heating Systems
672	Direct and Indirect Systems Freeze Protection 1.3 Solar Thermal Energy Collectors Collector Types
673	Collector Construction
675	1.4 Row Design Piping Configuration
676	Velocity Limitations Thermal Expansion 1.5 Array Design Piping Configuration
678	Shading 1.6 Thermal Collector Performance
680	Generic Test Results 1.7 Thermal Energy Storage Air System Thermal Storage Liquid System Thermal Storage
682	Storage Tank Construction
683	Storage Tank Insulation Stratification and Short Circuiting
684	Storage Sizing
685	1.8 Heat Exchangers Requirements Internal Heat Exchanger External Heat Exchanger
686	Heat Exchanger Performance 1.9 Controls
687	Differential Temperature Controllers Photovoltaically Powered Pumps Overtemperature Protection
688	Hot-Water Dump Heat Exchanger Freeze Protection 2. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
689	Fundamentals of Photovoltaics
691	Related Equipment
693	References Bibliography
696	SI_S24_Ch38 1. POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS
697	1.1 Performance Ideal Compressor
698	Actual Compressor Compressor Efficiency, Subcooling, and Superheating
699	1.2 Abnormal Operating Conditions, Hazards, and Protective Devices Liquid Hazard
700	Suction and Discharge Pulsations Noise Vibration Shock Testing and Operating Requirements
701	1.3 Motors
702	2. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
704	Performance Data Motor Performance
705	Features
707	Special Devices Application
708	3. ROTARY COMPRESSORS 3.1 Rolling-Piston Compressors Performance
709	Features 3.2 Rotary-Vane Compressors
710	3.3 Screw Compressors Single-Screw Compressors
715	Twin-Screw Compressors
720	3.4 Scroll Compressors Mechanical Features
722	Capacity Control
723	Energy Efficiency
724	Noise and Vibration Operation and Maintenance 3.5 Trochoidal Compressors
725	Description and Performance 3.6 ROTATING SPOOL COMPRESSORS Spool Compressor Attributes
726	Development Status and Performance 4. CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
727	Refrigeration Cycle Angular Momentum
728	Nondimensional Coefficients
729	Mach Number Performance
730	Surging System Balance and Capacity Control
731	4.1 Application Vibration
732	Noise Drivers Paralleling
733	Other Specialized Applications 4.2 Mechanical Design Impellers Casings Rotor Dynamics Lubrication
734	Bearings
735	Oil-Free Centrifugal Compressors Accessories and Controls 4.3 Isentropic Analysis
737	Testing 4.5 Operation and Maintenance
738	4.6 Symbols References
739	Bibliography
740	SI_S24_Ch39 1. WATER-COOLED CONDENSERS 1.1 Heat Removal
741	1.2 Heat Transfer Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Water-Side Film Coefficient
742	Refrigerant-Side Film Coefficient
743	Tube-Wall Resistance Surface Efficiency Fouling Factor
744	1.3 Water Pressure Drop 1.4 Liquid Subcooling 1.5 Water Circuiting 1.6 Types Shell-and-Tube Condensers
745	Shell-and-Coil Condensers Tube-in-Tube Condensers Brazed-Plate and Plate-and-Frame Condensers
746	1.7 Noncondensable Gases 1.8 Testing and Rating
747	Design Pressure 1.9 Operation and Maintenance 2. AIR-COOLED CONDENSERS 2.1 Types
748	Plate-and-Fin Integral-Fin Microchannel 2.2 Fans and Air Requirements
749	2.3 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop 2.4 Condensers Remote from Compressor 2.5 Condensers as Part of Condensing Unit
750	2.6 Water-Cooled Versus Air-Cooled Condensing 2.7 Testing and Rating
751	2.8 Control
752	2.9 Installation and Maintenance
753	3. EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS
754	3.1 Heat Transfer 3.2 Condenser Configuration Coils Method of Coil Wetting Airflow
755	3.3 Condenser Location 3.4 Multiple-Condenser Installations 3.5 Ratings
756	3.6 Desuperheating Coils 3.7 Refrigerant Liquid Subcoolers 3.8 Multicircuit Condensers and Coolers
757	3.9 Water Treatment 3.10 Water Consumption 3.11 Capacity Modulation 3.12 Purging
758	3.13 Maintenance 3.14 Testing and Rating References
759	Bibliography
760	SI_S24_Ch40 1. Principle of Operation
761	2. Design Conditions 3. Types of Cooling Towers
763	Direct-Contact Cooling Towers
765	Indirect-Contact Cooling Towers
766	Hybrid Closed-Circuit Cooling Towers
767	Modular Fluid Coolers with Mixed Operational Mode Adiabatic Fluid Coolers
768	4. Materials of Construction
769	5. Selection Considerations
770	6. Application Siting
771	Piping Capacity Control
773	Water-Side Economizer (Free Cooling)
774	Winter Operation
775	Sound Drift Fogging (Cooling Tower Plume)
776	Maintenance Inspections
777	Water Treatment
778	White Rust 7. Performance Curves
779	8. Cooling Tower Thermal Performance
780	9. Cooling Tower Theory
781	Counterflow Integration Cross-Flow Integration
782	10. Tower Coefficients
783	Available Coefficients
784	Establishing Tower Characteristics 11. Additional Information References Bibliography
786	SI_S24_Ch41 1. Direct Evaporative Air Coolers
787	Random-Media Air Coolers Rigid-Media Air Coolers
788	Remote Pad Evaporative Cooling Equipment 2. Indirect Evaporative Air Coolers Packaged Indirect Evaporative Air Coolers
790	Heat Recovery Cooling Tower/Coil Systems Other Indirect Evaporative Cooling Equipment 3. Indirect/Direct Combinations
791	Precooling and Makeup Air Pretreatment
792	4. Air Washers Spray Air Washers
793	High-Velocity Spray-Type Air Washers 5. Humidification/Dehumidification Humidification with Air Washers and Rigid Media Dehumidification with Air Washers and Rigid Media
794	Air Cleaning 6. Sound Attenuation 7. Maintenance and Water Treatment
795	Legionnaires’ Disease 8. VAV ADIABATIC HUMIDIFICATION WITH A HEAT RECOVERY ECONOMIZER
802	Shell-and-Coil 2. Heat Transfer Heat Transfer Coefficients
803	Fouling Factors Wall Resistance 3. Pressure Drop Fluid Side Refrigerant Side 4. Vessel Design Mechanical Requirements
804	Chemical Requirements Electrical Requirements 5. Application Considerations Refrigerant Flow Control Freeze Prevention
805	Oil Return Maintenance Insulation References
806	SI_S24_Ch43 1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 1.1 Principles of Operation 1.2 Common Liquid-Chilling Systems Basic Chiller
807	Multiple-Chiller Systems
808	1.3 Selection
809	1.4 Control Liquid Chiller Controls Controls That Influence the Liquid Chiller Safety Controls
810	1.5 Standards and Testing 1.6 General Maintenance Continual Monitoring Periodic Checks Regularly Scheduled Maintenance Extended Maintenance Checks 2. Scroll and RECIPROCATING LIQUID CHILLERS 2.1 Equipment Components and Their Functions
811	Capacities and Types Available Selection of Refrigerant 2.2 Performance Characteristics and Operating Problems 2.3 Method of Selection Ratings
812	Power Consumption Fouling 2.4 Control Considerations 2.5 Special Applications
813	3. CENTRIFUGAL LIQUID CHILLERS 3.1 Equipment Components and Their Function Capacities and Types Available Selection of Refrigerant
814	3.2 Performance and Operating Characteristics
815	3.3 Selection Ratings Fouling
816	Noise and Vibration 3.4 Control Considerations 3.5 Auxiliaries
817	3.6 Special Applications Free Cooling Heat Recovery Systems Air-Cooled System
818	Other Coolants Vapor Condensing 3.7 Operation and Maintenance 4. SCREW LIQUID CHILLERS 4.1 Equipment Components and Their Function
819	Capacities and Types Available Selection of Refrigerant 4.2 Performance and Operating Characteristics 4.3 Selection Ratings
820	Power Consumption Fouling 4.4 Control Considerations 4.5 Auxiliaries
821	4.6 Special Applications 4.7 Maintenance References Bibliography Online Resource
822	SI_S24_Ch44 1. Centrifugal Pumping 2. Construction Features
823	3. Pump Types Circulator Pump
824	Close-Coupled, Single-Stage, End-Suction Pump Frame-Mounted, End-Suction Pump on Base Plate Base-Mounted, Horizontal (Axial) or Vertical, Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump Base-Mounted, Horizontal, Split-Case, Multistage Pump
825	Vertical In-Line Pump Vertical In-Line Split-Coupled Pump Vertical Turbine, Single- or Multistage, Sump-Mounted Pump 4. Pump Performance Curves
826	5. Hydronic System Curves
827	6. Pump and Hydronic System Curves
828	7. Pump Power 8. Pump Efficiency
829	9. Affinity Laws
831	10. Radial Thrust 11. Net Positive Suction Characteristics
832	12. Selection of Pumps 13. Arrangement of Pumps
833	Duty Standby Parallel Pumping
834	Series Pumping Standby Pump Primary-Secondary Pumping
835	Variable-Speed Central Pumping Variable-Speed Distributed Pumping Differential Pressure Control with Predefined Control Curves
836	14. Motive Power
837	15. Energy Conservation in Pumping 16. Installation, Operation, and Commissioning
838	Commissioning Base-Mounted Centrifugal Pumps 17. Troubleshooting References Bibliography
840	SI_S24_Ch45 1. MOTORS 1.1 Alternating-Current Power Supply
841	1.2 Codes and Standards 1.3 Motor Efficiency
843	1.5 Permanent-Magnet AC Motors
844	1.6 Hermetic Motors Application 1.7 Integral Thermal Protection
845	1.8 Motor Protection and Control Separate Motor Protection
846	Protection of Control Apparatus and Branch Circuit Conductors Three-Phase Motor Starting
847	Direct-Current Motor Starting Single-Phase Motor Starting Operating AC Induction Motors above Nameplate Speed Using Variable-Frequency Drives
848	VFD-Induced Bearing Currents
849	Detecting Bearing Currents
850	Strategies for Mitigating Bearing Currents
852	2. AIR VOLUME CONTROL
853	2.1 Variable-Frequency Drives
854	Power Transistor Characteristics Motor and Conductor Impedance
855	Motor Ratings and NEMA Standards
856	Motor Noise and Drive Carrier Frequencies Carrier Frequencies and Drive Ratings 2.2 Power Distribution System Effects
857	VFDs and Harmonics
858	2.3 performance testing and rating standards Calculating VFD and Motor Efficiency
859	VFD-Generated Harmonics Motor Insulation Stress References Bibliography
862	SI_S24_Ch46 1. Fundamentals Body Ratings Materials
863	Flow Factor and Pressure Drop Cavitation Water Hammer Noise Body Styles
864	2. Manual Valves Selection Globe Valves Gate Valves Plug Valves Ball Valves Butterfly Valves
865	3. Balancing Valves Manual Balancing Valves Automatic Flow-Limiting Valves
866	Balancing Valve Selection 4. Control Valves Globe Valves Ball Valves Flapper-Style Valves
867	Butterfly Valves Actuators Pneumatic Actuators Electric/Electronic Actuators
868	Electronic Hydraulic Actuators Solenoids Thermostatic Radiator Valves
869	Control of Automatic Valves Special-Purpose Valves Pressure-Independent Control Valves
870	Flow-Limiting Valves Control Valve Flow Characteristics Control Valve Sizing
872	5. Multiple-Purpose Valves Six-Way Control Valves
873	6. Safety Devices 7. Self-Contained Temperature Control Valves
874	8. Pressure-Reducing Valves
875	Makeup Water Valves 9. Check Valves 10. Stop-Check Valves 11. Backflow Prevention Devices Selection
876	Installation 12. Steam Traps References Bibliography
878	SI_S24_Ch47 1. Fundamentals 2. Types of Heat Exchangers Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
880	Tube-in-Tube Heat Exchanger Plate Heat Exchangers
881	Double-Wall Heat Exchangers 3. Components Shell-and-Tube Components Plate Components
882	4. Application 5. Selection Criteria Thermal/Mechanical Design
883	Cost Maintenance Space Requirements Steam Water Quality 6. Installation Additional Resources
884	SI_S24_Ch48 1. General Design Considerations User Requirements Application Requirements
885	Installation Service Sustainability 2. Types of Unitary Equipment
887	Single-Package Equipment: Types and Installations
888	Combined Space-Conditioning/Water-Heating Systems
889	Engine-Driven Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners 3. Equipment and System Standards Energy Conservation and Efficiency
890	AHRI Certification Programs Safety Standards and Installation Codes 4. Air Conditioners Refrigerant Circuit Design
891	Air-Handling Systems
892	Electrical Design Mechanical Design Accessories Heating 5. Air-Source Heat Pumps
893	Add-On Heat Pumps Selection Refrigerant Circuit and Components
894	System Control and Installation 6. Water-Source Heat Pumps Systems
896	Performance Certification Programs Equipment Design
897	7. Variable-Refrigerant-Flow Heat Pumps Application Categories Refrigerant Circuit and Components Heating and Defrost Operation References
898	Bibliography
900	SI_S24_Ch49 1. ROOM AIR CONDITIONERS 1.1 Sizes and Classifications 1.2 Design
901	Compressors Evaporator and Condenser Coils Restrictor Application and Sizing Fan Motor and Air Impeller Selection Electronics 1.3 Performance Data
902	Efficiency Sensible Heat Ratio Energy Conservation and Efficiency High-Efficiency Design 1.4 Special Features
903	1.5 Safety Codes and Standards
904	Product Standards 1.6 Installation and Service 2. PACKAGED TERMINAL AIR CONDITIONERS
905	2.1 Sizes and Classifications 2.2 General Design Considerations
906	2.3 Design of PTAC/PTHP Components 2.4 Heat Pump Operation
907	2.5 Performance and Safety Testing References Bibliography
908	SI_S24_Ch50 Terminology
910	Classification of Systems Storage Media Basic Thermal Storage Concepts Benefits of Thermal Storage
911	Design Considerations 1. Sensible Thermal Storage Technology Sensible Energy Storage Temperature Range and Storage Size Techniques for Thermal Separation in Sensible Storage Devices
912	Performance of Chilled-Water Storage Systems Design of Stratification Diffusers
913	Storage Tank Insulation Other Factors
914	Chilled-Water Storage Tanks Low-Temperature Fluid Sensible Energy Storage Storage in Aquifers Chilled-Water Thermal Storage Sizing Examples
917	2. Latent Cool Storage Technology Water as Phase-Change Thermal Storage Medium Internal Melt Ice-On-Coil
918	3. Chiller and Ice Storage Selection
919	Operation With Disabled Chiller Selecting Storage Equipment
920	External-Melt Ice-On-Coil
921	Encapsulated Ice Ice Harvesters
922	Ice Slurry Systems
923	Unitary Thermal Storage Systems Other Phase-Change Materials 4. Heat Storage Technology
924	Sizing Heat Storage Systems Service Water Heating Brick Storage (ETS) Heaters
926	Pressurized Water Storage Heaters Underfloor Heat Storage Building Mass Thermal Storage
928	Factors Favoring Thermal Storage
930	Comparative Value of TEC versus Other Energy Storage Technologies Factors Discouraging Thermal Storage Typical Applications
931	5. Sizing Cool Storage Systems Sizing Strategies Calculating Load Profiles
932	Sizing Equipment
933	6. Application of Thermal Storage Systems Chilled-Water Storage Systems
935	Ice (and PCM) Storage Systems
936	Unitary Thermal Storage Systems (UTSSs)
937	7. Operation and Control Operating Modes
939	Control Strategies Operating Strategies Utility Demand Control Instrumentation Requirements 8. Other Design Considerations Hydronic System Design for Open Systems
940	Cold-Air Distribution
941	Storage of Heat in Cool Storage Units System Interface Insulation 9. Cost Considerations
942	10. Maintenance Considerations Water Treatment
943	11. Commissioning Statement of Design Intent Commissioning Specification Required Information
944	Performance Verification Sample Commissioning Plan Outline for Chilled-Water Plants with Thermal Storage Systems
945	12. Good Practices References
947	Bibliography
951	1.2 Energy Impact
952	1.3 Systems without ventilation capabilities 1.4 First-Cost Reduction 2. Air Distribution 2.1 Direct supply to Each Zone
953	2.2 Supply to Intake of Local Units 2.3 Delivery to Supply Side of Local Units 2.4 Supply to Plenum Near Local Units 3. Equipment configurations
954	3.1 Climate Implications
956	References Bibliography
958	SI_S24_Ch52
988	SI_S24_Errata 2021 Fundamentals
991	Air conditioning. (See also Central air conditioning) Air contaminants, F11. (See also Contaminants) Aircraft, A13 Air curtains Air diffusers, S20 Air diffusion, F20 Air diffusion performance index (ADPI), A58.6 Air dispersion systems, fabric, S19.11 Air distribution, A58; F20; S4; S20 Air exchange rate Air filters. See Filters, air Airflow
992	Airflow retarders, F25.9 Air flux, F25.2. (See also Airflow) Air handlers Air inlets Air intakes Air jets. See Air diffusion Air leakage. (See also Infiltration) Air mixers, S4.8 Air outlets Airports, air conditioning, A3.6 Air purifiers. See Air cleaners Air quality. [See also Indoor air quality (IAQ)] Air terminal units (ATUs) Airtightness, F37.24 Air-to-air energy recovery, S26 Air-to-transmission ratio, S5.13 Air transport, R27 Air washers Algae, control, A50.12 All-air systems Altitude, effects of Ammonia Anchor bolts, seismic restraint, A56.7 Anemometers Animal environments
993	Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), S34.2 Antifreeze Antisweat heaters (ASH), R15.5 Apartment buildings Aquifers, thermal storage, S51.7 Archimedes number, F20.6 Archives. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Arenas Argon, recovery, R47.17 Asbestos, F10.5 ASH. See Antisweat heaters (ASH) Atriums Attics, unconditioned, F27.2 Auditoriums, A5.3 Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD), A40.4; A63.1 Automobiles Autopsy rooms, A9.12; A10.6, 7 Avogadro’s law, and fuel combustion, F28.11 Backflow-prevention devices, S46.14 BACnet®, A41.9; F7.18 Bacteria Bakery products, R41 Balance point, heat pumps, S48.9 Balancing. (See also Testing, adjusting, and balancing) BAS. See Building automation systems (BAS) Baseboard units Basements Bayesian analysis, F19.37 Beer’s law, F4.16 Behavior BEMP. See Building energy modeling professional (BEMP) Bernoulli equation, F21.1 Best efficiency point (BEP), S44.8 Beverages, R39 BIM. See Building information modeling (BIM) Bioaerosols Biocides, control, A50.14 Biodiesel, F28.8 Biological safety cabinets, A17.5 Biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11 Bioterrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Boilers, F19.21; S32 Boiling Brake horsepower, S44.8 Brayton cycle Bread, R41 Breweries Brines. See Coolants, secondary
994	Building automation systems (BAS), A41.8; A63.1; F7.14 Building energy modeling professional (BEMP), F19.5 Building energy monitoring, A42. (See also Energy, monitoring) Building envelopes Building information modeling (BIM), A41.8; A60.18 Building materials, properties, F26 Building performance simulation (BPS), A65.8 Buildings Building thermal mass Burners Buses Bus terminals Butane, commercial, F28.5 CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD) Cafeterias, service water heating, A51.12, 19 Calcium chloride brines, F31.1 Candy Capillary action, and moisture flow, F25.10 Capillary tubes Carbon dioxide Carbon emissions, F34.7 Carbon monoxide Cargo containers, R25
995	Carnot refrigeration cycle, F2.6 Cattle, beef and dairy, A25.7. (See also Animal environments) CAV. See Constant air volume (CAV) Cavitation, F3.13 CBRE. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents CEER. See Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER) Ceiling effect. See Coanda effect Ceilings Central air conditioning, A43. (See also Air conditioning) Central plant optimization, A8.13 Central plants Central systems Cetane number, engine fuels, F28.9 CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Change-point regression models, F19.28 Charge minimization, R1.36 Charging, refrigeration systems, R8.4 Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents, A61 Chemical plants Chemisorption, A47.10 Chilled beams, S20.10 Chilled water (CW) Chillers Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F6.7 Chimneys, S35 Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), A35.44 Chocolate, R42.1. (See also Candy) Choking, F3.13 CHP systems. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Cinemas, A5.3 CKV. See Commercial kitchen ventilation (CVK) Claude cycle, R47.8 Cleanrooms. See Clean spaces Clean spaces, A19
996	Clear-sky solar radiation, calculation, F14.8 Climate change, F36 Climatic design information, F14 Clinics, A9.17 Clothing CLTD/CLF. See Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF) CMMS. See Computerized maintenance management system (CMSS) Coal Coanda effect, A34.22; F20.2, 7; S20.2 Codes, A66. (See also Standards) Coefficient of performance (COP) Coefficient of variance of the root mean square error [CV(RMSE)], F19.33 Cogeneration. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Coils Colburn’s analogy, F4.17 Colebrook equation Collaborative design, A60 Collectors, solar, A36.6, 11, 24, 25; S37.3 Colleges and universities, A8.11 Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER), S49.3 Combined heat and power (CHP), S7 Combustion, F28
997	Combustion air systems Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC), S7.21; S8.1 Comfort. (See also Physiological principles, humans) Commercial and public buildings, A3 Commercial kitchen ventilation (CKV), A34 Commissioning, A44 Comprehensive room transfer function method (CRTF), F19.11 Compressors, S38 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F13.1, F19.25 Computer-aided design (CAD), A19.6 Computerized maintenance management system (CMMS), A60.17 Computers, A41 Concert halls, A5.4 Concrete Condensate Condensation
998	Condensers, S39 Conductance, thermal, F4.3; F25.1 Conduction Conductivity, thermal, F25.1; F26.1 Constant air volume (CAV) Construction. (See also Building envelopes) Containers. (See also Cargo containers) Contaminants Continuity, fluid dynamics, F3.2 Control. (See also Controls, automatic; Supervisory control)
999	Controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage Controlled-environment rooms (CERs), and plant growth, A25.16 Controls, automatic, F7. (See also Control) Convection Convectors Convention centers, A5.5 Conversion factors, F39 Cooking appliances Coolants, secondary Coolers. (See also Refrigerators)
1000	Cooling. (See also Air conditioning) Cooling load Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF), F18.57 Cooling towers, S40 Cool storage, S51.1 COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP) Corn, drying, A26.1 Correctional facilities. See Justice facilities Corrosion Costs. (See also Economics) Cotton, drying, A26.8 Courthouses, A10.5 Courtrooms, A10.5 CPVC. See Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) Crawlspaces Critical spaces Crops. See Farm crops Cruise terminals, A3.6 Cryogenics, R47
1001	Curtain walls, F15.6 Dairy products, R33 Dampers Dampness problems in buildings, A64.1 Dams, concrete cooling, R45.1 Darcy equation, F21.6 Darcy-Weisbach equation Data centers, A20 Data-driven modeling Daylighting, F19.26 DDC. See Direct digital control (DDC) Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS), F36.12; S4.14; S18.2, 8; S25.4; S51 Definitions, of refrigeration terms, R50 Defrosting Degree-days, F14.12 Dehumidification, A48.15; S24 Dehumidifiers Dehydration Demand control kitchen ventilation (DCKV), A34.18 Density Dental facilities, A9.17 Desiccants, F32.1; S24.1
1002	Design-day climatic data, F14.12 Desorption isotherm, F26.20 Desuperheaters Detection Dew point, A64.8 Diamagnetism, and superconductivity, R47.5 Diesel fuel, F28.9 Diffusers, air, sound control, A49.12 Diffusion Diffusivity Dilution Dining halls, in justice facilities, A10.4 DIR. See Dispersive infrared (DIR) Direct digital control (DDC), F7.4, 11 Direct numerical simulation (DNS), turbulence modeling, F13.4; F24.13 Dirty bombs. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Disabilities, A8.23 Discharge coefficients, in fluid flow, F3.9 Dispersive infrared (DIR), F7.10 Display cases Display cases, R15.2, 5 District energy (DE). See District heating and cooling (DHC) District heating and cooling (DHC), S12 d-limonene, F31.12 DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS) DOAS. See Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) Doors Dormitories Draft Drag, in fluid flow, F3.5 Driers, S7.6. (See also Dryers) Drip station, steam systems, S12.14 Dryers. (See also Driers) Drying DTW. See Dual-temperature water (DTW) system Dual-duct systems Dual-temperature water (DTW) system, S13.1 DuBois equation, F9.3 Duct connections, A64.10 Duct design Ducts
1003	Dust mites, F25.16 Dusts, S29.1 Dynamometers, A18.1 Earth, stabilization, R45.3, 4 Earthquakes, seismic-resistant design, A56.1 Economic analysis, A38 Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP), S7.2 Economic performance degradation index (EPDI), A63.5 Economics. (See also Costs) Economizers ECOP. See Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP) ECS. See Environmental control system (ECS) Eddy diffusivity, F6.7 Educational facilities, A8 EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Effectiveness, heat transfer, F4.22 Effectiveness-NTU heat exchanger model, F19.19 Efficiency Eggs, R34 Electricity Electric thermal storage (ETS), S51.17 Electronic smoking devices (“e-cigarettes”), F11.19 Electrostatic precipitators, S29.7; S30.7 Elevators Emergency medical technician (EMT) facilities, A23 Emissions, pollution, F28.9 Emissivity, F4.2 Emittance, thermal, F25.2 Enclosed vehicular facilities, A16 Energy
1004	Energy and water use and management, A37 Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC), A38.8 Energy transfer station, S12.37 Engines, S7 Engine test facilities, A18 Enhanced tubes. See Finned-tube heat transfer coils Enthalpy Entropy, F2.1 Environmental control Environmental control system (ECS), A13 Environmental health, F10 Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) EPDI. See Economic performance degradation index (EPDI) Equipment vibration, A49.44; F8.17 ERF. See Effective radiant flux (ERF) ESPC. See Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC) Ethylene glycol, in hydronic systems, S13.24 ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Electric thermal storage (ETS) Evaluation. See Testing Evaporation, in tubes Evaporative coolers. (See also Refrigerators) Evaporative cooling, A53 Evaporators. (See also Coolers, liquid) Exfiltration, F16.2 Exhaust
1005	Exhibit buildings, temporary, A5.6 Exhibit cases Exhibition centers, A5.5 Expansion joints and devices Expansion tanks, S12.10 Explosions. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Fairs, A5.6 Family courts, A10.4. (See also Juvenile detention facilities) Fan-coil units, S5.6 Fans, F19.18; S21 Farm crops, drying and storing, A26 Faults, system, reasons for detecting, A40.4 f-Chart method, sizing heating and cooling systems, A36.20 Fenestration. (See also Windows) Fick’s law, F6.1 Filters, air, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Finned-tube heat-distributing units, S36.2, 5 Finned-tube heat transfer coils, F4.25 Fins, F4.6 Fire/smoke control. See Smoke control Fire stations, A23 Firearm laboratories, A10.7 Fire management, A54.2 Fireplaces, S34.5 Fire safety Fish, R19; R32
1006	Fitness facilities. (See also Gymnasiums) Fittings Fixed-guideway vehicles, A12.7. (See also Mass-transit systems) Fixture units, A51.1, 28 Flammability limits, gaseous fuels, F28.1 Flash tank, steam systems, S11.14 Floors Flowers, cut Flowmeters, A39.26; F37.18 Fluid dynamics computations, F13.1 Fluid flow, F3 Food. (See also specific foods) Food service Forced-air systems, residential, A1.1 Forensic labs, A10.6 Fouling factor Foundations Fountains, Legionella pneumophila control, A50.15 Fourier’s law, and heat transfer, F25.5 Four-pipe systems, S5.5 Framing, for fenestration Freeze drying, A31.6 Freeze prevention. (See also Freeze protection systems) Freeze protection systems, A52.19, 20 Freezers Freezing
1007	Friction, in fluid flow Fruit juice, R38 Fruits Fuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP), S7.22 Fuels, F28 Fume hoods, laboratory exhaust, A17.3 Fungi Furnaces, S33 Galleries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Garages Gases Gas-fired equipment, S34. (See also Natural gas) Gas vents, S35.1 Gaussian process (GP) models, F19.30 GCHP. See Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Generators Geothermal energy, A35 Geothermal heat pumps (GHP), A35.1 Glaser method, F25.15 Glazing Global climate change, F36 Global warming potential (GWP), F29.5 Glossary, of refrigeration terms, R50 Glycols, desiccant solution, S24.2 Graphical symbols, F38 Green design, and sustainability, F35.1 Greenhouses. (See also Plant environments) Grids, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Ground-coupled systems, F19.23 Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), A35.1 Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP), A35.30 GSHP. See Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) Guard stations, in justice facilities, A10.5 GWHP. See Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP) GWP. See Global warming potential (GWP) Gymnasiums, A5.5; A8.3 HACCP. See Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) Halocarbon Hartford loop, S11.3 Hay, drying, A26.8 Hazard analysis and control, F10.4 Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP), R22.4 Hazen-Williams equation, F22.6
1008	HB. See Heat balance (HB) Health Health care facilities, A9. (See also specific types) Health effects, mold, A64.1 Heat Heat and moisture control, F27.1 Heat balance (HB), S9.23 Heat balance method, F19.3 Heat capacity, F25.1 Heat control, F27 Heaters, S34 Heat exchangers, S47 Heat flow, F25. (See also Heat transfer) Heat flux, F25.1 Heat gain. (See also Load calculations) Heating Heating load Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF), S48.6 Heating values of fuels, F28.3, 9, 10 Heat loss. (See also Load calculations)
1009	Heat pipes, air-to-air energy recovery, S26.14 Heat pumps Heat recovery. (See also Energy, recovery) Heat storage. See Thermal storage Heat stress Heat transfer, F4; F25; F26; F27. (See also Heat flow) Heat transmission Heat traps, A51.1 Helium High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, A29.3; S29.6; S30.3 High-rise buildings. See Tall buildings
1010	High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, R33.2 High-temperature water (HTW) system, S13.1 Homeland security. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Hoods Hospitals, A9.3 Hot-box method, of thermal modeling, F25.8 Hotels and motels, A7 Hot-gas bypass, R1.35 Houses of worship, A5.3 HSI. See Heat stress, index (HSI) HSPF. See Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) HTST. See High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization Humidification, S22 Humidifiers, S22 Humidity (See also Moisture) HVAC security, A61 Hybrid inverse change point model, F19.31 Hybrid ventilation, F19.26 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), R1.1 Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), R1.1 Hydrogen, liquid, R47.3 Hydronic systems, S35. (See also Water systems) Hygrometers, F7.9; F37.10, 11 Hygrothermal loads, F25.2 Hygrothermal modeling, F25.15; F27.10 IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ) IBD. See Integrated building design (IBD) Ice Ice makers Ice rinks, A5.5; R44 ID50‚ mean infectious dose, A61.9 Ignition temperatures of fuels, F28.2 IGUs. See Insulating glazing units (IGUs) Illuminance, F37.31 Indoor airflow, A59.1
1011	Indoor air quality (IAQ). (See also Air quality) Indoor environmental modeling, F13 Indoor environmental quality (IEQ), kitchens, A33.20. (See also Air quality) Indoor swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums) Induction Industrial applications Industrial environments, A15, A32; A33 Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Industrial hygiene, F10.3 Infiltration. (See also Air leakage) Infrared applications In-room terminal systems Instruments, F14. (See also specific instruments or applications) Insulating glazing units (IGUs), F15.5 Insulation, thermal
1012	Integrated building design (IBD), A60.1 Integrated project delivery (IPD), A60.1 Integrated project delivery and building design, Intercoolers, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.12 Internal heat gains, F19.13 Jacketing, insulation, R10.7 Jails, A10.4 Joule-Thomson cycle, R47.6 Judges’ chambers, A10.5 Juice, R38.1 Jury facilities, A10.5 Justice facilities, A10 Juvenile detention facilities, A10.1. (See also Family courts) K-12 schools, A8.3 Kelvin’s equation, F25.11 Kirchoff’s law, F4.12 Kitchens, A34 Kleemenko cycle, R47.13 Krypton, recovery, R47.18 Laboratories, A17 Laboratory information management systems (LIMS), A10.8 Lakes, heat transfer, A35.37 Laminar flow Large eddy simulation (LES), turbulence modeling, F13.3; F24.13 Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA), F37.17 Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV), F37.17 Latent energy change materials, S51.2 Laundries LCR. See Load collector ratio (LCR) LD50‚ mean lethal dose, A61.9 LDA. See Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA)
1013	LDV. See Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV) LE. See Life expectancy (LE) rating Leakage Leakage function, relationship, F16.15 Leak detection of refrigerants, F29.9 Legionella pneumophila, A50.15; F10.7 Legionnaires’ disease. See Legionella pneumophila LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES) Lewis relation, F6.9; F9.4 Libraries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Lighting Light measurement, F37.31 LIMS. See Laboratory information management systems (LIMS) Linde cycle, R47.6 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), S8.6 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F28.5 Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R4 Lithium bromide/water, F30.71 Lithium chloride, S24.2 LNG. See Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Load calculations Load collector ratio (LCR), A36.22 Local exhaust. See Exhaust Loss coefficients Louvers, F15.33 Low-temperature water (LTW) system, S13.1 LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) LTW. See Low-temperature water (LTW) system Lubricants, R6.1; R12. (See also Lubrication; Oil) Lubrication, R12 Mach number, S38.32 Maintenance. (See also Operation and maintenance) Makeup air units, S28.8 Malls, 12.7 Manometers, differential pressure readout, A39.25 Manufactured homes, A1.9 Masonry, insulation, F26.7. (See also Building envelopes) Mass transfer, F6
1014	Mass-transit systems McLeod gages, F37.13 Mean infectious dose (ID50), A61.9 Mean lethal dose (LD50), A61.9 Mean temperature difference, F4.22 Measurement, F36. (See also Instruments) Measurement, F37. (See also Instruments) Meat, R30 Mechanical equipment room, central Mechanical traps, steam systems, S11.8 Medical facilities, A9, A23 Medium-temperature water (MTW) system, S13.1 Megatall buildings, A4.1 Meshes, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Metabolic rate, F9.6 Metals and alloys, low-temperature, R48.6 Microbial growth, R22.4 Microbial volatile organic chemicals (MVOCs), F10.8 Microbiology of foods, R22.1 Microphones, F37.29 Mines, A30 Modeling. (See also Data-driven modeling; Energy, modeling) Model predictive control (MPC), A65.6 Moist air Moisture (See also Humidity)
1015	Mold, A64.1; F25.16 Mold-resistant gypsum board, A64.7 Molecular sieves, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Zeolites) Montreal Protocol, F29.1 Morgues, A9.1 Motors, S45 Movie theaters, A5.3 MPC (model predictive control), A65.6 MRT. See Mean radiant temperature (MRT) Multifamily residences, A1.8 Multiple-use complexes Multisplit unitary equipment, S48.1 Multizone airflow modeling, F13.14 Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries MVOCs. See Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) Natatoriums. (See also Swimming pools) Natural gas, F28.5 Navier-Stokes equations, F13.2 NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curves Net positive suction head (NPSH), A35.31; R2.9; S44.10 Network airflow models, F19.25 Neutral pressure level (NPL), A4.1 Night setback, recovery, A43.44 Nitrogen Noise, F8.13. (See also Sound) Noise criterion (NC) curves, F8.16 Noncondensable gases Normalized mean bias error (NMBE), F19.33 NPL. See Neutral pressure level (NPL) NPSH. See Net positive suction head (NPSH) NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU) Nuclear facilities, A29 Number of transfer units (NTU) Nursing facilities, A9.17 Nuts, storage, R42.7 Occupancy-based control, A65 Odors, F12 ODP. See Ozone depletion potential (ODP) Office buildings Oil, fuel, F28.7 Oil. (See also Lubricants) Olf unit, F12.6 One-pipe systems Operating costs, A38.4 Operation and maintenance, A39. (See also Maintenance)
1016	OPR. See Owner’s project requirements (OPR) Optimization, A43.4 Outdoor air, free cooling (See also Ventilation) Outpatient health care facilities, A9.16 Owning costs, A38.1 Oxygen Ozone Ozone depletion potential (ODP), F29.5 PACE. (See Property assessment for clean energy) Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), S49.5 Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), S49.5 PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Paint, and moisture problems, F25.16 Pandemic, air filtration against, A67 Panel heating and cooling, S6. (See also Radiant heating and cooling) Paper, moisture content, A21.2 Paper products facilities, A27 Parallel compressor systems, R15.14 Particulate matter, indoor air quality (IAQ), F10.5 Passive heating, F19.27 Pasteurization, R33.2 Peak dew point, A64.10 Peanuts, drying, A26.9 PEC systems. See Personal environmental control (PEC) systems PEL. See Permissible exposure limits (PEL) Performance contracting, A42.2 Performance monitoring, A48.6 Permafrost stabilization, R45.4 Permeability Permeance Permissible exposure limits (PELs), F10.5 Personal environmental control (PEC) systems, F9.26 Pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11 Pharmacies, A9.13 Phase-change materials, thermal storage in, S51.16, 27 Photovoltaic (PV) systems, S36.18. (See also Solar energy) Physical properties of materials, F33 Physiological principles, humans. (See also Comfort) Pigs. See Swine Pipes. (See also Piping) Piping. (See also Pipes)
1017	Pitot tubes, A39.2; F37.17 Places of assembly, A5 Planes. See Aircraft Plank’s equation, R20.7 Plant environments, A25.10 Plenums PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV) Police stations, A10.1 Pollutant transport modeling. See Contami- nants, indoor, concentration prediction Pollution Pollution, air, and combustion, F28.9, 17 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), F10.6 Polydimethylsiloxane, F31.12 Ponds, spray, S40.6 Pope cell, F37.12 Positive building pressure, A64.11 Positive positioners, F7.8 Potatoes Poultry. (See also Animal environments) Power grid, A63.9 Power-law airflow model, F13.14 Power plants, A28 PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD) Prandtl number, F4.17 Precooling Predicted mean vote (PMV), F37.32 Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F9.18 Preschools, A8.1 Pressure Pressure drop. (See also Darcy-Weisbach equation) Primary-air systems, S5.10 Printing plants, A21
1018	Prisons, A10.4 Produce Product load, R15.6 Propane Property assessment for clean energy (PACE), A38.9 Propylene glycol, hydronic systems, S13.24 Psychrometers, F1.13 Psychrometrics, F1 PTACs. See Packaged terminal air condition- ers (PTACs) PTHPs. See Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs) Public buildings. See Commercial and public buildings; Places of assembly Pumps Pumps, F19.18 Purge units, centrifugal chillers, S43.11 PV systems. See Photovoltaic (PV) systems; Solar energy Radiant heating and cooling, A55; S6.1; S15; S33.4. (See also Panel heating and cooling) Radiant time series (RTS) method, F18.2, 22 Radiation Radiators, S36.1, 5 Radioactive gases, contaminants, F11.21 Radiosity method, F19.26 Radon, F10.16, 22 Rail cars, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Railroad tunnels, ventilation Rain, and building envelopes, F25.4 RANS. See Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation Rapid-transit systems. See Mass-transit systems Rayleigh number, F4.20 Ray tracing method, F19.27 RC curves. See Room criterion (RC) curves Receivers Recycling refrigerants, R9.3 Refrigerant/absorbent pairs, F2.15 Refrigerant control devices, R11
1019	Refrigerants, F29.1 Refrigerant transfer units (RTU), liquid chillers, S43.11 Refrigerated facilities, R23 Refrigeration, F1.16. (See also Absorption; Adsorption)
1020	Refrigeration oils, R12. (See also Lubricants) Refrigerators Regulators. (See also Valves) Relative humidity, F1.12 Residential health care facilities, A9.17 Residential systems, A1 Resistance, thermal, F4; F25; F26. (See also R-values) Resistance temperature devices (RTDs), F7.9; F37.6 Resistivity, thermal, F25.1 Resource utilization factor (RUF), F34.2 Respiration of fruits and vegetables, R19.17 Restaurants Retail facilities, 12 Retrofit performance monitoring, A42.4 Retrofitting refrigerant systems, contaminant control, S7.9 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, F13.3; F24.13 Reynolds number, F3.3 Rice, drying, A26.9 RMS. See Root mean square (RMS) Road tunnels, A16.3 Roofs, U-factors, F27.2 Room air distribution, A58; S20.1 Room criterion (RC) curves, F8.16 Root mean square (RMS), F37.1 RTDs. See Resistance temperature devices (RTDs) RTS. See Radiant time series (RTS) RTU. See Refrigerant transfer units (RTU) RUF. See Resource utilization factor (RUF) Rusting, of building components, F25.16 R-values, F23; F25; F26. (See also Resistance, thermal) Safety Sanitation Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR), A38.12 Savings-to-investment-ratio (SIR), A38.12 Scale Schneider system, R23.7 Schools Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) Security. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Seeds, storage, A26.12 SEER. See Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER)
1021	Seismic restraint, A49.53; A56.1 Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), F10.4, 12; F11.15 Sensors Separators, lubricant, R11.23 Service water heating, A51 SES. See Subway environment simulation (SES) program Set points, A65.1 Shading Ships, A13 Shooting ranges, indoor, A10.8 Short-tube restrictors, R11.31 Silica gel, S24.1, 4, 6, 12 Single-duct systems, all-air, S4.11 SIR. See Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) Skating rinks, R44.1 Skylights, and solar heat gain, F15.21 Slab heating, A52 Slab-on-grade foundations, A45.11 SLR. See Solar-load ratio (SLR) Smart building systems, A63.1 Smart grid, A63.9, 11 Smoke control, A54 Snow-melting systems, A52 Snubbers, seismic, A56.8 Sodium chloride brines, F31.1 Soft drinks, R39.10 Software, A65.7 Soils. (See also Earth) Solar energy, A36; S37.1 (See also Solar heat gain; Solar radiation)
1022	Solar heat gain, F15.14; F18.16 Solar-load ratio (SLR), A36.22 Solar-optical glazing, F15.14 Solar radiation, F14.8; F15.14 Solid fuel Solvent drying, constant-moisture, A31.7 Soot, F28.20 Sorbents, F32.1 Sorption isotherm, F25.10; F26.20 Sound, F8. (See also Noise) Soybeans, drying, A26.7 Specific heat Split-flux method, F19.26 Spot cooling Stack effect Stadiums, A5.4 Stairwells Standard atmosphere, U.S., F1.1 Standards, A66. (See also Codes) Static air mixers, S4.8 Static electricity and humidity, S22.2 Steam
1023	Steam systems, S11 Steam traps, S11.7 Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F4.2, 12 Stevens’ law, F12.3 Stirling cycle, R47.14 Stokers, S31.17 Storage Stoves, heating, S34.5 Stratification Stroboscopes, F37.28 Subcoolers Subway environment simulation (SES) program, A16.3 Subway systems. (See also Mass-transit systems) Suction risers, R2.24 Sulfur content, fuel oils, F28.9 Superconductivity, diamagnetism, R47.5 Supermarkets. See Retail facilities, supermarkets Supertall buildings, A4.1 Supervisory control, A43 Supply air outlets, S20.2. (See also Air outlets) Surface effect. See Coanda effect Surface transportation Surface water heat pump (SWHP), A35.3 Sustainability, F16.1; F35.1; S48.2 SVFs. See Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) SVOCs. See Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) SWHP. See Surface water heat pump (SWHP) Swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums) Swine, recommended environment, A25.7 Symbols, F38 Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F10.6 TABS. See Thermally activated building systems (TABS) Tachometers, F37.28 Tall buildings, A4
1024	Tanks, secondary coolant systems, R13.2 TDD. See Tubular daylighting devices Telecomunication facilities, air-conditioning systems, A20.1 Temperature Temperature-controlled transport, R25.1 Temperature index, S22.3 Terminal units. [See also Air terminal units (ATUs)], A48.13, F19.16; S20.7 Terminology, of refrigeration, R50 Terrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents TES. See Thermal energy storage (TES) Testing Testing, adjusting, and balancing. (See also Balancing) TETD/TA. See Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA) TEWI. See Total equivalent warning impact (TEWI) Textile processing plants, A22 TFM. See Transfer function method (TFM) Theaters, A5.3 Thermal bridges, F25.8 Thermal comfort. See Comfort Thermal displacement ventilation (TDV), F19.17 Thermal emittance, F25.2 Thermal energy storage (TES), S8.6; S51
1025	Thermally activated building systems (TABS), A43.3, 34 Thermal-network method, F19.11 Thermal properties, F26.1 Thermal resistivity, F25.1 Thermal storage, Thermal storage. See Thermal energy storage (TES) S51 Thermal transmission data, F26 Thermal zones, F19.14 Thermistors, R11.4 Thermodynamics, F2.1 Thermometers, F37.5 Thermopile, F7.4; F37.9; R45.4 Thermosiphons Thermostats Three-dimensional (3D) printers, F11.18 Three-pipe distribution, S5.6 Tobacco smoke Tollbooths Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA), F18.57 Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), F29.5 Trailers and trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Transducers, F7.10, 13 Transfer function method (TFM); F18.57; F19.3 Transmittance, thermal, F25.2 Transmitters, F7.9, 10 Transpiration, R19.19 Transportation centers Transport properties of refrigerants, F30 Traps Trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Tubular daylighting devices (TDDs), F15.30 Tuning automatic control systems, F7.19 Tunnels, vehicular, A16.1 Turbines, S7 Turbochargers, heat recovery, S7.34 Turbulence modeling, F13.3 Turbulent flow, fluids, F3.3 Turndown ratio, design capacity, S13.4 Two-node model, for thermal comfort, F9.18 Two-pipe systems, S5.5; S13.20 U.S. Marshal spaces, A10.6 U-factor Ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, S29.6; S30.3 Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems, S17 Ultraviolet air and surface treatment, A62
1026	Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A60.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems] Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A62.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems] Uncertainty analysis Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems, A4.6; A58.14; F19.17 Unitary systems, S48 Unit heaters. See Heaters Units and conversions, F39 Unit ventilators, S28.1 Utility interface, electric, S7.43 Utility rates, A63.11 UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems UVGI. See Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) Vacuum cooling, of fruits and vegetables, R28.9 Validation, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Valves. (See also Regulators) Vaporization systems, S8.6 Vapor pressure, F27.8; F33.2 Vapor retarders, jackets, F23.12 Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Variable-frequency drives, S45.14 Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), S18.1; S48.1, 14 Variable-speed drives. See Variable-frequency drives S51 VAV. See Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Vegetables, R37 Vehicles Vena contracta, F3.4 Vending machines, R16.5 Ventilation, F16
1027	Ventilators Venting Verification, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.11 Vibration, F8.17 Viral pathogens, F10.9 Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat release rate, A30.3 Viscosity, F3.1 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), F10.11 Voltage, A57.1 Volume ratio, compressors VRF. See Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) VRT. See Virgin rock temperature (VRT) Walls Warehouses, A3.8 Water Water heaters Water horsepower, pump, S44.7 Water/lithium bromide absorption Water-source heat pump (WSHP), S2.4; S48.11 Water systems, S13
1028	Water treatment, A50 Water use and management (See Energy and water use and management) Water vapor control, A45.6 Water vapor permeance/permeability, F26.12, 17, 18 Water vapor retarders, F26.6 Water wells, A35.30 Weather data, F14 Weatherization, F16.18 Welding sheet metal, S19.12 Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat stress, A32.5 Wheels, rotary enthalpy, S26.9 Whirlpools and spas Wien’s displacement law, F4.12 Wind. (See also Climatic design information; Weather data) Wind chill index, F9.23 Windows. (See also Fenestration) Wind restraint design, A56.15 Wineries Wireless sensors, A63.7 Wood construction, and moisture, F25.10 Wood products facilities, A27.1 Wood pulp, A27.2 Wood stoves, S34.5 WSHP. See Water-source heat pump (WSHP) Xenon, R47.18 Zeolites, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Molecular sieves)

ASHRAE HVACSystemsEquipment Handbook IP 2024

Sun, 20 Oct 2024 10:30:45 +0000

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
2	I-P_S24 FrontMatter
3	Dedicated To The Advancement Of The Profession And Its Allied Industries DISCLAIMER
10	I-P_S24_Ch01 1. Selecting a System Additional Goals
11	Equipment and System Constraints
12	Constructability Constraints Narrowing the Choices Selection Report
13	2. HVAC Systems and Equipment Decentralized System Characteristics
14	Centralized System Characteristics Air Distribution Systems
15	Primary Equipment Refrigeration Equipment Heating Equipment Air Delivery Equipment 3. Space Requirements Equipment Rooms
16	Fan Rooms Horizontal Distribution Vertical Shafts
17	Rooftop Equipment Equipment Access 4. Air Distribution Air Terminal Units Duct Insulation Ceiling and Floor Plenums
18	5. Pipe Distribution Pipe Systems Pipe Insulation 6. Security and environmental health and safety 7. Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems
19	8. Maintenance Management 9. Building System Commissioning
20	I-P_S24_Ch02 1. System Characteristics Advantages
21	Disadvantages 2. Design Considerations Air-Side Economizer Advantages
22	Disadvantages Water-Side Economizer Advantages Disadvantages 3. Window-Mounted and Through-the- Wall Room HVAC Units Advantages Disadvantages
23	Design Considerations 4. Water-Source Heat Pump Systems
24	Advantages Disadvantages Design Considerations 5. Multiple-Unit Systems Advantages
25	Disadvantages Design Considerations
26	6. Residential and Light Commercial Split Systems Advantages Disadvantages Design Considerations 7. Commercial Self-Contained (Floor- by-Floor) Systems Advantages
27	Disadvantages Design Considerations
28	8. Commercial Outdoor Packaged Systems Advantages Disadvantages Design Considerations
29	9. Single-Zone VAV Systems Advantages Disadvantages
30	Design Considerations 10. Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems 11. Maintenance Management 12. Building System Commissioning
31	Bibliography
32	I-P_S24_Ch03 1. System Characteristics
33	Advantages Disadvantages 2. Design Considerations Cooling and Heating Loads
34	Security System Flow Design
36	Energy Recovery and Thermal Storage 3. Equipment Primary Refrigeration Equipment Ancillary Refrigeration Equipment
37	Primary Heating Equipment
38	Ancillary Heating Equipment 4. Distribution Systems
39	5. Sound, Vibration, Seismic, and Wind Considerations Sound and Vibration Seismic and Wind Issues 6. Space Considerations
40	Location of Central Plant and Equipment Central Plant Security 7. Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems
41	Instrumentation 8. Maintenance Management Systems
42	9. Building System Commissioning 10. System Replacements and Expansions References Bibliography
44	I-P_S24_Ch04 Advantages of All-Air Systems Disadvantages of All-Air Systems
45	Heating and Cooling Calculations Zoning Space Heating Air Temperature Versus Air Quantity
46	Space Pressure Other Considerations First, Operating, and Maintenance Costs
47	Energy in Air Handling 1. AIR-HANDLING UNITS Primary Equipment Air-Handling Equipment
48	Central Mechanical Equipment Rooms (MERs) Decentralized MERs Fans 1.1 Air-Handling Unit Psychrometric Processes Cooling
49	Heating Humidification Dehumidification
50	Air Mixing or Blending 1.2 Air-Handling Unit Components Return Air Fan Relief Air Fan Automatic Dampers Relief Openings Return Air Dampers Outdoor Air Intakes
51	Economizers Mixing Plenums Static Air Mixers Filter Section
52	Preheat Coil Cooling Coil Reheat Coil Humidifiers
53	Dehumidifiers Energy Recovery Devices Sound Control Devices Supply Air Fan
54	Miscellaneous Components 1.3 Air Distribution Ductwork Design
55	2. AIR-HANDLING SYSTEMS 2.1 Single-Duct Systems Constant Volume Variable Air Volume (VAV)
56	2.2 Dual-Duct Systems Constant Volume Variable Air Volume
57	2.3 Multizone Systems
58	2.4 Special Systems Primary/Secondary Dedicated Outdoor Air Underfloor Air Distribution
59	Wetted Duct/Supersaturated
60	Compressed-Air and Water Spray Low-Temperature Smoke Control 2.5 Air Terminal Units Constant-Volume Reheat Variable Air Volume
61	Terminal Humidifiers Terminal Filters 2.6 Air Distribution System Controls
62	2.7 Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems 2.8 Maintenance Management System
63	2.9 Building System Commissioning References Bibliography
64	I-P_S24_Ch05 1. System Characteristics Advantages
65	Disadvantages Heating and Cooling Calculations Space Heating
66	Central (Primary-Air) Ventilation Systems Central Plant Sizing Building Pressurization First, Operating, and Maintenance Costs Energy
67	Life-Cycle Costs 2. System Components and Configurations Components
68	Configurations 3. Secondary-Water Distribution 4. Piping Arrangements Four-Pipe Distribution Two-Pipe Distribution
69	Three-Pipe Distribution Condenser Water Systems with Heat Pump Terminal Units 5. Fan-Coil Unit and Unit Ventilator Systems Types and Location
70	Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Wiring Condensate Capacity Control Maintenance
71	6. Variable-Refrigerant-Flow (VRF) Units 7. Chilled-Beam Systems Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements
72	Selection Wiring Condensate Capacity Control Maintenance Other Concerns 8. Radiant-Panel Heating Systems Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Wiring Capacity Control Maintenance 9. Radiant-Floor Heating Systems
73	Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Wiring Capacity Control Maintenance 10. Induction Unit Systems 11. Supplemental Heating Units
74	12. Primary-Air Systems 13. Performance Under Varying Load
75	14. Changeover Temperature 15. Two-Pipe Systems with Central Ventilation
76	Critical Design Elements
77	Changeover Temperature Considerations Nonchangeover Design Zoning
78	Room Control Evaluation Electric Heat for Two-Pipe Systems 16. Four-Pipe Systems Zoning Room Control
79	Evaluation 17. Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems 18. Maintenance Management Systems and Building System Commissioning References Bibliography
80	I-P_S24_Ch06 1. PRINCIPLES OF RADIANT SYSTEMS
81	1.1 Heat Transfer Heat Transfer by Thermal Radiation
82	Heat Transfer by Natural Convection
83	Combined Heat Flux (Thermal Radiation and Natural Convection)
84	1.2 Factors Affecting Heat Transfer Panel Thermal Resistance
85	Effect of Floor Coverings Panel Heat Losses or Gains
86	Panel Performance 1.3 Panel Design
87	Special Cases
88	Examples
89	2. General Design Considerations 2.1 Hybrid Systems
90	3. RADIANT HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS 3.1 Hydronic Ceiling Panels
91	3.2 Embedded Systems with Tubing in Ceilings, Walls, or Floors
92	Hydronic Wall Panels Hydronic Floor Panels
93	3.3 Electrically Heated Radiant Systems Electric Ceiling Panels
95	Electric Wall Heating Electric Floor Heating
96	4. DESIGN PROCEDURE Sensible Cooling Sensible Heating Other Steps Common for Sensible Heating and Cooling
98	4.1 Controls
99	Sensible Cooling Controls Heating Slab Controls References References
100	Bibliography
102	I-P_S24_Ch07
103	1. Terminology
104	2. CHP System Concepts 2.1 Custom-Engineered Systems 2.2 Packaged and Modular Systems
105	2.3 Load Profiling and Prime Mover Selection 2.4 Peak Load Shaving 2.5 Continuous-Duty Standby
106	2.6 Power Plant Incremental Heat Rate 3. Performance Parameters 3.1 Heating Value 3.2 CHP Electric Effectiveness
107	Power and Heating Systems
109	3.3 Fuel Energy Savings
110	4. Fuel-to-Power Components
111	4.1 Reciprocating Engines Types Performance Characteristics
113	Fuels and Fuel Systems
114	Combustion Air Lubricating Systems Starting Systems
115	Cooling Systems Exhaust Systems
116	Emissions Instruments and Controls
117	Noise and Vibration
118	Installation Ventilation Requirements Operation and Maintenance
119	4.2 Combustion Turbines Types
120	Advantages Disadvantages Gas Turbine Cycle Components
121	4.3 Performance Characteristics Fuels and Fuel Systems
122	Combustion Air Lubricating Systems Starting Systems Exhaust Systems Emissions Instruments and Controls
123	Noise and Vibration Operation and Maintenance 4.4 Fuel Cells Types
125	5. Thermal-to-Power Components 5.1 Steam Turbines Types
126	Performance Characteristics
129	Fuel Systems Lubricating Oil Systems Power Systems Exhaust Systems Instruments and Controls
131	Operation and Maintenance
132	5.2 Organic Rankine Cycles 5.3 Expansion Engines/Turbines 5.4 Stirling Engines Types
133	Performance Characteristics Fuel Systems Power Systems Exhaust Systems Coolant Systems Operation and Maintenance
134	6. Thermal-to-Thermal Components 6.1 Thermal Output Characteristics Reciprocating Engines Combustion Turbines
135	6.2 Heat Recovery Reciprocating Engines
138	Combustion Turbines Steam Turbines
139	6.3 Thermally Activated Technologies Heat-Activated Chillers
140	Desiccant Dehumidification Hot Water and Steam Heat Recovery
141	Thermal Energy Storage Technologies 7. Electrical Generators and Components 7.1 Generators
143	8. System Design 8.1 CHP Electricity-Generating Systems Thermal Loads Prime Mover Selection Air Systems
144	Hydronic Systems Service Water Heating District Heating and Cooling Utility Interfacing Power Quality
145	Output Energy Streams
146	8.2 CHP Shaft-Driven HVAC and Refrigeration Systems Engine-Driven Systems
147	Combustion-Turbine-Driven Systems
148	Steam-Turbine-Driven Systems 9. Codes and Installation 9.1 General Installation Parameters
149	9.2 Utility Interconnection 9.3 Air Permits 9.4 Building, Zoning, and Fire Codes Zoning Building Code/Structural Design Mechanical/Plumbing Code Fire Code
150	Electrical Connection 10. Economic Evaluation CHP Application Assessment Types and Scope of CHP Studies
151	CHP System Modeling Techniques
152	CHP Feasibility Study for New Facilities Tools and Software for Feasibility Study 10.1 Load Profiles and Load Duration Curves Load Duration Curve Analysis
154	Two-Dimensional Load Duration Curve
155	Analysis by Simulations References
156	Bibliography
158	I-P_S24_Ch08
159	1. Advantages Economic Benefits
160	2. Disadvantages 3. Definition and Theory 4. System Types Evaporative Systems
162	Chiller Systems
163	LNG Vaporization Systems Hybrid Systems 5. Calculation of Power Capacity Enhancement and Economics
165	References
166	Bibliography
168	I-P_S24_Ch09 1. TERMINOLOGY 2. APPLIED HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
169	2.1 Heat Pump Cycles 2.2 Heat Sources and Sinks Air
171	Water Ground Solar Energy
172	2.3 Types of Heat Pumps 2.4 Heat Pump Components Compressors
174	Heat Transfer Components Refrigeration Components
175	Controls
176	Supplemental Heating 2.5 Industrial Process Heat Pumps Closed-Cycle Systems
179	Open-Cycle and Semi-Open-Cycle Heat Pump Systems
180	Heat Recovery Design Principles
181	3. APPLIED HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS 3.1 Waste Heat Recovery General Considerations
182	Applications of Waste Heat Recovery Alternative Heat Sources Locating the Heat Recovery Heat Pump
183	Specific Considerations of Condenser-Side Recovery Specific Considerations of Evaporator-Side Recovery Special Considerations of Double-Bundle Heat Recovery Selecting a Compressor Type
184	Pumping Considerations HRHP Selection
186	Example 3.2 Water-Loop Heat Pump Systems Description
187	Design Considerations
189	Controls Advantages of a WLHP System Limitations of a WLHP System 3.3 Balanced Heat Recovery Systems Definition Heat Redistribution
190	Heat Balance Concept Heat Balance Studies
191	General Applications
192	Multiple Buildings 3.4 Heat Pumps in District Heating and Cooling Systems
193	References Bibliography
194	I-P_S24_Ch10 1. Components
195	Heating and Cooling Units Ducts Accessory Equipment Controls 2. Common System Problems
196	3. System Design Estimating Heating and Cooling Loads Locating Outlets, Returns, Ducts, and Equipment
197	Selecting Heating and Cooling Equipment Determining Airflow Requirements
198	Finalize Duct Design and Size Selecting Supply and Return Grilles and Registers 4. Detailed Duct Design Detailing the Duct Configuration
199	Detailing the Distribution Design
200	Duct Design Recommendations
201	Zone Control for Small Systems Duct Sizing for Zone Damper Systems Box Plenum Systems Using Flexible Duct Embedded Loop Ducts
202	5. Small Commercial Systems Air Distribution in Small Commercial Buildings Controlling Airflow in New Buildings
203	6. Testing for Duct Efficiency Data Inputs Data Output Standards
204	References Bibliography
208	I-P_S24_Ch11 1. Advantages 2. Fundamentals
209	3. Effects of Water , Air , and Gases 4. Heat Transfer 5. Basic Steam System Design 6. Steam Source
210	Boilers Heat Recovery and Waste Heat Boilers Heat Exchangers 7. Boiler Connections Supply Piping Return Piping
211	8. Design Steam Pressure
212	9. Piping Supply Piping Design Considerations
213	Terminal Equipment Piping Design Considerations Return Piping Design Considerations 10. Condensate Removal from Temperature-Regulated Equipment
214	11. Steam Traps
215	Thermostatic Traps
216	Mechanical Traps Kinetic Traps
217	12. Pressure-Reducing Valves Valve Size Selection Installation
218	13. Terminal Equipment
219	Selection Natural Convection Units Forced-Convection Units 14. Convection Steam Heating One-Pipe Steam Heating Systems
220	Two-Pipe Steam Heating Systems 15. Steam Distribution
221	16. Temperature Control
222	17. Heat Recovery Flash Steam
223	Direct Heat Recovery 18. Combined Steam and Water Systems 19. Commissioning References
224	Bibliography
226	I-P_S24_Ch12
276	I-P_S24_Ch13 Principles 1. TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATIONS
277	2. CLOSED WATER SYSTEMS 2.1 Method of Design
278	2.2 Thermal Components Loads Load Devices
279	Source Expansion Chamber
281	2.3 Hydraulic Components Pump or Pumping System
284	Variable-Speed Pumping Application
285	Pump Connection
286	Distribution System Expansion Chamber
287	2.4 Piping Circuits
288	2.5 Capacity Control of Load System
289	Sizing Control Valves
291	Alternatives to Control Valves 2.6 Low-Temperature Heating Systems
292	Nonresidential Heating Systems
293	2.7 Chilled-Water Systems
295	2.8 Dual-Temperature Systems Two-Pipe Systems Four-Pipe Common Load Systems
296	Four-Pipe Independent Load Systems 2.9 Other Design Considerations Makeup and Fill Water Systems Safety Relief Valves
297	Air Elimination Drain and Shutoff Balance Fittings Pitch Strainers
298	Thermometers Flexible Connectors and Pipe Expansion Compensation Gage Cocks Insulation Condensate Drains Common Pipe 2.10 Other Design Procedures Preliminary Equipment Layout Final Pipe Sizing and Pressure Drop Determination
299	Freeze Prevention 2.11 Antifreeze Solutions Effect on Heat Transfer and Flow Effect on Heat Source or Chiller
300	Effect on Terminal Units Effect on Pump Performance Effect on Piping Pressure Loss Installation and Maintenance
301	References Bibliography
302	I-P_S24_Ch14 1. Once-Through City Water Systems 2. Open Cooling Tower Systems
303	Air and Vapor Precautions Pump Selection and Pressure Calculations
304	Water Treatment Freeze Protection and Winter Operation
305	3. Low-Temperature (Water Economizer) Systems 4. Closed-Circuit Evaporative Coolers 5. Other Sources of Water 6. Overpressure Caused by Thermal Fluid Expansion Bibliography
306	I-P_S24_Ch15 1. System Characteristics
307	2. Basic System 3. Design Considerations Direct-Fired High-Temperature Water Generators
308	Expansion and Pressurization
310	Direct-Contact Heaters (Cascades) System Circulating Pumps
311	4. Distribution Piping Design 5. Heat Exchangers 6. Air-Heating Coils 7. Space-Heating Equipment
312	8. Instrumentation and Controls 9. Water Treatment
313	10. Heat Storage 11. Safety Considerations References Bibliography
314	I-P_S24_Ch16 1. Energy Conservation 2. Infrared Energy Sources Gas Infrared
315	Electric Infrared
316	Oil Infrared
317	3. System Efficiency 4. Reflectors 5. Controls 6. Precautions
318	7. Maintenance 8. Design Considerations for Beam Radiant Heaters
321	References Bibliography
322	I-P_S24_Ch17 1. Terminology
323	2. GUV Fundamentals Microbial Dose Response
324	Susceptibility of Microorganisms to UV Energy 3. Germicidal Ultraviolet Sources and Equipment Mercury-Based Lamps
325	UV-C Lamp Drivers or Ballasts
326	Germicidal Lamp Cooling and Heating Effects UV-C Lamp Aging UV-C Lamp Irradiance Induction Lamps Excimer Lamps (Far-UV)
328	Pulsed Xenon Lamps
329	4. UV-C LEDs UV-C LED Performance Characteristics
330	Lifetime Rating of LEDs Maintenance, Monitoring, and Replacement 5. UV-C Photodegradation of Materials
331	6. Maintenance Lamp Replacement
332	Lamp Disposal Visual Inspection 7. Safety Hazards of Ultraviolet Radiation to Humans Sources of UV Exposure Exposure Limits
333	Ozone Considerations Upper-Room Applications In-Duct Systems
334	Personnel Safety Training Lamp Breakage 8. Installation and Commissioning
336	9. Unit Conversions References
337	Bibliography
338	I-P_S24_Ch18 System Types
339	VRF Applications Zoned Comfort Indoor Air Quality Annual Operating Efficiency Characteristics Local and Remote Monitoring Life-Cycle Cost Comparison
340	1. Standards
341	2. Equipment Air-Source Outdoor and Water-Source Units Indoor Unit Types System Controls System Expansion or Reconfiguration 3. VRF System Operation
342	Load Management
343	Cooling Operation Heating Operation Saturation Temperature Reset Heat Recovery Operation
344	Defrost Operation Oil Recovery Management Humidity Control
345	High-Heating-Performance Air-Source VRF Units 4. Modeling Considerations 5. Design Considerations Water-Source VRF Systems
346	Air-Source VRF Systems Low External Ambient Heating-Dominant Applications Integration with Supplemental Heating Sources Outdoor Air Economizer Generating Radiant Heating/Cooling and Domestic Hot Water 6. VRF System Design Example Performing a Load-Profile Analysis System Type Selection, Zoning, and Potential for Heat Recovery
347	Accurately Sizing Air-Source Outdoor and Indoor Units
348	Selecting Indoor Units Ventilation Air Strategy
349	Refrigerant Piping Refrigerant Piping Guidelines
350	Controls Safety Considerations for Refrigerants Fault Tree Analysis
351	Integrating VRF Systems to Minimize Environmental Impact 7. Commissioning References
352	Bibliography
354	I-P_S24_Ch19 1. Building Code Requirements 2. Pressure Classifications
355	3. Duct Cleaning 4. HVAC System Leakage System Sealing
356	Sealants Leakage Testing
358	Responsibilities
359	5. Air-Handling Unit Leakage
360	6. Residential and Commercial Duct Construction Terminology Buildings and Spaces
361	Round, Flat Oval, and Rectangular Ducts
362	Fibrous Glass Ducts Phenolic Ducts Flexible Ducts Hangers and Supports
363	Installation Plenums and Apparatus Casings Acoustical Treatment 7. Industrial Duct Construction
364	Materials Round Ducts Rectangular Ducts Construction Details Hangers 8. Antimicrobial-Treated Ducts 9. Duct Construction for Grease- and Moisture-Laden Vapors Factory-Built Grease Duct Systems Site-Built Grease Duct Systems
365	Duct Systems for Moisture-Laden Air 10. Rigid Plastic Ducts 11. Air Dispersion Systems Dispersion Types
366	12. Underground Ducts 13. Ducts Outside Buildings 14. Seismic Qualification 15. Sheet Metal Welding 16. Thermal Insulation 17. Specifications References
368	Bibliography
370	I-P_S24_Ch20 1. Systems Overview All-Air Systems Decoupled Systems Sensible-Only Decoupled Systems
371	2. System Classifications 2.1 Fully Mixed Systems
372	Factors That Influence Selection Outlet Selection Procedure 2.2 Fully Stratified Systems Factors that Influence Selection
373	Outlet Selection Procedure 2.3 Partially Mixed Systems Factors That Influence Selection Outlet Selection Procedures
374	3. EQUIPMENT 3.1 Supply air outlets 3.2 Return and Exhaust Air Inlets
375	3.3 Grilles Types Application-Specific Grilles 3.4 Nozzles and Drum Louvers
376	3.5 Diffusers Types
377	Supply Air Diffuser Accessories
378	3.6 Terminal Units Single-Duct Terminal Units Dual-Duct Terminal Units
379	Air-to-Air Induction Terminal Units Fan-Powered Terminal Units
381	3.7 Fan-Coil Units
383	3.8 Chilled Beams Beam Types and Configurations
384	3.9 Air Curtain Units
386	References
387	Bibliography
388	I-P_S24_Ch21 1. Types of Fans 2. Principles of Operation
393	3. Testing and Rating 4. Field Testing of Fans for Air Performance 5. Fan Laws
394	6. Fan and System Pressure Relationships
395	7. AIR Temperature Rise Across Fans 8. Duct System Characteristics
396	9. System Effects
397	10. Selection
398	11. Parallel Fan Operation
399	12. Series Fan Operation 13. Noise 14. Vibration
400	Vibration Isolation 15. Arrangement and Installation 16. Fan Control
401	17. Fan Inlet Cone Instrumented for Airflow Measurement 18. FAN TERMINOLOGY
404	19. Symbols References
405	Bibliography
406	I-P_S24_Ch22 1. Environmental Conditions Health, Comfort, and Indoor Environmental Quality
407	Prevention and Treatment of Disease Fig. 2 Patient Infections at Indoor Relative Humidities
408	Fig. 3 Mice Survival Rates at 20 and 50% rh Fig. 4 Mortality of Pneumococcus Bacterium Fig. 5 Mortality in Mice Exposed to Aerosolized Influenza Electronic Equipment Process Control and Materials Storage
409	Static Electricity Fig. 6 Effect of Relative Humidity on Static Electricity from Carpets Sound Wave Transmission Miscellaneous 2. Enclosure Characteristics Vapor Retarders Visible Condensation
410	Fig. 7 Limiting Relative Humidity for No Window Condensation Concealed Condensation 3. Energy and water Considerations Load Calculations
411	Design Conditions Ventilation Rate Additional Moisture Losses Internal Moisture Gains Supply Water for Humidifiers
412	Scaling Potential Bacterial Growth 4. Equipment Fig. 8 Adiabatic Versus Isothermal Humidification Process
413	Table 2 Types of Humidifiers Residential Humidifiers for Central Air Systems Residential Humidifiers for Nonducted Applications Industrial and Commercial Humidifiers for Central Air Systems
414	Fig. 9 Residential Humidifiers
415	Fig. 10 Industrial Isothermal (Steam) Humidifiers
416	Fig. 11 Room Fan Distributor
418	Fig. 12 Industrial Adiabatic (Atomizing and Evaporative) Humidifiers
419	Selecting Humidifiers Table 3 Humidifier Advantages and Limitations
420	Table 3 Humidifier Advantages and Limitations (Continued ) 5. Controls
421	Mechanical Controls Electronic Controls Control Location Fig. 13 Recommended Humidity Controller Location Management Systems
422	6. Application Considerations Humidity Control with Direct Space Humidification Humidity Control with Duct-Mounted Humidification Humidity Control in Variable-Air-Volume Systems Commissioning Systems References
423	Bibliography
426	I-P_S24_Ch23 1. Uses for Coils 2. Coil Construction and Arrangement
427	Water and Aqueous Glycol Coils Direct-Expansion Coils
428	Control of Coils Flow Arrangement
429	Applications
430	3. Coil Selection
431	Performance and Ratings 4. Airflow Resistance 5. Heat Transfer
432	6. Performance of Sensible Cooling Coils
434	7. Performance of Dehumidifying Coils
439	8. Determining Refrigeration Load
440	9. Maintenance
441	10. Symbols References
442	Bibliography
444	I-P_S24_Ch24 1. Methods of Dehumidification
445	Compression Cooling Liquid Desiccants
449	Solid Sorption
450	2. Desiccant Dehumidification 2.1 Liquid Desiccant Equipment Moisture Removal Heat Removal Regeneration
451	2.2 Solid-Sorption Equipment
452	2.3 Rotary Solid-Desiccant Dehumidifiers Operation
453	Use of Cooling
454	Using Units in Series Industrial Rotary Desiccant Dehumidifier Performance 2.4 Equipment Ratings
455	2.5 Equipment Operating Recommendations Process Air Filters Reactivation/Regeneration Filters Liquid-Phase Strainers Reactivation/Regeneration Ductwork Leakage Airflow Indication and Control
456	Commissioning Owners’ and Operators’ Perspectives 2.6 Applications for Atmospheric- Pressure Dehumidification Preservation of Materials in Storage Process Dehumidification
457	Ventilation Air Dehumidification Condensation Prevention Dry Air-Conditioning Systems
458	Indoor Air Quality Contaminant Control Testing 3. Desiccant Drying at Elevated Pressure 3.1 Equipment Types Absorption
459	Adsorption 3.2 Applications Material Preservation Process Drying of Air and Other Gases
460	Equipment Testing Additional Information References Bibliography
462	I-P_S24_Ch25 1. Mechanical Dehumidifiers Psychrometrics of Dehumidification
463	Residential Dehumidifiers
465	General-Purpose Dehumidifiers DX Dedicated Outdoor Air System (DOAS) Units
466	Indoor Swimming Pool Dehumidifiers
468	Ice Rink Dehumidifiers
469	Industrial Dehumidifiers Dehumidifiers for Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA)
471	Tunnel Dryer Dehumidifier 2. Controls and Sensors
472	3. Installation and Service Considerations 4. Wraparound Heat Exchangers
473	References
474	Bibliography
476	I-P_S24_Ch26 1. Applications
477	2. Basic heat or heat and water vapor transfer relations Effectiveness
478	Rate of Energy Transfer
479	Fan Power
480	3. Types of Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers Ideal Air-to-Air Energy Exchange Fixed-Plate Heat Exchangers
481	Rotary Air-to-Air Energy Exchangers
484	Coil Energy Recovery (Runaround) Loops
485	Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers
487	Thermosiphon Heat Exchangers
488	Liquid-Desiccant Cooling Systems
489	Twin-Tower Enthalpy Recovery Loops
490	Fixed-Bed Regenerators
492	4. Performance Ratings Performance Ratings for Air-to-Air Heat or Heat and Mass Exchangers
493	Performance Ratings for Residential Ventilators with Air-to-Air Heat or Heat and Mass Exchangers 5. Additional technical considerations Air Leakage
494	Air Capacity of Ventilator Fans Pressure Drop Maintenance Filtration Controls Fouling
495	Corrosion Condensation and Freeze-Up Frost Control Strategies for Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Systems
497	Direct and Indirect Evaporative Air Cooling
498	Use of Economizer
499	6. Comparison of Air-to-Air Heat or Heat and Mass exchanger characteristics 7. Use of Air-to-Air Heat or Heat and Mass Exchangers in Systems Characterizing System Efficiency of Heat or Energy Recovery Ventilators
500	Selection of Heat or Energy Recovery Ventilators
501	Systems with Multiple Energy Recovery Exchangers Using Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers to Modify the Latent Capacity Ratio of Cooling Coils
504	Dessicant and Heat Wheel Systems
506	8. Economic Considerations
507	9. Energy and/or Mass Recovery Calculation Procedure
511	10. Symbols
512	References
513	Bibliography
516	I-P_S24_Ch27 1. Coil Construction and Design Steam Coils
517	Water/Aqueous Glycol Heating Coils
518	Volatile Refrigerant Heat Reclaim Coils Electric Heating Coils 2. Coil Selection Coil Ratings
519	Overall Requirements 3. Installation Guidelines
520	4. Coil Maintenance References
522	I-P_S24_Ch28 1. Unit Ventilators Application Selection
524	Control
525	2. Unit Heaters Application Selection
527	Control
528	Piping Connections
529	Maintenance 3. Makeup Air Units Description and Applications Selection
530	Control Applicable Codes and Standards Commissioning
531	Maintenance References Bibliography
532	I-P_S24_Ch29 1. terminology Definitions
533	Acronyms 2. Atmospheric Aerosols 3. Aerosol Characteristics
534	4. Air-Cleaning Applications 5. Mechanisms of Particle Collection
535	6. TYPES OF AIR CLEANERS AND PERFORMANCE Media Filters
538	7. Air Cleaner Test Methods
539	General Ventilation (HVAC) Testing
540	HEPA and ULPA Testing Leakage (Scan) Tests In-Situ Testing
541	Respirator Tests Environmental Tests AHRI Standards AHAM Standards 8. Selection and Maintenance
542	Residential Air Cleaners VAV Systems
543	Antimicrobial Treatment of Filter Media Maintenance
544	9. Air Cleaner Installation
545	Filter Sealing And Installation Techniques 10. Safety Considerations References
546	Bibliography
548	I-P_S24_Ch30 Equipment Selection 1. Regulations and Standards Gas-Cleaning Regulations and Codes
549	Measuring Gas Streams and Contaminants
550	Other Test Methods for Reverse-Pulse Filter Fabric Baghouses and Filter Media Gas Flow Distribution 2. Particulate Contaminant Control 2.1 Mechanical Collectors Settling Chambers
551	Inertial Collectors 2.2 Centrifugal Collectors Cyclone
555	2.3 Electrostatic Precipitators Single-Stage Designs
556	Two-Stage Designs
557	2.4 Fabric Filters Principle of Operation Pressure-Volume Relationships
558	Fabric Filter Media
559	Fabric Filter Media Dust Collector Types
562	2.5 Mist Collectors Mist Types Applications 2.6 Particulate Scrubbers (Wet Collectors) Principle of Operation
563	Spray Towers and Impingement Scrubbers Centrifugal-Type Collectors Orifice-Type Collectors
564	Venturi Scrubber Electrostatically Augmented Scrubbers
565	3. Gaseous Contaminant Control 3.1 Spray Dry Scrubbing Principle of Operation Equipment 3.2 Wet-Packed Scrubbers
566	Scrubber Packings Arrangements of Packed Scrubbers
567	Pressure Drop
568	Absorption Efficiency
571	General Efficiency Comparisons Liquid Effects 3.3 Adsorption of Gaseous Contaminants
572	Equipment for Adsorption Solvent Recovery
573	Odor Control
574	Applications of Fluidized Bed Adsorbers 3.4 Incineration of Gases and Vapors Thermal Oxidizers Catalytic Oxidizers
575	Applications of Oxidizers Adsorption and Oxidation 4. Auxiliary Equipment 4.1 Ducts Temperature Controls
576	Fans 4.2 Dust- and Slurry-Handling Equipment Hoppers Dust Conveyors Dust Disposal Slurry Treatment 5. Operation and Maintenance
577	Corrosion Fires and Explosions References
578	Bibliography
580	I-P_S24_Ch31 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1.1 Terminology 1.2 System Application
581	1.3 Safety 1.4 Efficiency and Emission Ratings Steady-State and Cyclic Efficiency Emissions
582	2. GAS-BURNING APPLIANCES 2.1 Gas-Fired Combustion Systems Burners Combustion System Flow
583	Ignition Input Rate Control
584	2.2 Residential Appliances Boilers Forced-Air Furnaces Water Heaters
585	Combination Space- and Water-Heating Appliances Pool Heaters Conversion Burners 2.3 Commercial-Industrial Appliances Boilers Space Heaters
586	Water Heaters Pool Heaters 2.4 Applications Location Gas Supply and Piping
587	Air for Combustion and Ventilation Draft Control Venting Building Depressurization
588	Gas Input Rate Effect of Gas Temperature and Barometric Pressure Changes on Gas Input Rate Fuel Gas Interchangeability
589	Altitude
590	3. OIL-BURNING APPLIANCES 3.1 Residential Oil Burners
591	3.2 Commercial/Industrial Oil Burners Pressure-Atomizing Oil Burners
592	Return-Flow Pressure-Atomizing Oil Burners Air-Atomizing Oil Burners Horizontal Rotary Cup Oil Burners
593	Steam-Atomizing Oil Burners (Register Type) Mechanical Atomizing Oil Burners (Register Type) Return-Flow Mechanical Atomizing Oil Burners 3.3 Dual-Fuel Gas/Oil Burners
594	3.4 Equipment Selection Fuel Oil Storage Systems Fuel-Handling Systems
595	Fuel Oil Preparation System
596	4. SOLID-FUEL-BURNING APPLIANCES 4.1 Capacity Classification of Stokers 4.2 Stoker Types by Fuel-Feed Methods
597	Spreader Stokers Underfeed Stokers
598	Chain and Traveling Grate Stokers Vibrating Grate Stokers
599	5. CONTROLS 5.1 Safety Controls and Interlocks Ignition and Flame Monitoring Draft Proving Limit Controls
600	Other Safety Controls Prescriptive Requirements for Safety Controls Reliability of Safety Controls 5.2 Operating Controls
601	Integrated and Programmed Controls
602	References Bibliography
604	I-P_S24_Ch32 1. Classifications Working Pressure and Temperature Fuel Used Construction Materials
606	Type of Draft Condensing or Noncondensing
607	Wall-Hung Boilers Integrated (Combination) Boilers
608	Electric Boilers Heat Pump Boilers 2. Selection Parameters
609	3. Efficiency: Input and Output Ratings 4. Performance Codes and Standards
610	5. Sizing 6. Burner Types 7. Boiler Controls Operating Controls
611	Water Level Controls 8. Flame Safeguard Controls References Bibliography
612	I-P_S24_Ch33 1. Components Casing or Cabinet Heat Exchangers
613	Heat Sources Combustion Venting Components Circulating Blowers and Motors Filters and Other Accessories Airflow Variations
614	Combustion System Variations
615	Indoor/Outdoor Furnace Variations 2. Heat Source Types Natural Gas and Propane Furnaces Oil Furnaces Electric Furnaces
616	3. Commercial Equipment Ducted Equipment Unducted Heaters 4. Controls and Operating Characteristics External to Furnace Internal to Furnace
617	5. Equipment Selection Distribution System Equipment Location Forced-Air System Primary Use Fuel Selection Combustion Air and Venting
618	Equipment Sizing Types of Furnaces Consumer Considerations
619	Selecting Furnaces for Commercial Buildings 6. Calculations 7. Technical Data Natural Gas Furnaces
620	Propane Furnaces Oil Furnaces Electric Furnaces Commercial Furnaces 8. Installation
621	9. Agency Listings References Bibliography
622	I-P_S24_Ch34 1. GAS IN-SPACE HEATERS Room Heaters Wall Furnaces
623	Floor Furnaces U.S. Minimum Efficiency Requirements 1.1 Controls Valves Thermostats
624	1.2 Vent Connectors 1.3 Sizing Units 2. OIL AND KEROSENE IN-SPACE HEATERS Vaporizing Oil Pot Heaters Powered Atomizing Heaters Portable Kerosene Heaters 3. ELECTRIC IN-SPACE HEATERS Wall, Floor, Toe Space, and Ceiling Heaters Baseboard Heaters
625	3.1 Radiant Heating Systems Heating Panels and Heating Panel Sets Embedded Cable and Storage Heating Systems Cord-Connected Portable Heaters Controls 4. SOLID-FUEL IN-SPACE HEATERS
626	4.1 Fireplaces Simple Fireplaces Factory-Built Fireplaces Freestanding Fireplaces 4.2 Stoves Conventional Wood Stoves Advanced-Design Wood Stoves
627	Fireplace Inserts Pellet-Burning Stoves 5. GENERAL INSTALLATION PRACTICES Safety with Solid Fuels Utility-Furnished Energy
628	Products of Combustion Agency Testing References Bibliography
630	I-P_S24_Ch35 1. Terminology 2. Draft Operating Principles
631	3. Chimney Functions Start-Up Air Intakes Vent Size Draft Control Pollution Control
632	Equipment Location Wind Effects Safety Factors 4. Steady-State Chimney Design Equations
633	Mass Flow of Combustion Products in Chimneys and Vents Mean Chimney Gas Temperature and Density
636	Theoretical Draft
637	System Pressure Loss Caused by Flow Available Draft Chimney Gas Velocity
638	System Resistance Coefficient
639	Configuration and Manifolding Effects
640	Input, Diameter, and Temperature Relationships Volumetric Flow in Chimney or System Graphical Solution of Chimney or Vent System
641	5. Steady-State Chimney Design Graphical Solutions 6. Vent and Chimney Capacity Calculation Examples
648	7. Gas Appliance Venting
649	Vent Connectors Masonry Chimneys for Gas Appliances Type B and Type L Factory-Built Venting Systems Gas Appliances Without Draft Hoods
650	Conversion to Gas 8. Oil-Fired Appliance Venting Condensation and Corrosion
651	Connector and Chimney Corrosion Vent Connectors Masonry Chimneys for Oil-Fired Appliances Replacement of Appliances
652	9. Fireplace Chimneys
657	10. Air Supply to Fuel-Burning Appliances 11. Vent and Chimney Materials
659	12. Vent and Chimney Accessories Draft Hoods Draft Regulators Vent Dampers
660	Heat Exchangers or Flue Gas Heat Extractors 13. Draft Fans
661	14. Terminations: Caps and Wind Effects
664	15. Codes and Standards 16. Conversion Factors 17. Symbols References
665	Bibliography
666	I-P_S24_Ch36 1. Description Radiators Pipe Coils Convectors
667	Baseboard Units Finned-Tube Units Heat Emission 2. Ratings of Heat-Distributing Units Radiators Convectors
668	Baseboard Units Finned-Tube Units Other Heat-Distributing Units Corrections for Nonstandard Conditions 3. Design Effect of Water Velocity
670	Effect of Altitude Effect of Mass Performance at Low Water Temperatures Effect of Enclosure and Paint 4. Applications Radiators Convectors Baseboard Radiation Finned-Tube Radiation
671	Radiant Panels References Bibliography
672	I-P_S24_Ch37
673	1. SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS 1.1 Air-Heating Systems 1.2 Liquid-Heating Systems
674	Direct and Indirect Systems Freeze Protection 1.3 Solar Thermal Energy Collectors Collector Types
675	Collector Construction
677	1.4 Row Design Piping Configuration
678	Velocity Limitations Thermal Expansion 1.5 Array Design Piping Configuration
680	Shading 1.6 Thermal Collector Performance
681	Testing Methods Collector Test Results and Initial Screening Methods
682	Generic Test Results 1.7 Thermal Energy Storage Air System Thermal Storage Liquid System Thermal Storage
684	Storage Tank Construction
685	Storage Tank Insulation Stratification and Short Circuiting
686	Storage Sizing
687	1.8 Heat Exchangers Requirements Internal Heat Exchanger External Heat Exchanger
688	Heat Exchanger Performance 1.9 Controls
689	Differential Temperature Controllers Photovoltaically Powered Pumps Overtemperature Protection
690	Hot-Water Dump Heat Exchanger Freeze Protection 2. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
691	Fundamentals of Photovoltaics
693	Related Equipment
695	References Bibliography
698	I-P_S24_Ch38 1. POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS
699	1.1 Performance Ideal Compressor
700	Actual Compressor Compressor Efficiency, Subcooling, and Superheating
701	1.2 Abnormal Operating Conditions, Hazards, and Protective Devices Liquid Hazard
702	Suction and Discharge Pulsations Noise Vibration Shock Testing and Operating Requirements
703	1.3 Motors
704	2. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
706	Performance Data Motor Performance
707	Features
709	Special Devices Application
710	3. ROTARY COMPRESSORS 3.1 Rolling-Piston Compressors Performance
711	Features 3.2 Rotary-Vane Compressors
712	3.3 Screw Compressors Single-Screw Compressors
717	Twin-Screw Compressors
722	3.4 Scroll Compressors Mechanical Features
724	Capacity Control
725	Energy Efficiency
726	Noise and Vibration Operation and Maintenance 3.5 Trochoidal Compressors
727	Description and Performance 3.6 ROTATING SPOOL COMPRESSORS Spool Compressor Attributes
728	Development Status and Performance 4. CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
729	Refrigeration Cycle Angular Momentum
730	Nondimensional Coefficients
731	Mach Number Performance
732	Surging System Balance and Capacity Control
733	4.1 Application Vibration
734	Noise Drivers Paralleling
735	Other Specialized Applications 4.2 Mechanical Design Impellers Casings Rotor Dynamics Lubrication
736	Bearings
737	Oil-Free Centrifugal Compressors Accessories and Controls 4.3 Isentropic Analysis
738	4.4 Polytropic Analysis
739	Testing 4.5 Operation and Maintenance
740	4.6 Symbols References
741	Bibliography
742	I-P_S24_Ch39 1. WATER-COOLED CONDENSERS 1.1 Heat Removal
743	1.2 Heat Transfer Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Water-Side Film Coefficient
744	Refrigerant-Side Film Coefficient
745	Tube-Wall Resistance Surface Efficiency Fouling Factor
746	1.3 Water Pressure Drop 1.4 Liquid Subcooling 1.5 Water Circuiting 1.6 Types
747	Shell-and-Tube Condensers Shell-and-Coil Condensers Tube-in-Tube Condensers
748	Brazed-Plate and Plate-and-Frame Condensers 1.7 Noncondensable Gases 1.8 Testing and Rating
749	Design Pressure 1.9 Operation and Maintenance 2. AIR-COOLED CONDENSERS 2.1 Types
750	Plate-and-Fin Integral-Fin Microchannel 2.2 Fans and Air Requirements
751	2.3 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop 2.4 Condensers Remote from Compressor 2.5 Condensers as Part of Condensing Unit
752	2.6 Water-Cooled Versus Air-Cooled Condensing 2.7 Testing and Rating
753	2.8 Control
754	2.9 Installation and Maintenance
755	3. EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS 3.1 Heat Transfer
756	3.2 Condenser Configuration Coils
757	Method of Coil Wetting Airflow 3.3 Condenser Location 3.4 Multiple-Condenser Installations 3.5 Ratings
758	3.6 Desuperheating Coils 3.7 Refrigerant Liquid Subcoolers
759	3.8 Multicircuit Condensers and Coolers 3.9 Water Treatment 3.10 Water Consumption 3.11 Capacity Modulation
760	3.12 Purging 3.13 Maintenance 3.14 Testing and Rating References
762	Bibliography
764	I-P_S24_Ch40 1. Principle of Operation
765	2. Design Conditions 3. Types of Cooling Towers
767	Direct-Contact Cooling Towers
769	Indirect-Contact Cooling Towers
770	Hybrid Closed-Circuit Cooling Towers
771	Modular Fluid Coolers with Mixed Operational Mode Adiabatic Fluid Coolers
772	4. Materials of Construction
773	5. Selection Considerations
774	6. Application Siting
775	Piping Capacity Control
777	Water-Side Economizer (Free Cooling)
778	Winter Operation
779	Sound Drift Fogging (Cooling Tower Plume)
780	Maintenance Inspections
781	Water Treatment
782	White Rust 7. Performance Curves
783	8. Cooling Tower Thermal Performance
784	9. Cooling Tower Theory
785	Counterflow Integration Cross-Flow Integration
787	10. Tower Coefficients Available Coefficients
788	Establishing Tower Characteristics 11. Additional Information References
789	Bibliography
790	I-P_S24_Ch41 1. Direct Evaporative Air Coolers
791	Random-Media Air Coolers Rigid-Media Air Coolers
792	Remote Pad Evaporative Cooling Equipment 2. Indirect Evaporative Air Coolers Packaged Indirect Evaporative Air Coolers
794	Heat Recovery Cooling Tower/Coil Systems Other Indirect Evaporative Cooling Equipment 3. Indirect/Direct Combinations
795	Precooling and Makeup Air Pretreatment
796	4. Air Washers Spray Air Washers
797	High-Velocity Spray-Type Air Washers 5. Humidification/Dehumidification Humidification with Air Washers and Rigid Media Dehumidification with Air Washers and Rigid Media
798	Air Cleaning 6. Sound Attenuation 7. Maintenance and Water Treatment
799	Legionnaires’ Disease 8. VAV ADIABATIC HUMIDIFICATION WITH A HEAT RECOVERY ECONOMIZER
800	9. COLD-CLIMATE, ALL-OUTDOOR-AIR, VAV WITH HUMIDIFICATION Prehumidification and Morning Preheat
801	References
802	Bibliography
804	I-P_S24_Ch42 1. Types of Liquid Coolers Direct-Expansion Flooded
805	Baudelot
806	Shell-and-Coil 2. Heat Transfer Heat Transfer Coefficients
807	Fouling Factors Wall Resistance 3. Pressure Drop Fluid Side Refrigerant Side 4. Vessel Design Mechanical Requirements
808	Chemical Requirements Electrical Requirements 5. Application Considerations Refrigerant Flow Control Freeze Prevention
809	Oil Return Maintenance Insulation References
810	I-P_S24_Ch43 1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 1.1 Principles of Operation 1.2 Common Liquid-Chilling Systems Basic Chiller
811	Multiple-Chiller Systems
812	1.3 Selection
813	1.4 Control Liquid Chiller Controls Controls That Influence the Liquid Chiller Safety Controls
814	1.5 Standards and Testing 1.6 General Maintenance Continual Monitoring Periodic Checks Regularly Scheduled Maintenance Extended Maintenance Checks 2. Scroll and RECIPROCATING LIQUID CHILLERS 2.1 Equipment Components and Their Functions
815	Capacities and Types Available Selection of Refrigerant 2.2 Performance Characteristics and Operating Problems 2.3 Method of Selection Ratings
816	Power Consumption Fouling 2.4 Control Considerations 2.5 Special Applications
817	3. CENTRIFUGAL LIQUID CHILLERS 3.1 Equipment Components and Their Function Capacities and Types Available Selection of Refrigerant
818	3.2 Performance and Operating Characteristics
819	3.3 Selection Ratings Fouling
820	Noise and Vibration 3.4 Control Considerations 3.5 Auxiliaries
821	3.6 Special Applications Free Cooling Heat Recovery Systems Air-Cooled System
822	Other Coolants Vapor Condensing 3.7 Operation and Maintenance 4. SCREW LIQUID CHILLERS 4.1 Equipment Components and Their Function
823	Capacities and Types Available Selection of Refrigerant 4.2 Performance and Operating Characteristics 4.3 Selection Ratings
824	Power Consumption Fouling 4.4 Control Considerations 4.5 Auxiliaries
825	4.6 Special Applications 4.7 Maintenance References Bibliography Online Resource
826	I-P_S24_Ch44 1. Centrifugal Pumping 2. Construction Features
827	3. Pump Types Circulator Pump
828	Close-Coupled, Single-Stage, End-Suction Pump Frame-Mounted, End-Suction Pump on Base Plate Base-Mounted, Horizontal (Axial) or Vertical, Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump Base-Mounted, Horizontal, Split-Case, Multistage Pump
829	Vertical In-Line Pump Vertical In-Line Split-Coupled Pump Vertical Turbine, Single- or Multistage, Sump-Mounted Pump 4. Pump Performance Curves
830	5. Hydronic System Curves
831	6. Pump and Hydronic System Curves
832	7. Pump Power 8. Pump Efficiency
833	9. Affinity Laws
835	10. Radial Thrust 11. Net Positive Suction Characteristics
836	12. Selection of Pumps
837	13. Arrangement of Pumps Duty Standby Parallel Pumping
838	Series Pumping Standby Pump
839	Primary-Secondary Pumping Variable-Speed Central Pumping Variable-Speed Distributed Pumping Differential Pressure Control with Predefined Control Curves
840	14. Motive Power 15. Energy Conservation in Pumping
841	16. Installation, Operation, and Commissioning
842	Commissioning Base-Mounted Centrifugal Pumps 17. Troubleshooting References
843	Bibliography
844	I-P_S24_Ch45 1. MOTORS 1.1 Alternating-Current Power Supply
845	1.2 Codes and Standards 1.3 Motor Efficiency
846	1.4 General-Purpose Motors
847	Application 1.5 Permanent-Magnet AC Motors
848	1.6 Hermetic Motors Application 1.7 Integral Thermal Protection
849	1.8 Motor Protection and Control Separate Motor Protection
850	Protection of Control Apparatus and Branch Circuit Conductors Three-Phase Motor Starting
851	Direct-Current Motor Starting Single-Phase Motor Starting Operating AC Induction Motors above Nameplate Speed Using Variable-Frequency Drives
852	VFD-Induced Bearing Currents
853	Detecting Bearing Currents
854	Strategies for Mitigating Bearing Currents
856	2. AIR VOLUME CONTROL
857	2.1 Variable-Frequency Drives
858	Power Transistor Characteristics Motor and Conductor Impedance
859	Motor Ratings and NEMA Standards
860	Motor Noise and Drive Carrier Frequencies Carrier Frequencies and Drive Ratings 2.2 Power Distribution System Effects
861	VFDs and Harmonics
862	2.3 performance testing and rating standards
863	Calculating VFD and Motor Efficiency VFD-Generated Harmonics Motor Insulation Stress References Bibliography
866	I-P_S24_Ch46 1. Fundamentals Body Ratings Materials
867	Flow Coefficient and Pressure Drop Cavitation Water Hammer Noise Body Styles
868	2. Manual Valves Selection Globe Valves Gate Valves Plug Valves Ball Valves Butterfly Valves
869	3. Balancing Valves Manual Balancing Valves Automatic Flow-Limiting Valves
870	Balancing Valve Selection 4. Control Valves Globe Valves Ball Valves Flapper-Style Valves
871	Butterfly Valves Actuators Pneumatic Actuators Electric/Electronic Actuators
872	Electronic Hydraulic Actuators Solenoids Thermostatic Radiator Valves
873	Control of Automatic Valves Special-Purpose Valves Pressure-Independent Control Valves
874	Flow-Limiting Valves Control Valve Flow Characteristics Control Valve Sizing
876	5. Multiple-Purpose Valves Six-Way Control Valves
877	6. Safety Devices
878	7. Self-Contained Temperature Control Valves 8. Pressure-Reducing Valves Makeup Water Valves
879	9. Check Valves 10. Stop-Check Valves 11. Backflow Prevention Devices Selection Installation
880	12. Steam Traps References Bibliography
882	I-P_S24_Ch47 1. Fundamentals 2. Types of Heat Exchangers Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
884	Tube-in-Tube Heat Exchanger Plate Heat Exchangers
885	Double-Wall Heat Exchangers 3. Components Shell-and-Tube Components Plate Components
886	4. Application 5. Selection Criteria Thermal/Mechanical Design
887	Cost Maintenance Space Requirements Steam Water Quality 6. Installation Additional Resources
888	I-P_S24_Ch48 1. General Design Considerations User Requirements Application Requirements
889	Installation Service Sustainability 2. Types of Unitary Equipment
891	Single-Package Equipment: Types and Installations
892	Combined Space-Conditioning/Water-Heating Systems
893	Engine-Driven Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners 3. Equipment and System Standards Energy Conservation and Efficiency
894	AHRI Certification Programs Safety Standards and Installation Codes 4. Air Conditioners Refrigerant Circuit Design
895	Air-Handling Systems
896	Electrical Design Mechanical Design Accessories Heating 5. Air-Source Heat Pumps Add-On Heat Pumps
897	Selection Refrigerant Circuit and Components
898	System Control and Installation 6. Water-Source Heat Pumps Systems
900	Performance Certification Programs Equipment Design
901	7. Variable-Refrigerant-Flow Heat Pumps Application Categories Refrigerant Circuit and Components Heating and Defrost Operation References
902	Bibliography
904	I-P_S24_Ch49 1. ROOM AIR CONDITIONERS 1.1 Sizes and Classifications 1.2 Design
905	Compressors Evaporator and Condenser Coils Restrictor Application and Sizing Fan Motor and Air Impeller Selection Electronics 1.3 Performance Data
906	Efficiency Sensible Heat Ratio Energy Conservation and Efficiency High-Efficiency Design 1.4 Special Features
907	1.5 Safety Codes and Standards
908	Product Standards 1.6 Installation and Service 2. PACKAGED TERMINAL AIR CONDITIONERS
909	2.1 Sizes and Classifications 2.2 General Design Considerations
910	2.3 Design of PTAC/PTHP Components 2.4 Heat Pump Operation
911	2.5 Performance and Safety Testing References Bibliography
912	I-P_S24_Ch50 Terminology
914	Classification of Systems Storage Media Basic Thermal Storage Concepts Benefits of Thermal Storage
915	Design Considerations 1. Sensible Thermal Storage Technology Sensible Energy Storage Temperature Range and Storage Size Techniques for Thermal Separation in Sensible Storage Devices
916	Performance of Chilled-Water Storage Systems Design of Stratification Diffusers
917	Storage Tank Insulation Other Factors
918	Chilled-Water Storage Tanks Low-Temperature Fluid Sensible Energy Storage Storage in Aquifers Chilled-Water Thermal Storage Sizing Examples
921	2. Latent Cool Storage Technology Water as Phase-Change Thermal Storage Medium Internal Melt Ice-On-Coil
922	3. Chiller and Ice Storage Selection
923	Operation With Disabled Chiller Selecting Storage Equipment
924	External-Melt Ice-On-Coil
925	Encapsulated Ice Ice Harvesters
926	Ice Slurry Systems
927	Unitary Thermal Storage Systems Other Phase-Change Materials 4. Heat Storage Technology
928	Sizing Heat Storage Systems Service Water Heating Brick Storage (ETS) Heaters
930	Pressurized Water Storage Heaters Underfloor Heat Storage Building Mass Thermal Storage
932	Factors Favoring Thermal Storage
934	Comparative Value of TEC versus Other Energy Storage Technologies Factors Discouraging Thermal Storage Typical Applications
935	5. Sizing Cool Storage Systems Sizing Strategies Calculating Load Profiles
936	Sizing Equipment
937	6. Application of Thermal Storage Systems Chilled-Water Storage Systems
939	Ice (and PCM) Storage Systems
940	Unitary Thermal Storage Systems (UTSSs)
941	7. Operation and Control Operating Modes
943	Control Strategies Operating Strategies Utility Demand Control Instrumentation Requirements 8. Other Design Considerations Hydronic System Design for Open Systems
944	Cold-Air Distribution Storage of Heat in Cool Storage Units
945	System Interface Insulation 9. Cost Considerations
946	10. Maintenance Considerations Water Treatment
947	11. Commissioning Statement of Design Intent Commissioning Specification Required Information
948	Performance Verification Sample Commissioning Plan Outline for Chilled-Water Plants with Thermal Storage Systems
949	12. Good Practices References
951	Bibliography
954	I-P_S24_Ch51 1. Applications 1.1 Humidity Control
955	1.2 Energy Impact
956	1.3 Systems without ventilation capabilities 1.4 First-Cost Reduction 2. Air Distribution 2.1 Direct supply to Each Zone
957	2.2 Supply to Intake of Local Units 2.3 Delivery to Supply Side of Local Units 2.4 Supply to Plenum Near Local Units 3. Equipment configurations
958	3.1 Climate Implications
959	3.2 Electrification 4. Control 4.1 Methods to avoid OVERCOOLING CONDITIONED Spaces
960	References Bibliography
962	I-P_S24_Ch52
992	I-P_S24_Errata 2021 Fundamentals
994	I-P_S24 Index Abbreviations, F38 Absorbents Absorption Acoustics. See Sound Activated alumina, S24.1, 4, 12 Activated carbon adsorption, A47.9 Adaptation, environmental, F9.17 ADPI. See Air diffusion performance index (ADPI) Adsorbents Adsorption Aeration, of farm crops, A26 Aerosols, S29.1 AFDD. See Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD) Affinity laws for centrifugal pumps, S44.8 AFUE. See Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE) AHU. See Air handlers Air Air barriers, F25.9; F26.5 Airborne infectious diseases, F10.7 Air cleaners, A67. (See also Filters, air; Industrial exhaust gas cleaning) Air conditioners. (See also Central air conditioning)
995	Air conditioning. (See also Central air conditioning) Air contaminants, F11. (See also Contaminants) Aircraft, A13 Air curtains Air diffusers, S20 Air diffusion, F20 Air diffusion performance index (ADPI), A58.6 Air dispersion systems, fabric, S19.11 Air distribution, A58; F20; S4; S20 Air exchange rate Air filters. See Filters, air Airflow
996	Airflow retarders, F25.9 Air flux, F25.2. (See also Airflow) Air handlers Air inlets Air intakes Air jets. See Air diffusion Air leakage. (See also Infiltration) Air mixers, S4.8 Air outlets Airports, air conditioning, A3.6 Air purifiers. See Air cleaners Air quality. [See also Indoor air quality (IAQ)] Air terminal units (ATUs) Airtightness, F37.24 Air-to-air energy recovery, S26 Air-to-transmission ratio, S5.13 Air transport, R27 Air washers Algae, control, A50.12 All-air systems Altitude, effects of Ammonia Anchor bolts, seismic restraint, A56.7 Anemometers Animal environments
997	Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), S34.2 Antifreeze Antisweat heaters (ASH), R15.5 Apartment buildings Aquifers, thermal storage, S51.7 Archimedes number, F20.6 Archives. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Arenas Argon, recovery, R47.17 Asbestos, F10.5 ASH. See Antisweat heaters (ASH) Atriums Attics, unconditioned, F27.2 Auditoriums, A5.3 Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD), A40.4; A63.1 Automobiles Autopsy rooms, A9.12; A10.6, 7 Avogadro’s law, and fuel combustion, F28.11 Backflow-prevention devices, S46.14 BACnet®, A41.9; F7.18 Bacteria Bakery products, R41 Balance point, heat pumps, S48.9 Balancing. (See also Testing, adjusting, and balancing) BAS. See Building automation systems (BAS) Baseboard units Basements Bayesian analysis, F19.37 Beer’s law, F4.16 Behavior BEMP. See Building energy modeling professional (BEMP) Bernoulli equation, F21.1 Best efficiency point (BEP), S44.8 Beverages, R39 BIM. See Building information modeling (BIM) Bioaerosols Biocides, control, A50.14 Biodiesel, F28.8 Biological safety cabinets, A17.5 Biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11 Bioterrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Boilers, F19.21; S32 Boiling Brake horsepower, S44.8 Brayton cycle Bread, R41 Breweries Brines. See Coolants, secondary
998	Building automation systems (BAS), A41.8; A63.1; F7.14 Building energy modeling professional (BEMP), F19.5 Building energy monitoring, A42. (See also Energy, monitoring) Building envelopes Building information modeling (BIM), A41.8; A60.18 Building materials, properties, F26 Building performance simulation (BPS), A65.8 Buildings Building thermal mass Burners Buses Bus terminals Butane, commercial, F28.5 CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD) Cafeterias, service water heating, A51.12, 19 Calcium chloride brines, F31.1 Candy Capillary action, and moisture flow, F25.10 Capillary tubes Carbon dioxide Carbon emissions, F34.7 Carbon monoxide Cargo containers, R25
999	Carnot refrigeration cycle, F2.6 Cattle, beef and dairy, A25.7. (See also Animal environments) CAV. See Constant air volume (CAV) Cavitation, F3.13 CBRE. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents CEER. See Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER) Ceiling effect. See Coanda effect Ceilings Central air conditioning, A43. (See also Air conditioning) Central plant optimization, A8.13 Central plants Central systems Cetane number, engine fuels, F28.9 CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Change-point regression models, F19.28 Charge minimization, R1.36 Charging, refrigeration systems, R8.4 Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents, A61 Chemical plants Chemisorption, A47.10 Chilled beams, S20.10 Chilled water (CW) Chillers Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F6.7 Chimneys, S35 Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), A35.44 Chocolate, R42.1. (See also Candy) Choking, F3.13 CHP systems. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Cinemas, A5.3 CKV. See Commercial kitchen ventilation (CVK) Claude cycle, R47.8 Cleanrooms. See Clean spaces Clean spaces, A19
1000	Clear-sky solar radiation, calculation, F14.8 Climate change, F36 Climatic design information, F14 Clinics, A9.17 Clothing CLTD/CLF. See Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF) CMMS. See Computerized maintenance management system (CMSS) Coal Coanda effect, A34.22; F20.2, 7; S20.2 Codes, A66. (See also Standards) Coefficient of performance (COP) Coefficient of variance of the root mean square error [CV(RMSE)], F19.33 Cogeneration. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Coils Colburn’s analogy, F4.17 Colebrook equation Collaborative design, A60 Collectors, solar, A36.6, 11, 24, 25; S37.3 Colleges and universities, A8.11 Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER), S49.3 Combined heat and power (CHP), S7 Combustion, F28
1001	Combustion air systems Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC), S7.21; S8.1 Comfort. (See also Physiological principles, humans) Commercial and public buildings, A3 Commercial kitchen ventilation (CKV), A34 Commissioning, A44 Comprehensive room transfer function method (CRTF), F19.11 Compressors, S38 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F13.1, F19.25 Computer-aided design (CAD), A19.6 Computerized maintenance management system (CMMS), A60.17 Computers, A41 Concert halls, A5.4 Concrete Condensate Condensation
1002	Condensers, S39 Conductance, thermal, F4.3; F25.1 Conduction Conductivity, thermal, F25.1; F26.1 Constant air volume (CAV) Construction. (See also Building envelopes) Containers. (See also Cargo containers) Contaminants Continuity, fluid dynamics, F3.2 Control. (See also Controls, automatic; Supervisory control)
1003	Controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage Controlled-environment rooms (CERs), and plant growth, A25.16 Controls, automatic, F7. (See also Control) Convection Convectors Convention centers, A5.5 Conversion factors, F39 Cooking appliances Coolants, secondary Coolers. (See also Refrigerators)
1004	Cooling. (See also Air conditioning) Cooling load Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF), F18.57 Cooling towers, S40 Cool storage, S51.1 COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP) Corn, drying, A26.1 Correctional facilities. See Justice facilities Corrosion Costs. (See also Economics) Cotton, drying, A26.8 Courthouses, A10.5 Courtrooms, A10.5 CPVC. See Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) Crawlspaces Critical spaces Crops. See Farm crops Cruise terminals, A3.6 Cryogenics, R47
1005	Curtain walls, F15.6 Dairy products, R33 Dampers Dampness problems in buildings, A64.1 Dams, concrete cooling, R45.1 Darcy equation, F21.6 Darcy-Weisbach equation Data centers, A20 Data-driven modeling Daylighting, F19.26 DDC. See Direct digital control (DDC) Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS), F36.12; S4.14; S18.2, 8; S25.4; S51 Definitions, of refrigeration terms, R50 Defrosting Degree-days, F14.12 Dehumidification, A48.15; S24 Dehumidifiers Dehydration Demand control kitchen ventilation (DCKV), A34.18 Density Dental facilities, A9.17 Desiccants, F32.1; S24.1
1006	Design-day climatic data, F14.12 Desorption isotherm, F26.20 Desuperheaters Detection Dew point, A64.8 Diamagnetism, and superconductivity, R47.5 Diesel fuel, F28.9 Diffusers, air, sound control, A49.12 Diffusion Diffusivity Dilution Dining halls, in justice facilities, A10.4 DIR. See Dispersive infrared (DIR) Direct digital control (DDC), F7.4, 11 Direct numerical simulation (DNS), turbulence modeling, F13.4; F24.13 Dirty bombs. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Disabilities, A8.23 Discharge coefficients, in fluid flow, F3.9 Dispersive infrared (DIR), F7.10 Display cases Display cases, R15.2, 5 District energy (DE). See District heating and cooling (DHC) District heating and cooling (DHC), S12 d-limonene, F31.12 DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS) DOAS. See Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) Doors Dormitories Draft Drag, in fluid flow, F3.5 Driers, S7.6. (See also Dryers) Drip station, steam systems, S12.14 Dryers. (See also Driers) Drying DTW. See Dual-temperature water (DTW) system Dual-duct systems Dual-temperature water (DTW) system, S13.1 DuBois equation, F9.3 Duct connections, A64.10 Duct design Ducts
1007	Dust mites, F25.16 Dusts, S29.1 Dynamometers, A18.1 Earth, stabilization, R45.3, 4 Earthquakes, seismic-resistant design, A56.1 Economic analysis, A38 Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP), S7.2 Economic performance degradation index (EPDI), A63.5 Economics. (See also Costs) Economizers ECOP. See Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP) ECS. See Environmental control system (ECS) Eddy diffusivity, F6.7 Educational facilities, A8 EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Effectiveness, heat transfer, F4.22 Effectiveness-NTU heat exchanger model, F19.19 Efficiency Eggs, R34 Electricity Electric thermal storage (ETS), S51.17 Electronic smoking devices (“e-cigarettes”), F11.19 Electrostatic precipitators, S29.7; S30.7 Elevators Emergency medical technician (EMT) facilities, A23 Emissions, pollution, F28.9 Emissivity, F4.2 Emittance, thermal, F25.2 Enclosed vehicular facilities, A16 Energy
1008	Energy and water use and management, A37 Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC), A38.8 Energy transfer station, S12.37 Engines, S7 Engine test facilities, A18 Enhanced tubes. See Finned-tube heat transfer coils Enthalpy Entropy, F2.1 Environmental control Environmental control system (ECS), A13 Environmental health, F10 Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) EPDI. See Economic performance degradation index (EPDI) Equipment vibration, A49.44; F8.17 ERF. See Effective radiant flux (ERF) ESPC. See Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC) Ethylene glycol, in hydronic systems, S13.24 ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Electric thermal storage (ETS) Evaluation. See Testing Evaporation, in tubes Evaporative coolers. (See also Refrigerators) Evaporative cooling, A53 Evaporators. (See also Coolers, liquid) Exfiltration, F16.2 Exhaust
1009	Exhibit buildings, temporary, A5.6 Exhibit cases Exhibition centers, A5.5 Expansion joints and devices Expansion tanks, S12.10 Explosions. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Fairs, A5.6 Family courts, A10.4. (See also Juvenile detention facilities) Fan-coil units, S5.6 Fans, F19.18; S21 Farm crops, drying and storing, A26 Faults, system, reasons for detecting, A40.4 f-Chart method, sizing heating and cooling systems, A36.20 Fenestration. (See also Windows) Fick’s law, F6.1 Filters, air, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Finned-tube heat-distributing units, S36.2, 5 Finned-tube heat transfer coils, F4.25 Fins, F4.6 Fire/smoke control. See Smoke control Fire stations, A23 Firearm laboratories, A10.7 Fire management, A54.2 Fireplaces, S34.5 Fire safety Fish, R19; R32
1010	Fitness facilities. (See also Gymnasiums) Fittings Fixed-guideway vehicles, A12.7. (See also Mass-transit systems) Fixture units, A51.1, 28 Flammability limits, gaseous fuels, F28.1 Flash tank, steam systems, S11.14 Floors Flowers, cut Flowmeters, A39.26; F37.18 Fluid dynamics computations, F13.1 Fluid flow, F3 Food. (See also specific foods) Food service Forced-air systems, residential, A1.1 Forensic labs, A10.6 Fouling factor Foundations Fountains, Legionella pneumophila control, A50.15 Fourier’s law, and heat transfer, F25.5 Four-pipe systems, S5.5 Framing, for fenestration Freeze drying, A31.6 Freeze prevention. (See also Freeze protection systems) Freeze protection systems, A52.19, 20 Freezers Freezing
1011	Friction, in fluid flow Fruit juice, R38 Fruits Fuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP), S7.22 Fuels, F28 Fume hoods, laboratory exhaust, A17.3 Fungi Furnaces, S33 Galleries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Garages Gases Gas-fired equipment, S34. (See also Natural gas) Gas vents, S35.1 Gaussian process (GP) models, F19.30 GCHP. See Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Generators Geothermal energy, A35 Geothermal heat pumps (GHP), A35.1 Glaser method, F25.15 Glazing Global climate change, F36 Global warming potential (GWP), F29.5 Glossary, of refrigeration terms, R50 Glycols, desiccant solution, S24.2 Graphical symbols, F38 Green design, and sustainability, F35.1 Greenhouses. (See also Plant environments) Grids, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Ground-coupled systems, F19.23 Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), A35.1 Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP), A35.30 GSHP. See Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) Guard stations, in justice facilities, A10.5 GWHP. See Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP) GWP. See Global warming potential (GWP) Gymnasiums, A5.5; A8.3 HACCP. See Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) Halocarbon Hartford loop, S11.3 Hay, drying, A26.8 Hazard analysis and control, F10.4 Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP), R22.4 Hazen-Williams equation, F22.6
1012	HB. See Heat balance (HB) Health Health care facilities, A9. (See also specific types) Health effects, mold, A64.1 Heat Heat and moisture control, F27.1 Heat balance (HB), S9.23 Heat balance method, F19.3 Heat capacity, F25.1 Heat control, F27 Heaters, S34 Heat exchangers, S47 Heat flow, F25. (See also Heat transfer) Heat flux, F25.1 Heat gain. (See also Load calculations) Heating Heating load Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF), S48.6 Heating values of fuels, F28.3, 9, 10 Heat loss. (See also Load calculations)
1013	Heat pipes, air-to-air energy recovery, S26.14 Heat pumps Heat recovery. (See also Energy, recovery) Heat storage. See Thermal storage Heat stress Heat transfer, F4; F25; F26; F27. (See also Heat flow) Heat transmission Heat traps, A51.1 Helium High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, A29.3; S29.6; S30.3 High-rise buildings. See Tall buildings
1014	High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, R33.2 High-temperature water (HTW) system, S13.1 Homeland security. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Hoods Hospitals, A9.3 Hot-box method, of thermal modeling, F25.8 Hotels and motels, A7 Hot-gas bypass, R1.35 Houses of worship, A5.3 HSI. See Heat stress, index (HSI) HSPF. See Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) HTST. See High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization Humidification, S22 Humidifiers, S22 Humidity (See also Moisture) HVAC security, A61 Hybrid inverse change point model, F19.31 Hybrid ventilation, F19.26 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), R1.1 Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), R1.1 Hydrogen, liquid, R47.3 Hydronic systems, S35. (See also Water systems) Hygrometers, F7.9; F37.10, 11 Hygrothermal loads, F25.2 Hygrothermal modeling, F25.15; F27.10 IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ) IBD. See Integrated building design (IBD) Ice Ice makers Ice rinks, A5.5; R44 ID50‚ mean infectious dose, A61.9 Ignition temperatures of fuels, F28.2 IGUs. See Insulating glazing units (IGUs) Illuminance, F37.31 Indoor airflow, A59.1
1015	Indoor air quality (IAQ). (See also Air quality) Indoor environmental modeling, F13 Indoor environmental quality (IEQ), kitchens, A33.20. (See also Air quality) Indoor swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums) Induction Industrial applications Industrial environments, A15, A32; A33 Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Industrial hygiene, F10.3 Infiltration. (See also Air leakage) Infrared applications In-room terminal systems Instruments, F14. (See also specific instruments or applications) Insulating glazing units (IGUs), F15.5 Insulation, thermal
1016	Integrated building design (IBD), A60.1 Integrated project delivery (IPD), A60.1 Integrated project delivery and building design, Intercoolers, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.12 Internal heat gains, F19.13 Jacketing, insulation, R10.7 Jails, A10.4 Joule-Thomson cycle, R47.6 Judges’ chambers, A10.5 Juice, R38.1 Jury facilities, A10.5 Justice facilities, A10 Juvenile detention facilities, A10.1. (See also Family courts) K-12 schools, A8.3 Kelvin’s equation, F25.11 Kirchoff’s law, F4.12 Kitchens, A34 Kleemenko cycle, R47.13 Krypton, recovery, R47.18 Laboratories, A17 Laboratory information management systems (LIMS), A10.8 Lakes, heat transfer, A35.37 Laminar flow Large eddy simulation (LES), turbulence modeling, F13.3; F24.13 Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA), F37.17 Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV), F37.17 Latent energy change materials, S51.2 Laundries LCR. See Load collector ratio (LCR) LD50‚ mean lethal dose, A61.9 LDA. See Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA)
1017	LDV. See Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV) LE. See Life expectancy (LE) rating Leakage Leakage function, relationship, F16.15 Leak detection of refrigerants, F29.9 Legionella pneumophila, A50.15; F10.7 Legionnaires’ disease. See Legionella pneumophila LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES) Lewis relation, F6.9; F9.4 Libraries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Lighting Light measurement, F37.31 LIMS. See Laboratory information management systems (LIMS) Linde cycle, R47.6 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), S8.6 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F28.5 Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R4 Lithium bromide/water, F30.71 Lithium chloride, S24.2 LNG. See Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Load calculations Load collector ratio (LCR), A36.22 Local exhaust. See Exhaust Loss coefficients Louvers, F15.33 Low-temperature water (LTW) system, S13.1 LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) LTW. See Low-temperature water (LTW) system Lubricants, R6.1; R12. (See also Lubrication; Oil) Lubrication, R12 Mach number, S38.32 Maintenance. (See also Operation and maintenance) Makeup air units, S28.8 Malls, 12.7 Manometers, differential pressure readout, A39.25 Manufactured homes, A1.9 Masonry, insulation, F26.7. (See also Building envelopes) Mass transfer, F6
1018	Mass-transit systems McLeod gages, F37.13 Mean infectious dose (ID50), A61.9 Mean lethal dose (LD50), A61.9 Mean temperature difference, F4.22 Measurement, F36. (See also Instruments) Measurement, F37. (See also Instruments) Meat, R30 Mechanical equipment room, central Mechanical traps, steam systems, S11.8 Medical facilities, A9, A23 Medium-temperature water (MTW) system, S13.1 Megatall buildings, A4.1 Meshes, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Metabolic rate, F9.6 Metals and alloys, low-temperature, R48.6 Microbial growth, R22.4 Microbial volatile organic chemicals (MVOCs), F10.8 Microbiology of foods, R22.1 Microphones, F37.29 Mines, A30 Modeling. (See also Data-driven modeling; Energy, modeling) Model predictive control (MPC), A65.6 Moist air Moisture (See also Humidity)
1019	Mold, A64.1; F25.16 Mold-resistant gypsum board, A64.7 Molecular sieves, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Zeolites) Montreal Protocol, F29.1 Morgues, A9.1 Motors, S45 Movie theaters, A5.3 MPC (model predictive control), A65.6 MRT. See Mean radiant temperature (MRT) Multifamily residences, A1.8 Multiple-use complexes Multisplit unitary equipment, S48.1 Multizone airflow modeling, F13.14 Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries MVOCs. See Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) Natatoriums. (See also Swimming pools) Natural gas, F28.5 Navier-Stokes equations, F13.2 NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curves Net positive suction head (NPSH), A35.31; R2.9; S44.10 Network airflow models, F19.25 Neutral pressure level (NPL), A4.1 Night setback, recovery, A43.44 Nitrogen Noise, F8.13. (See also Sound) Noise criterion (NC) curves, F8.16 Noncondensable gases Normalized mean bias error (NMBE), F19.33 NPL. See Neutral pressure level (NPL) NPSH. See Net positive suction head (NPSH) NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU) Nuclear facilities, A29 Number of transfer units (NTU) Nursing facilities, A9.17 Nuts, storage, R42.7 Occupancy-based control, A65 Odors, F12 ODP. See Ozone depletion potential (ODP) Office buildings Oil, fuel, F28.7 Oil. (See also Lubricants) Olf unit, F12.6 One-pipe systems Operating costs, A38.4 Operation and maintenance, A39. (See also Maintenance)
1020	OPR. See Owner’s project requirements (OPR) Optimization, A43.4 Outdoor air, free cooling (See also Ventilation) Outpatient health care facilities, A9.16 Owning costs, A38.1 Oxygen Ozone Ozone depletion potential (ODP), F29.5 PACE. (See Property assessment for clean energy) Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), S49.5 Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), S49.5 PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Paint, and moisture problems, F25.16 Pandemic, air filtration against, A67 Panel heating and cooling, S6. (See also Radiant heating and cooling) Paper, moisture content, A21.2 Paper products facilities, A27 Parallel compressor systems, R15.14 Particulate matter, indoor air quality (IAQ), F10.5 Passive heating, F19.27 Pasteurization, R33.2 Peak dew point, A64.10 Peanuts, drying, A26.9 PEC systems. See Personal environmental control (PEC) systems PEL. See Permissible exposure limits (PEL) Performance contracting, A42.2 Performance monitoring, A48.6 Permafrost stabilization, R45.4 Permeability Permeance Permissible exposure limits (PELs), F10.5 Personal environmental control (PEC) systems, F9.26 Pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11 Pharmacies, A9.13 Phase-change materials, thermal storage in, S51.16, 27 Photovoltaic (PV) systems, S36.18. (See also Solar energy) Physical properties of materials, F33 Physiological principles, humans. (See also Comfort) Pigs. See Swine Pipes. (See also Piping) Piping. (See also Pipes)
1021	Pitot tubes, A39.2; F37.17 Places of assembly, A5 Planes. See Aircraft Plank’s equation, R20.7 Plant environments, A25.10 Plenums PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV) Police stations, A10.1 Pollutant transport modeling. See Contami- nants, indoor, concentration prediction Pollution Pollution, air, and combustion, F28.9, 17 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), F10.6 Polydimethylsiloxane, F31.12 Ponds, spray, S40.6 Pope cell, F37.12 Positive building pressure, A64.11 Positive positioners, F7.8 Potatoes Poultry. (See also Animal environments) Power grid, A63.9 Power-law airflow model, F13.14 Power plants, A28 PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD) Prandtl number, F4.17 Precooling Predicted mean vote (PMV), F37.32 Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F9.18 Preschools, A8.1 Pressure Pressure drop. (See also Darcy-Weisbach equation) Primary-air systems, S5.10 Printing plants, A21
1022	Prisons, A10.4 Produce Product load, R15.6 Propane Property assessment for clean energy (PACE), A38.9 Propylene glycol, hydronic systems, S13.24 Psychrometers, F1.13 Psychrometrics, F1 PTACs. See Packaged terminal air condition- ers (PTACs) PTHPs. See Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs) Public buildings. See Commercial and public buildings; Places of assembly Pumps Pumps, F19.18 Purge units, centrifugal chillers, S43.11 PV systems. See Photovoltaic (PV) systems; Solar energy Radiant heating and cooling, A55; S6.1; S15; S33.4. (See also Panel heating and cooling) Radiant time series (RTS) method, F18.2, 22 Radiation Radiators, S36.1, 5 Radioactive gases, contaminants, F11.21 Radiosity method, F19.26 Radon, F10.16, 22 Rail cars, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Railroad tunnels, ventilation Rain, and building envelopes, F25.4 RANS. See Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation Rapid-transit systems. See Mass-transit systems Rayleigh number, F4.20 Ray tracing method, F19.27 RC curves. See Room criterion (RC) curves Receivers Recycling refrigerants, R9.3 Refrigerant/absorbent pairs, F2.15 Refrigerant control devices, R11
1023	Refrigerants, F29.1 Refrigerant transfer units (RTU), liquid chillers, S43.11 Refrigerated facilities, R23 Refrigeration, F1.16. (See also Absorption; Adsorption)
1024	Refrigeration oils, R12. (See also Lubricants) Refrigerators Regulators. (See also Valves) Relative humidity, F1.12 Residential health care facilities, A9.17 Residential systems, A1 Resistance, thermal, F4; F25; F26. (See also R-values) Resistance temperature devices (RTDs), F7.9; F37.6 Resistivity, thermal, F25.1 Resource utilization factor (RUF), F34.2 Respiration of fruits and vegetables, R19.17 Restaurants Retail facilities, 12 Retrofit performance monitoring, A42.4 Retrofitting refrigerant systems, contaminant control, S7.9 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, F13.3; F24.13 Reynolds number, F3.3 Rice, drying, A26.9 RMS. See Root mean square (RMS) Road tunnels, A16.3 Roofs, U-factors, F27.2 Room air distribution, A58; S20.1 Room criterion (RC) curves, F8.16 Root mean square (RMS), F37.1 RTDs. See Resistance temperature devices (RTDs) RTS. See Radiant time series (RTS) RTU. See Refrigerant transfer units (RTU) RUF. See Resource utilization factor (RUF) Rusting, of building components, F25.16 R-values, F23; F25; F26. (See also Resistance, thermal) Safety Sanitation Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR), A38.12 Savings-to-investment-ratio (SIR), A38.12 Scale Schneider system, R23.7 Schools Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) Security. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Seeds, storage, A26.12 SEER. See Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER)
1025	Seismic restraint, A49.53; A56.1 Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), F10.4, 12; F11.15 Sensors Separators, lubricant, R11.23 Service water heating, A51 SES. See Subway environment simulation (SES) program Set points, A65.1 Shading Ships, A13 Shooting ranges, indoor, A10.8 Short-tube restrictors, R11.31 Silica gel, S24.1, 4, 6, 12 Single-duct systems, all-air, S4.11 SIR. See Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) Skating rinks, R44.1 Skylights, and solar heat gain, F15.21 Slab heating, A52 Slab-on-grade foundations, A45.11 SLR. See Solar-load ratio (SLR) Smart building systems, A63.1 Smart grid, A63.9, 11 Smoke control, A54 Snow-melting systems, A52 Snubbers, seismic, A56.8 Sodium chloride brines, F31.1 Soft drinks, R39.10 Software, A65.7 Soils. (See also Earth) Solar energy, A36; S37.1 (See also Solar heat gain; Solar radiation)
1026	Solar heat gain, F15.14; F18.16 Solar-load ratio (SLR), A36.22 Solar-optical glazing, F15.14 Solar radiation, F14.8; F15.14 Solid fuel Solvent drying, constant-moisture, A31.7 Soot, F28.20 Sorbents, F32.1 Sorption isotherm, F25.10; F26.20 Sound, F8. (See also Noise) Soybeans, drying, A26.7 Specific heat Split-flux method, F19.26 Spot cooling Stack effect Stadiums, A5.4 Stairwells Standard atmosphere, U.S., F1.1 Standards, A66. (See also Codes) Static air mixers, S4.8 Static electricity and humidity, S22.2 Steam
1027	Steam systems, S11 Steam traps, S11.7 Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F4.2, 12 Stevens’ law, F12.3 Stirling cycle, R47.14 Stokers, S31.17 Storage Stoves, heating, S34.5 Stratification Stroboscopes, F37.28 Subcoolers Subway environment simulation (SES) program, A16.3 Subway systems. (See also Mass-transit systems) Suction risers, R2.24 Sulfur content, fuel oils, F28.9 Superconductivity, diamagnetism, R47.5 Supermarkets. See Retail facilities, supermarkets Supertall buildings, A4.1 Supervisory control, A43 Supply air outlets, S20.2. (See also Air outlets) Surface effect. See Coanda effect Surface transportation Surface water heat pump (SWHP), A35.3 Sustainability, F16.1; F35.1; S48.2 SVFs. See Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) SVOCs. See Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) SWHP. See Surface water heat pump (SWHP) Swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums) Swine, recommended environment, A25.7 Symbols, F38 Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F10.6 TABS. See Thermally activated building systems (TABS) Tachometers, F37.28 Tall buildings, A4
1028	Tanks, secondary coolant systems, R13.2 TDD. See Tubular daylighting devices Telecomunication facilities, air-conditioning systems, A20.1 Temperature Temperature-controlled transport, R25.1 Temperature index, S22.3 Terminal units. [See also Air terminal units (ATUs)], A48.13, F19.16; S20.7 Terminology, of refrigeration, R50 Terrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents TES. See Thermal energy storage (TES) Testing Testing, adjusting, and balancing. (See also Balancing) TETD/TA. See Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA) TEWI. See Total equivalent warning impact (TEWI) Textile processing plants, A22 TFM. See Transfer function method (TFM) Theaters, A5.3 Thermal bridges, F25.8 Thermal comfort. See Comfort Thermal displacement ventilation (TDV), F19.17 Thermal emittance, F25.2 Thermal energy storage (TES), S8.6; S51
1029	Thermally activated building systems (TABS), A43.3, 34 Thermal-network method, F19.11 Thermal properties, F26.1 Thermal resistivity, F25.1 Thermal storage, Thermal storage. See Thermal energy storage (TES) S51 Thermal transmission data, F26 Thermal zones, F19.14 Thermistors, R11.4 Thermodynamics, F2.1 Thermometers, F37.5 Thermopile, F7.4; F37.9; R45.4 Thermosiphons Thermostats Three-dimensional (3D) printers, F11.18 Three-pipe distribution, S5.6 Tobacco smoke Tollbooths Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA), F18.57 Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), F29.5 Trailers and trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Transducers, F7.10, 13 Transfer function method (TFM); F18.57; F19.3 Transmittance, thermal, F25.2 Transmitters, F7.9, 10 Transpiration, R19.19 Transportation centers Transport properties of refrigerants, F30 Traps Trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Tubular daylighting devices (TDDs), F15.30 Tuning automatic control systems, F7.19 Tunnels, vehicular, A16.1 Turbines, S7 Turbochargers, heat recovery, S7.34 Turbulence modeling, F13.3 Turbulent flow, fluids, F3.3 Turndown ratio, design capacity, S13.4 Two-node model, for thermal comfort, F9.18 Two-pipe systems, S5.5; S13.20 U.S. Marshal spaces, A10.6 U-factor Ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, S29.6; S30.3 Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems, S17 Ultraviolet air and surface treatment, A62
1030	Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A60.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems] Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A62.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems] Uncertainty analysis Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems, A4.6; A58.14; F19.17 Unitary systems, S48 Unit heaters. See Heaters Units and conversions, F39 Unit ventilators, S28.1 Utility interface, electric, S7.43 Utility rates, A63.11 UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems UVGI. See Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) Vacuum cooling, of fruits and vegetables, R28.9 Validation, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Valves. (See also Regulators) Vaporization systems, S8.6 Vapor pressure, F27.8; F33.2 Vapor retarders, jackets, F23.12 Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Variable-frequency drives, S45.14 Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), S18.1; S48.1, 14 Variable-speed drives. See Variable-frequency drives S51 VAV. See Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Vegetables, R37 Vehicles Vena contracta, F3.4 Vending machines, R16.5 Ventilation, F16
1031	Ventilators Venting Verification, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.11 Vibration, F8.17 Viral pathogens, F10.9 Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat release rate, A30.3 Viscosity, F3.1 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), F10.11 Voltage, A57.1 Volume ratio, compressors VRF. See Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) VRT. See Virgin rock temperature (VRT) Walls Warehouses, A3.8 Water Water heaters Water horsepower, pump, S44.7 Water/lithium bromide absorption Water-source heat pump (WSHP), S2.4; S48.11 Water systems, S13
1032	Water treatment, A50 Water use and management (See Energy and water use and management) Water vapor control, A45.6 Water vapor permeance/permeability, F26.12, 17, 18 Water vapor retarders, F26.6 Water wells, A35.30 Weather data, F14 Weatherization, F16.18 Welding sheet metal, S19.12 Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat stress, A32.5 Wheels, rotary enthalpy, S26.9 Whirlpools and spas Wien’s displacement law, F4.12 Wind. (See also Climatic design information; Weather data) Wind chill index, F9.23 Windows. (See also Fenestration) Wind restraint design, A56.15 Wineries Wireless sensors, A63.7 Wood construction, and moisture, F25.10 Wood products facilities, A27.1 Wood pulp, A27.2 Wood stoves, S34.5 WSHP. See Water-source heat pump (WSHP) Xenon, R47.18 Zeolites, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Molecular sieves)

ASHRAE Book DecarbonizingHospBldgs 2024

Sun, 20 Oct 2024 10:25:21 +0000

In response to the urgent global imperative for sustainable infrastructure in the face of climate change, ASHRAE’s Task Force for Building Decarbonization and the American Society for Health Care Engineering have developed Decarbonizing Hospital Buildings, a guide focused on the design, construction, and operation of decarbonized new hospital buildings and major renovations. Due to their complexity, hospitals require special attention if they are to meet the challenge of zero operational carbon by 2030, as recommended by the ASHRAE Position Document on Building Decarbonization. Addressing the unique challenges healthcare facilities face, Decarbonizing Hospital Buildings navigates the complex landscape of definitions and standards surrounding zero emissions buildings, focusing on ASHRAE’s robust framework for decarbonization. This guide offers practical strategies for achieving carbon neutrality by 2030. From optimizing process loads to leveraging advanced thermal energy solutions, every aspect of hospital design, construction, and operation is meticulously examined. Key features include the following: • Detailed exploration of Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions within the context of hospital infrastructure. • Integration of ASHRAE standards with international best practices for comprehensive carbon accounting. • Practical methodologies for calculating and reducing both operational and embodied carbon. • Case studies and expert insights from leading healthcare organizations on successful decarbonization strategies. Intended for stakeholders in the design, construction, and operation of hospital buildings, this indispensable resource provides actionable insights into procuring environmental attributes and implementing effective offsets. It complements ASHRAE’s broader series on building decarbonization, ensuring seamless integration of hospital-specific guidance into overarching sustainability goals.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
6	Contents
10	Foreword 1
12	Foreword 2
13	Preface
15	Acknowledgments
17	Scope of this Guide Introduction
18	ASHRAE Decarbonization Guides
19	Hospital Decarbonization— A High-Level Approach
21	The Last 25% and the Future of Decarbonization
25	Implications for Electrical Distribution Systems
27	1.1 The Magnitude of Scope 1 Emissions Chapter 1: Building Design to Eliminate Scope 1 Building Emissions
28	1.2 Maximizing Energy Flows in a Hospital—Extracting and Moving Existing Heat
31	1.2.1 Sources of Heat 1.2.2 Using Heat Pumps to Connect Energy Flows
37	1.3 When Existing Heat Isn’t Enough—Other Sources of Heat 1.3.1 Thermal Energy Storage
42	1.3.2 Solar Thermal 1.3.3 Electric Peaking Boilers 1.3.4 On-Site Waste-to-Energy Systems
43	1.4 Heating Load Reduction: Reduce Heating Requirements to a Minimum 1.4.1 Passive Design Strategies 1.4.2 Building Envelope Improvements
44	1.4.3 Program Distribution and Zoning 1.4.4 Variable-Air-Volume Systems
45	1.4.5 Displacement Ventilation (DV) Systems
46	1.4.6 Decouple Heating, Cooling, and Dehumidification from Ventilation Air
47	1.4.7 Control Systems and Managing Airflow Rates
49	1.5 Very Cold Climates
51	1.6 End Uses to be All-Electric 1.6.1 Service Water Heating 1.6.2 Sterilization
54	1.6.3 Humidification
57	1.6.4 Food Service 1.6.5 Laundry 1.6.6 Laboratory
58	1.7 Energy Resilience 1.7.1 Overview and Grid Interactivity
59	1.7.2 NEC, NFPA 99, NFPA 110
63	1.8 On-Site Electrical Energy Generation
64	1.8.1 On-Site Solar Energy (Photovoltaic)
65	1.8.2 Fuel Cells 1.8.3 Long-Duration Energy Storage Systems (LDES)
69	1.8.4 Microgrids
72	1.8.5 Renewable Combustion 1.9 Other Scope 1 Opportunities and Implications 1.9.1 Inhaled Anesthetics
73	1.9.2 Electric Transportation Fleet and Private Vehicles
76	1.9.3 Refrigerants
81	2.1 Impact of Carbon Intensity of Different Electric Grids 2.1.1 Strategy 1: Load Reduction 2.1.2 Strategy 2: Buy Green Tariffs from the Utility Chapter 2: Building Design to Eliminate Scope 2 Emissions
83	2.1.3 Strategy 3: Virtual Power Purchase Agreement
84	2.1.4 Strategy 4: On-Site Renewable Energy Generation
85	3.1 The Magnitude of Scope 3 Building Emissions Chapter 3: Building Design to Reduce Scope 3 Emissions
87	3.2 Whole Life Carbon: Balancing Operational and Embodied Emissions
90	3.3 Reducing Upfront Embodied Carbon
91	3.3.1 Eliminate or Minimize New Buildings 3.3.2 Right-Sizing or Reducing the Size of New Buildings and Building Systems 3.3.3 Efficient Use of Materials 3.3.4 Low-Carbon Manufacturing and Transportation
92	3.3.5 Reduce Construction Emissions 3.3.6 Minimize Waste
93	3.4 Reducing In-Use Embodied Carbon 3.4.1 Design for Durability, Longevity, and Flexibility 3.4.2 Design to Support Waste Reduction, Recycling, and Composting
94	3.5 Reducing End-of-Life Carbon 3.6 Reducing Emissions Related to Operational Water Use 3.7 Reducing Fugitive Emissions from Refrigerants and Anesthetic Gases
95	3.8 Industry Initiatives to Benchmark Embodied Carbon in Hospitals
99	4.1 Metering and Measuring 4.1.1 Value of Metering and Measuring Chapter 4: Making it Work from Design to Operation
100	4.1.2 Implementation of Metering
101	4.1.3 Making the Data Meaningful
102	4.1.4 Cloud-Based Diagnostics and Future AI
103	4.2 Considerations for Building Managers 4.2.1 Staff Capabilities Needed for Operations and Staff Training
104	4.2.2 First Year Monitoring, Ongoing Detection, and Diagnostics
105	4.2.3 Hand-Off and Operations and Maintenance Materials
106	4.3 Resilience and Adaptation Overlay
109	5.1 Bridging Strategies Chapter 5: Intermediate Approaches: Decarb-Ready
111	5.2 Existing Buildings and Hospital-Specific Solutions
112	5.3 Integrated Approach: Teaming, Goal Setting, Integrated Design, and Efficient Systems to Meet Design Targets 5.4 Buy Environmental Attributes
115	Conclusion: Moving Toward a Decarbonized Future
117	References
125	ASHRAE Position Document on Building Decarbonization (PDBD) Appendix 1: Regulatory Context
126	ASHRAE Infectious Aerosols Position Document ASHRAE Standard 170 ASHRAE Standard 241 Licensing and Reimbursement Regulations
127	Internal Revenue Service and Community Benefit Department of Energy and State Compliance
128	NFPA Documents
129	The Joint Commission (TJC) and Other Accrediting Organizations
130	Prescription
133	Appendix 2: Other Resources

ASHRAE Book ThermalGuidelines 2024 5ed

Sun, 20 Oct 2024 09:50:50 +0000

Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments provides groundbreaking, vendor-neutral information that empowers data center designers, operators, and managers to better determine the impacts of varying design and operation parameters on information technology equipment (ITE). This book covers six primary areas:

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	ASHRAE TC 9.9 Reference Card
14	Contents
18	Preface to the Revised and Expanded Fifth Edition
20	Acknowledgments
22	1Introduction
23	1.1 BOOK FLOW
24	1.2 PRIMARY USERS OF THIS BOOK
25	1.3 ADOPTION 1.4 DEFINITIONS
30	2Environmental Guidelines for Air-Cooled Equipment 2.1 BACKGROUND
32	2.2 NEW AIR-COOLED EQUIPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONS
46	2.3 GUIDE FOR THE USE AND APPLICATION OF THE ASHRAE DATA CENTER CLASSES
48	2.4 SERVER METRICS TO CONSIDER IN USING GUIDELINES
62	3Environmental Guidelines forLiquid-Cooled Equipment
63	3.1 ITE LIQUID COOLING
67	3.2 FACILITY WATER SUPPLY TEMPERATURE CLASSES FOR ITE
70	4Facility Temperature and Humidity Measurement
71	4.1 FACILITY HEALTH AND AUDIT TESTS
74	4.2 EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION VERIFICATION TESTS
75	4.3 EQUIPMENT TROUBLESHOOTING TESTS
77	4.4 COOLING SIMULATION
78	5Equipment Placement and Airflow Patterns 5.1 EQUIPMENT AIRFLOW
80	5.2 EQUIPMENT ROOM AIRFLOW
86	6Equipment Manufacturers’ Heat and Airflow Reporting 6.1 PROVIDING HEAT RELEASE AND AIRFLOW VALUES
87	6.2 EQUIPMENT THERMAL REPORT
89	6.3 EPA ENERGY STAR REPORTING
92	Appendix A2021 ASHRAE EnvironmentalGuidelines for ITE—Expanding the Recommended Environmental Envelope
95	A.1 DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE LIMITS
97	A.2 MOISTURE LIMITS
101	A.3 ACOUSTICAL NOISE LEVELS
102	A.4 DATA CENTER OPERATION SCENARIOS FOR THE RECOMMENDED ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITS
104	Appendix B2021 Air-Cooled Equipment Thermal Guidelines (I-P)
110	Appendix CDetailed Flowchart for the Use and Application of the ASHRAE Data Center Classes
116	Appendix DESD Research and Static Control Measures D.1 ESD BACKGROUND D.2 ESD RESEARCH
123	D.3 PERSONNEL AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES D.4 FLOORING ISSUES
124	D.5 FURTHER READING
126	Appendix EResearch on the Effect of RH and Gaseous Pollutants on ITE Reliability
129	E.1 CONCLUSIONS FROM THE RESEARCH
132	Appendix FPsychrometric Charts
138	Appendix GAltitude Derating Curves
140	Appendix HPractical Example of the Impact of Compressorless Cooling on Hardware Failure Rates
144	Appendix IITE Reliability Data for Selected Major U.S. and Global Cities
145	I.1 NOTES ON FIGURES AND TABLES
160	Appendix JOSHA and Personnel Working in High Air Temperatures
164	Appendix KAllowable Server Inlet Temperature Rate of Change
168	Appendix LAllowable Server Inlet RH Limits versus Maximum Inlet Dry-Bulb Temperature
172	References and Bibliography

ASHRAE Standard 185.3 2024

Sun, 20 Oct 2024 09:50:50 +0000

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 185.3-2024 establishes a test method for evaluating commercial and industrial in-room air-cleaning devices and systems for microorganism bioaerosol removal or inactivation in a test chamber. This standard:

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 185.3-2024
3	Contents
4	Foreword 1. Purpose
5	2. Scope 2.1 This standard specifies selected indicator microorganisms in the test chamber and defines procedures for generating the bioaerosols required for the method of test. 2.2 This standard provides a method for counting the number of viable microorganisms in the chamber to calculate the elimination efficiency for each microorganism. 2.3 This standard establishes minimum performance specifications for the equipment required to conduct the tests, defines methods of calculating and reporting results obtained from the test data, and establishes a reporting system to be applied to in… 2.4 This standard does not address the health and safety effects of operating devices and systems in an occupied room. 2.5 This standard applies to commercial and industrial in-room air-cleaning devices and systems. This standard is not intended to conflict with or replace ANSI/AHAM Standard AC-5 1 for testing portable residential air cleaners. 3. Definitions and Acronyms 3.1 Definitions
6	3.2 Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Initialisms 4. Test Apparatus and Materials 4.1 Test Chamber
7	4.2 In-Room Air Cleaners
9	4.3 Nebulizers 4.4 Bioaerosol Samplers 4.5 Material, Chemical, and Physical Testing
10	4.6 Noise Dosimeter 4.7 Cleanup/Flushing System 4.8 Materials
11	5. Procedures 5.1 Before Testing—Setup 5.2 Background and Baseline Sample Collection. This section is a required part of each natural decay and IRAC test.
12	5.3 Natural Decay or IRAC Test 6. Calculations and Graphing Requirements 6.1 Variables 6.2 For bioaerosol samples, there are several metrics to calculate.
13	6.3 For other analytes, calculate the concentrations at the time intervals of each microbiological sample. It is acceptable to calculate all concentrations, if desired. Subtract the background concentration of the same analyte. Tabulate the results. 6.4 Average noise results either mathematically or Lave from the direct-read instrument. See Informative Appendix D for additional information. 7. Reporting Results 7.1 Minimum Required Information
14	8. Normative References
16	Normative Appendix A: Test Organisms (Select One from Each Organism Type)
18	Normative Appendix B: Quality Assurance/Quality Control
19	Normative Appendix C: Mounting and Installation of IRAC
20	Informative Appendix D: IRAC Safety and Health Considerations D1. Occupied Versus Nonoccupied Spaces D2. All Hazards Exposure Risk Assessment (Ozone, UV, Etc.) D3. Potential Hazardous Analytes D4. Noise Exposure
22	Informative Appendix E: Informative References and Bibliography

ASHRAE Standard 84 2024

Sun, 20 Oct 2024 09:50:50 +0000

ASHRAE Standard 84 provides rules for the measurement and expression of values characterizing the energy-related performance of air-to-air heat/energy exchangers. The 2024 edition of Standard 84 updates informative and normative references.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 84-2024
3	Contents
4	Foreword 1. Purpose 2. Scope 2.1 This standard prescribes the laboratory methods for testing the performance of air-to-air heat and energy exchangers. In this standard, an air-to-air heat/energy exchanger is a device to transfer heat, or heat and water vapor, from one airstream …
5	3. Definitions
6	4. Requirements for Performance Testing 4.1 Performance Determinations. The performance of an air-to-air heat/energy exchanger is primarily characterized by the following set of metrics: (a) effectiveness and net effectiveness, (b) recovery efficiency ratio and net recovery efficiency rati…
9	4.2 Pretest Uncertainty Analysis. A pretest uncertainty analysis, defined in ASME PTC 19.1 1, shall be performed prior to any testing on all the parameters outlined in Section 4.2. Test points, procedures, and equipment shall be analyzed to confirm t… 4.3 Apparatus. The test apparatus shall consist of four measurement stations. Three measurements shall be taken at each measurement station as follows: 4.4 Instrument Calibration. All measurement instruments shall be calibrated using sensors, transfer standards, and primary instruments that are traceable to NIST standards. Instrument uncertainty levels shall be shown by the pretest uncertainty analy… 5. Test Parameters 5.1 Thermal Performance. Performance tests are subject to the following provisions.
10	5.2 Leakage 5.3 Pressure Drop. Air friction pressure drop across the heat/energy exchanger from Stations 1 to 2 and Stations 3 to 4 shall be determined at the tested airflows. 6. Operating Conditions, Inequality Checks, and Conditions for Rejection of Test Data 6.1 The inlet air property variations during thermal performance testing shall satisfy the following inequalities:
11	6.2 During thermal performance testing, the dry airflow mass measured flow rates shall satisfy the following inequality equation: 6.3 For all thermal performance tests where no condensate or frosting occurs, the dry airflow mass measured flow rates and the water vapor mass measured flow rates shall satisfy the following inequality equations: 6.4 For the case of thermal performance tests of sensible-only devices where no phase change, condensate, or frosting occurs, the measured sensible energy flow rates shall satisfy the inequality of Equation 23 rather than that of Equation 22: 6.5 During testing to determine OACF and EATR, the readings shall satisfy the airflow mass inequality:
12	7. Pre- and Post-Test Uncertainty Analysis 8. Instruments and Methods of Measurement 8.1 Systematic and Random Uncertainty. The systematic uncertainty and random uncertainty for each measurement shall be such that the total uncertainty for the heat/energy exchanger effectiveness satisfy the limits in Section 7. When testing fixed-bed… 8.2 Instrumentation. Instrument specification and application shall be in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standards 41.1 3, 41.2 4, 41.3 5, and 41.6 6, respectively, unless otherwise specified in this document. 8.3 Temperature
13	8.4 Humidity 8.5 Pressure 8.6 Static Pressure 8.7 Barometric Pressure 8.8 Airflow Measurement. Any flow measurement method (pressure differential device) used shall not exceed the uncertainty introduced by an appropriate flow nozzle or velocity sensor traverse method, as described by ASHRAE Standard 41.2 4. 8.9 Tracer Gas Measurement. To measure air transfer from the exhaust to the supply side of an exchanger, an inert tracer gas is injected into a turbulent region of the exhaust inlet. Air samples are then drawn from each of Stations 1 to 4. The sampli…
14	8.10 Fixed-Bed Regenerator Performance Testing
18	8.11 Adjustable Purge Setting. When a rotary regenerator with adjustable purge section is tested, purge angle or area setting shall be recorded for all tests. 9. Calculations 9.1 Airflow Rate. The airflow rate calculations shall be based on the measurements obtained in Section 8.8. 9.2 Total Enthalpy. The total enthalpy shall be calculated from the following equations: 9.3 The Standardized Air Friction Pressure Drop
19	9.4 Outdoor Air Correction Factor 9.5 Exhaust Air Transfer 10. Reporting Results 10.1 Reporting Requirements. Test results shall not be reported as meeting the requirements of this standard unless 10.2 Results of Test. Test results shall be reported at no less than two selected mass flow rates and no less than two ratios of mass flow rates for the following:
20	10.3 Test Conditions. Reports of performance test results of air-to-air exchangers in a laboratory shall include the following data: 10.4 Uncertainties of Results. The uncertainties of each result in Section 10.2 shall be reported. Uncertainties shall be reported for all performance factors at the 95% data coverage level as described in ASME PTC 19.1 1. 11. Nomenclature 11.1 Symbols (SI [I-P])
21	11.2 Subscripts 12. Normative References
23	Informative Appendix A: Laboratory Test Configurations
28	Informative Appendix B: Transient Testing of Energy Exchangers Using a Bag Sampling Method B1. Bag Sampling Method B2. Transient Testing of Energy Exchangers
29	Informative Appendix C: An Explanation for the Use of Effectivenesses to Characterize Air-to-Air Heat/Energy Exchangers C1. Development of Effectiveness Definitions
33	C2. Research Findings
34	C3. Exhaust Air Transfer Ratio and Outdoor Air Correction Factor C4. Recovery Efficiency Ratio
35	Informative Appendix D: Selection of Test Conditions D1. Testing Conditions D2. Selection of Operating Conditions D2.1 The Graphical Selection Method. The psychrometric chart in Figure D-1 allows a pretest estimation of the uncertainty levels associated with any combination of supply condition with an exhaust condition of 24°C and 50% rh. Figure D-2 presents si… D2.2 The Calculation Method. It is convenient to define an operating condition uncertainty (U*[ei(OC)]) using only the denominator from the definition of the effectiveness:
38	Informative Appendix E: Field Testing E1. Mass Flow Measurement
39	E2. Temperature and Humidity Determinations
40	E3. Quasi-Steady Field Test Criteria
41	E4. Rejection of Test Data
42	Informative Appendix F: Extrapolation of Test Performance Data
43	Informative Appendix G: Informative References and Bibliography G1. Informative References
44	G2. Bibliography

ASHRAE Standard 200 2024

Sun, 20 Oct 2024 09:50:49 +0000

ASHRAE Standard 200 was written at the request of the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) to provide test instrumentation and facilities, installation methods, and procedures for determining the capacity and related performance of chilled beams. Procedures provided in this standard apply to active chilled beams. This standard was prepared in cooperation with the AHRI Chilled Beams Section, and it is referenced in AHRI Standards 1240 (I-P) and 1241 (SI), Performance Rating of Active Chilled Beams, as the method of test for the AHRI Active Chilled Beam (ACB) certification program. The 2024 edition of Standard 200 updates normative and informative references.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
3	Contents
4	Foreword 1. Purpose 1.1 To define laboratory methods of testing chilled beams to determine performance. 2. Scope 2.1 Defines laboratory methods of testing chilled beams to determine performance. 2.2 Specifies test instrumentation, facilities, installation methods, and procedures for determining the performance of chilled beams. 3. Definitions and Symbols 3.1 Definitions
5	3.2 Symbols
6	4. Instrumentation and Facilities 4.1 All instruments shall have been calibrated in the range of use within the past year to a NIST-traceable or equivalent organization standard. 4.2 Temperature and moist air properties measuring instruments shall meet the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 41.11 and ASHRAE Standard 41.62 and the following subsections. 4.3 Pressure measuring instruments shall meet the requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.33 and the requirements of Section 4.3.1.
7	4.4 Primary Airflow Measurement 4.5 Water Flow Rate Measurement 4.6 Sound Power Measurement 4.7 Discharge Air Jet Performance Measurement. Used for throw measurements (see Section 5.7.5). 4.8 Water-Side Cooling Capacity Measurement
9	5. Test Methods 5.1 Acoustics
10	5.2 Physical Requirements for Water-Side Cooling Capacity 5.3 Test Setup Requirements
14	5.4 Testing Requirements
15	5.5 Test Procedures 5.6 Definition of Steady State 5.7 Calculations and Expression of Results
16	6. Reporting
20	7. Normative References
21	Informative Appendix A: Governing Equations for Chilled Beams A1. Total Cooling Capacity A2. Coil-Cooling Capacity A3. Coil Heat-Transfer Coefficient
22	A4. Measuring Induction Coefficient, Kin
23	A5. Measurement of the Induction Coefficient by the Zero-Pressure Method
24	Informative Appendix B: Primary Airflow Measurement B1. Primary Airflow Measurement B1.1 Airflow rate shall be measured in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 41.2H1. Alternative airflow rate measurement methods may be used if calibrated with a certified standard to the required accuracy. B2. Orifice Meters B2.1 Orifice meters shall be constructed in accordance with ASME Performance Test Code 19.5H2 and shall be sized for a throat velocity not less than 3000 fpm (15 m/s) or more than 7000 fpm (35 m/s). B3. Multiple Nozzle Chamber Meter B3.1 Multiple nozzle chamber meters shall be constructed in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 51 (ANSI/AMCA 210)H3. B4. Vane Anemometer Flow Measuring System B4.1 One method of accurately measuring airflow rates with low pressure drop is to use a vane anemometer that has been calibrated in situ against a certified standard to the required accuracy. B4.2 The vane anemometer flow measuring system consists of a straight length of duct with a propeller anemometer, humidity measuring instruments, and a temperature probe inside (see Figure B-1). The duct has five diameters of inlet length, a flow str… B4.3 Vane Anemometer Flowmeter Calibration Procedure
26	Informative Appendix C: Electric Heated Person Simulators C1. Purpose C2. Simulator Construction C3. Test Room Placement Of Simulators
28	C4. Internal Heat Load Selection
29	Informative Appendix D: Radiant Shielded Temperature Sensor D1. Purpose D2. Design Considerations
30	Normative Appendix E: Laboratory Measurement Of Induced Airflow Rates And Calculation Of Induction Ratios E1. Measurement by the Induction Velocity Method E1.1 Induced Air Velocity Measurement E1.2 Test Sample Qualification and Locations E1.3 Measurement Requirements and Locations E1.4 Testing Requirements E1.5 Test Procedures
31	E1.6 Calculation and Expression of Results E2. Measurement by the Thermal Balance Method E2.1 Temperature Measurement of Induced Air after Leaving the Cooling Coil E2.2 Measurement Requirements and Locations
32	E2.3 Testing Requirements E2.4 Test Procedures E2.5 Calculation and Expression of Results
34	Normative Appendix F: Method Of Testing Water Pressure Drop F1. Method of Testing Water Pressure Drop F1.1 The temperatures and pressures of water entering and leaving the chilled beam shall be measured by the apparatus as illustrated in Figure F-1. The connecting piping shall be the same size as the chilled-beam supply and return connections. F1.2 Temperature measuring instruments shall be placed so as to measure the temperature of the water entering and leaving the beam. The liquid lines shall be insulated at and adjacent to the temperature measuring instruments. Appropriate insulation h… F1.3 Appropriate means shall be provided for determining the liquid absolute pressure entering the beam and the liquid pressure drop through the beam and measurement apparatus, as shown in Figure F-1. The piezometer rings shall be located and constru… F1.4 The pressure drop in the test measurement apparatus, including any pipe between the beam and the measuring devices, at the test flow shall be calculated and subtracted from the measurement. This piping loss shall be determined by calibration of …
36	Normative Appendix G: Water-side Pressure Drop Measurement Procedure G1. Purpose G2. Background G3. Measurement Locations G3.1 Static pressure taps may be in either the unit connections (i.e., nozzles) or in additional external piping provided for the purpose of test measurements. G3.2 If using additional external piping, the piping arrangement shall use rigid pipe and may include fittings such as elbows, reducers, or enlargers between the pressure tap locations and the unit connections. Flexible hose is prohibited between the… G3.3 Static pressure taps shall maintain the lengths of cylindrical straight pipe in the flow path adjacent to each pressure tap location as shown in Table G-1. G4. Static Pressure Taps G4.1 For design or evaluation purposes, flow resistance may be estimated by resistance coefficient K-factor calculation methods, as found in Crane Technical Paper No. 41010. Generally, manifold tubing or piping can be evaluated using the K-factor, an… G4.2 Provisions shall be made to bleed air out of the lines connected to pressure measurement devices. These provisions shall take into consideration the orientation of pressure taps and manifold connections. G5. Correction Method
37	G5.1 The adjustment shall not exceed 10% of the measured water pressure drop. G5.2 The general form of the adjustment equations use the methods in Crane Technical Paper No. 41010. A Darcy friction factor is determined using the Swamee-Jain equation. G5.3 An Excel® spreadsheet is available from AHRI for computation of the pressure drop adjustment factors.
38	G6. Pressure Measurement Pipe Calibration G6.1 Connect the entering beam pressure measurement pipe exit (minimum straight length downstream of taps = 3 × Di or 6 in. [150 mm], whichever is greater) to the leaving beam pressure measurement pipe entrance (minimum straight length upstream of t… G6.2 The instrumentation for the test shall consist of the following: G6.3 Data to be recorded for each test run is as follows: G6.4 Conduct the water pressure drop test with at least four different water velocities inside pressure measurement pipe covering the range of 1 to 14 ft/s (0.3 to 4.25 m/s) in approximately equally spaced velocity increments on a logarithmic scale. … G6.5 Record the test data continuously for at least 30 minutes (every 1 minute) after steady-state condition has been achieved. Average the rounds to determine each run’s test values. Wait for steady-state conditions before testing at the next wate… G6.6 Use the following input data and the AHRI spreadsheet to calculate water pressure drop through entering beam and leaving beam pressure measurement pipes at the test input conditions. G6.7 The measurement shall not exceed the calculated adjustment by more than 10%; otherwise, additional corrections shall be applied and noted. G6.8 If the pressure measurement pipes are made from a noncorroding material, and the water under test is soft, the pipe’s absolute roughness should not change as a function of time. G6.9 The laboratory shall conduct an annual calibration of the pressure measurement pipes.
39	Informative Appendix H: Informative References