BICSI – PDF Standards Store ?u= Sat, 26 Oct 2024 18:17:39 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.7.1 ?u=/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/cropped-icon-150x150.png BICSI – PDF Standards Store ?u= 32 32 BICSI EDCP 2024 2nded ?u=/product/publishers/bicsi/bicsi-edcp-2024-2nded/ Sun, 20 Oct 2024 09:50:39 +0000 Essentials of Data Center Projects, 2nd Edition
Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BICSI 2024 286
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Data centers continue to evolve, and the edge is being pushed on how large or small a data center can be built. While a data center

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
1 EDCP 2nd
2 Preface
5 WARNING
6 Acknowledgments
8 Reader’s Comment Form
10 Acronyms and Abbreviations
16 Table of Contents
17 Figures
19 Tables
20 Chapter 1 – Data Centers
22 Table of Contents
24 Figures
Tables
26 Data Centers
Introduction
29 Common Metrics Used within Data Center Projects
Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE)
Data Center Infrastructure Efficiency (DCiE)
Uptime
Availability
30 Reliability
31 Return on Investment (ROI)
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
32 Net Present Value (NPV)
33 Creating Data Centers
Overview
34 Risk Analysis
35 Redundancy
Data Center Facility Availability Classes
36 Availability Class 0
37 Availability Class 1
Availability Class 2
38 Availability Class 3
Availability Class 4
39 Availability Class Sub Groups
Summary
43 Determining the Data Center Availability Class
44 Identify Operational Requirements
45 Quantify and Rank Operational Availability Requirements
46 Determine Impact of Downtime
47 Identify the Data Center Availability Class
48 Multiple Data Centers
Introduction
50 Multiple Data Center Conceptual Examples
High Availability In-House Multi-Data Center Architecture
51 Private Cloud Multi-Data Center Architecture – Class 3 Solution/Three Class 2 Facilities
52 Private Cloud Multi-Data Center Architecture – Class 4 Solution/Four Class 2 Facilities
53 Edge Data Centers
Introduction
Types
54 Benefits and Limitations of EDCs
Benefits
Limitations
55 Modular Data Centers (MDC)
56 Data Center Services Outsourcing
Introduction
57 Outsourcing Models
58 Data Center Services Outsourcing Model Comparison
59 Public Cloud Services
Virtual Redundancy Level
60 Redundant Availability Zone Level
Redundant Cloud Region Level
Redundant Cloud Provider Level
61 Outsourcing Model Decision Tree
64 Chapter 2 – Project Planning
66 Table of Contents
69 Figures
70 Project Planning
Introduction
71 Developing a Project Plan
Lessons Learned
72 Request for Proposals
Overview
Understanding the Request for Proposal
74 Submission and Evaluation of the Response to the Request for Proposal
75 Scope of Work
76 Basic Requirements
Contractual/Administrative Requirements
77 Basic Planning and Needs Assessment
79 Outlining the Scope of Work Process
80 Writing and Reviewing
Description of Format
81 End Result Deliverable
82 Language and Expression
83 Referencing Codes and Standards
84 Design Planning
Overview
Traditional Design Process
85 Data Center Design Process
86 Design Team Members
87 Design Phases
Schematic Design
88 Design Development
89 Construction Document
90 Elements of Design
Specifications
Drawings
91 Cost Estimates
92 Technology Design
Needs Assessment
Design Analysis
Acquisition
Implementation
93 Critical Design Tasks
97 Developing a Quality Plan
98 Quality Benchmarking
99 Operations and Business Continuity Factors
Overview
Energy Regulatory Trends
European Union
100 Efficiency and Productivity Indicators
101 Existing Facility Assessment
102 Reporting
Security
Security Development Theory
104 Security Assessment Process
109 Design Approach
112 Network Vulnerability Assessment
115 Governance
Public Governance
116 Private Governance
Voluntary Governance
Documentation
117 Documentation
Disaster Recovery Plan
Establish A Team
120 DRP Planning Methods
121 Plan Benefits
Types of Plans
122 Implementation
123 Colocation Technical Planning
Overview
124 Floor Plan
Ceiling Height
125 Movement of Equipment
Floor Loading
126 Cabinets
127 Point-of-Presence Rooms
128 Cabling Between Point-of-Presence Rooms
129 Cabling within Cages/Suites
130 Power Within Computer Rooms
132 Work Rules and Procedures
133 Planning for the Edge Data Center (EDC) Facility
General Considerations
Location
Space Planning
Class Rating and Reliability
Codes and Standards
134 Edge Data Center Power
135 Power Systems Space Planning
136 Generator power
137 Cooling Edge Data Centers
Communication Cabling
138 Security, Fire Protection and Building Automation
140 Chapter 3 – Project Implementation
142 Table of Contents
143 Figure
144 Pre-Construction
Project Bidding and Negotiating
Types of Bid Structures
145 Types of Bids
146 Awarding of Bids
Types of Contracts
147 Contract Payment Methodologies
Notice to Proceed
148 Construction Administration
Organizing the Project Team
Construction Team Members
149 Developing a Communications Plan
150 Pre-Construction Meetings
151 Forms
152 Request for Information
153 Submittals
154 Tracking and Managing the Plan
Change Control System
156 Vendor and Contractor Coordination
157 Project Installation and Implementation
Pre-Construction Site Survey
159 Retrofit Additional Survey Tasks
Risk Management Plan
160 Safety Plan
161 Meetings
Initial Construction Meeting
Pre-installation Meeting
162 Progress Meetings
163 Materials and Logistics
Ordering Materials
Receiving Materials
164 Storing Materials
165 Distributing Materials on Site
166 Managing the Project Schedule
167 Commissioning
Overview
Recommendations
168 Phases of the Commissioning Process
Program Phase
169 Design Phase
Construction Phase
Acceptance Phase
170 Post-acceptance Phase
Types of Commissioning
New Building
171 Existing Building
Commissioning Testing
Functional Testing Components
Functional Testing Procedures
172 Test Plan and Documentation
Testing Equipment
System Testing
174 Acceptance Testing
Retesting Equipment and Systems
175 Validation
176 Commissioning Documents
Design Documents
Process Documents
Verification Documents
177 Final Commissioning Report
178 Project Closeout
Overview
179 Post-construction
180 Post-construction/Post-installation Considerations and Tasks
182 Chapter 4 – Project Management Essentials
184 Table of Contents
185 Figures
Tables
186 Project Management: An Overview
Introduction
187 Project
Project Objectives
188 Project Stakeholders
189 Project Team Members
Role of Project Managers
190 Technical Expertise
Project Management Steps
191 Project Management Knowledge Areas
Human Resources Management
Scope Management
Integration Management
Time Management
192 Cost Management
Quality Management
Communications Management
Risk Management
Stakeholder Management
Procurement Management
193 Project Management Tools
Developing an Organization Breakdown Structure
194 Building a Work Breakdown Structure
198 Developing a Schedule Using PERT, Milestone, Gantt, and Calendar Charts
203 Developing Estimates
204 Using the Budget to Determine Project Performance
217 Stakeholder Relations and Management
Overview
218 Interpersonal Skills and Communication
Effective Communication Skills
220 Customer Relations
Customer Perception
221 Feedback and Follow-Through
Professional Appearance
222 Stakeholder Management
224 Chapter 5 – Project Documentation
226 Table of Contents
227 Figure
228 Project Documentation
Introduction
229 Project Drawings
232 The U.S. National Computer-Aided Design Standard®
Components of the National Computer-Aided Design Standard
233 Adoption of the National Computer-Aided Design Standard
234 Expanded Listing of Components of the National Computer-Aided Design Standard
235 Hierarchy of Data Fields
237 Symbol Types
Construction Specifications
239 Types of Project Documentation
Overview
Project Log
240 Maintaining the Project Log
241 Quality Assurance Plan
Project Safety Plan
Request for Information Log
242 Submittals
Change Orders
243 Acceptance Plan
Commissioning Plan
Punch List Log
244 Closeout Submittals
As-Built Drawings
245 Network Traffic Studies
Warranty and License Documentation
Test Documentation
246 Operations and Maintenance Documentation
Patching Matrix
Photographs
248 Chapter 6 – Risk Management
250 Table of Contents
251 Figures
Tables
252 Risk Management
Introduction
253 Risk Management Objectives
254 Client Involvement
Accuracy
Accountability
Management Support
255 Early Warning Indicators in Risk Management
Risk Management Review Cycle
Risk Versus Liability
Culture
256 Continued Improvement
Risk Evaluation
257 Risk Identification
259 Risk Analysis
262 Risk Mitigation
264 Corrective Actions
265 Risk Control
Risk Checklist
270 Glossary
272 Glossary Terms
A
273 B
274 C
276 D
277 E
F
278 G
I
L
279 M
N
O
280 P
281 Q
R
283 S
284 T
285 U
V
W
286 X
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BICSI 002 2024 ?u=/product/publishers/bicsi/bicsi-002-2024/ Sun, 20 Oct 2024 09:50:38 +0000 ANSI/BICSI 002-2024, Data Center Design and Implementation Best Practices
Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BICSI 2024 576
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ANSI/BICSI 002-2024 is regarded as the standard for data center design regardless of location or application in the world. Covering all major systems and disciplines found within a data center, this standard not only lists what a data center requires, but also provides ample recommendations on the best methods of implementing a design to fulfill your needs. The 2024 version was reviewed by industry professionals from all major disciplines and verified that the breadth of content is applicable to traditional, hyperscale, and edge concepts including modular, containerized, enclosure-based solutions. In addition to expanding specific edge content, the concepts of immersion (liquid cooling) are expanded and join previously included material on how to support such systems.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
5 Table of Contents
19 Index of Figures
25 Index of Tables
33 1 Introduction
1.1 General
1.2 Purpose
1.2.1 Users Within IT
1.2.2 Users Within Facilities Group
34 1.2.3 Staff Outside IT and Facilities Groups
1.3 Categories of Criteria
2 Scope
35 3 Required Standards and Documents
39 4 Definitions, Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Units of Measurement
4.1 Definitions
57 4.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations
59 4.3 Units of Measurement
61 5 Site Selection
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Site Evaluation
5.2.1 General Requirements
5.2.2 General Recommendations
5.2.3 Risk Assessment
62 5.2.4 Cost Evaluation Recommendations
5.2.5 Existing Facilities Requirements
63 5.3 Natural Hazards
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 General Requirements
5.3.3 Seismic Activity
5.3.4 Volcanic Activity
Figure 5-1 Example of a Global Seismic Hazard Map
64 Figure 5-2 Example of a Global Volcano Hazard Map
Figure 5-3 Example of a Volcano Hazard Map
65 5.3.5 Wildfire
5.3.6 Flood Plains
Figure 5-4 Example of a Global Flooding Hazard Chart
66 5.3.7 Wind
5.4 Natural Environment
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Ground Stability
Figure 5-5 Example of a Global Tornado Risk Area Map
67 5.4.3 Lightning
Figure 5-6 Example of a Lightning Flash Data Map
68 5.4.4 Groundwater
Figure 5-7 Example of a Ground Permeability Chart
5.4.5 Air Quality
69 5.4.6 Noise
5.4.7 Other Topography and Natural Environment Recommendations
5.5 Man-Made Hazards
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Recommended Separation Distances
5.5.3 Other Recommendations
70 Table 5-1 Recommended Distances from Man-Made Elements
71 Figure 5-8 Example of Radial and Flight Path Zones for an Airport
5.6 Site Access and Location
5.6.1 Public Road Access Recommendations
72 5.6.2 Adjacent Property
5.6.3 Proximity to Existing or Redundant Data Center
5.6.4 Security and Emergency Services
5.6.5 Proximity to Skilled Labor
73 5.7 Utility Services
5.7.1 Introduction
5.7.2 Power and Electrical Service
Figure 5-9 AC Electricity Distribution from Generation Stations to Data Centers
75 Table 5-2 Utility Reliability Examples
76 5.7.3 Communications
77 5.7.4 Water Service
78 Table 5-3 Recommended On-Site Supply of Services for Data Center Facility Classes
79 5.7.5 Sanitary Sewer
5.7.6 Natural Gas and Other Fuels
80 5.8 Regulations (Local, Regional, Country)
5.8.1 Air Quality Requirements
5.8.2 Noise Requirements
5.8.3 Towers and Tall Structures Requirements
5.8.4 Fuel Tanks Requirements
5.8.5 Generator Requirements
5.8.6 Site Access and Required Parking
5.8.7 Setbacks and Sight Lines
5.8.8 Environmental Assessment
81 6 Space Planning
6.1 Overall Facility Capacity
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Module and Modular Design
82 6.1.3 Edge Data Centers
6.2 Power Systems
6.2.1 Introduction
83 Figure 6-1 Example Module Size Decision Tree
84 Table 6-1 Example of a Module Size Design Checklist
88 6.2.2 Electric Utility Service Feeds
6.2.3 Generator Power
89 6.3 Cooling Capacity
6.3.1 Introduction
90 Table 6-2 Liquid and Air-Cooled System Options and Primary Design Parameters
6.3.2 Recommendations
91 6.3.3 Additional Information
6.4 Data Center Supporting Spaces
6.4.1 Adjacencies of Functional Spaces
92 Figure 6-2 Space Adjacencies of a Traditional Data Center
93 Figure 6-3 Space Adjacencies of Modular or Containerized Data Centers
6.4.2 Security
94 6.4.3 Telecommunications Entrance Room
95 6.4.4 Command Center
6.4.5 Helpdesk
6.4.6 Print
6.4.7 Loading Dock
96 6.4.8 Storage
6.4.9 Engineering Offices
97 6.4.10 Administrative
6.4.11 Environmental Design
6.4.12 Waste/Recycle
6.5 Placement of Equipment When Using Access Floors
6.5.1 Cooling
98 6.5.2 Power Distribution
99 6.5.3 Fire Protection Systems
6.6 Computer Room
6.6.1 Introduction
100 6.6.2 Telecommunications Spaces and Areas
6.6.3 Equipment Racks and Frames
102 Figure 6-4 Examples of an OCP Open Rack (Top View & Oblique)
103 6.6.4 Computer Room Layout
105 Figure 6-5 Example of Aisle Width with Different Cabinet Sizes
107 6.6.5 Adjacencies and Other Space Considerations
109 6.7 Design for Performance
6.7.1 Introduction
110 6.7.2 Data Center Metrics
111 6.7.3 Scalability
6.7.4 Instrumentation and Control
112 6.7.5 Data Center Energy Saving Design Opportunities
Table 6-3 Data Center Energy Saving Opportunities
113 7 Architectural
7.1 Facilities Planning
7.1.1 General Overview
7.1.2 Site Selection
114 7.1.3 Data Center Location Relative to Ground Level
7.2 General Design Concepts
7.2.1 Levels of Reliability
7.2.2 Facility Purpose
115 7.2.3 Multiuser Versus Single User Groups
7.2.4 Equipment Change Cycle
7.2.5 Occupied Versus Unoccupied Data Centers
7.2.6 Data Center Location Within Building
116 7.2.7 Type of Building
7.2.8 Multitenant Buildings
7.2.9 24/7 Operation of Data Center
7.2.10 Temperature and Humidity Control
7.2.11 Materials
117 7.3 General Paths of Access
7.3.1 General Access
7.3.2 Data Center Access
7.3.3 Equipment Access
118 7.3.4 Telecommunications Access Provider Entry into Computer Rooms
7.3.5 Vendor Access
7.3.6 Support Equipment Service Access
7.4 Planning Detail
7.4.1 Entry
7.4.2 Command Center and Personnel Areas
119 7.4.3 Printer Room
7.4.4 Media Storage Room
7.4.5 Restrooms and Break Rooms
7.4.6 Computer Room
7.4.7 Entrance Rooms
120 7.4.8 Mechanical Equipment Space
7.4.9 Electrical Room and UPS Room
7.4.10 Battery Room
121 7.4.11 Fire Suppression Room
7.4.12 Circulation
7.4.13 Equipment Staging and Storage
7.4.14 Equipment Repair Room
7.5 Construction Considerations
7.5.1 Structure Preparation
7.5.2 Floor Slab
122 7.5.3 Computer Room Envelope Wall Construction
7.5.4 Nonrated Partitions
7.5.5 Vapor/Moisture Seal
7.5.6 Door and Glazed Openings
123 7.5.7 Fire-Rated Construction
7.5.8 Access Control Systems
Table 7-1 Minimum Fire Rating of Spaces
124 7.5.9 Airborne Particles
7.5.10 Access Flooring Systems
125 Table 7-2 Computer Room Access Floor Performance Specifications
127 7.5.11 Ceilings
Table 7-3 Suspended Ceiling Infrastructure Mounting Recommendations
128 7.5.12 Equipment Bracing Systems
7.5.13 Computer Room Finishes
7.5.14 Roof Systems
129 8 Structural
8.1 Building Code Compliance and Coordination
8.1.1 Requirements
8.1.2 Additional Information
8.2 Impact of Site Location on Structural Loading
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Recommendations
8.3 Structural Concerns Specific to Data Center Design
8.3.1 Floor Load
130 8.3.2 Raised Access Floors
8.3.3 Mission Critical Equipment in Seismically Active Areas
131 8.3.4 Wind
8.3.5 Earthquake
132 8.3.6 Blast and Terrorist Attack
8.3.7 Ice Shard Impact
133 9 Electrical Systems
9.1 Overview
9.1.1 Introduction
9.1.2 Requirements
9.1.3 Availability and Uptime
134 9.1.4 Redundancy
135 9.1.5 Capacity Versus Utilization Efficiency
136 Table 9-1 Design Efficiency Ratios
9.1.6 Electrical Class Ratings
137 Table 9-2 Class F0 Electrical System Overview
138 Figure 9-1 Class F0 Electrical Concept Diagram (Configuration Without Backup/Alternate Power)
Table 9-3 Class F1 Electrical System Overview
139 Figure 9-2 Class F1 Electrical Concept Diagram
Table 9-4 Class F2 Electrical System Overview
140 Figure 9-3 Class F2 Concept Diagram
Table 9-5 Class F3 Electrical System Overview
141 Figure 9-4 Class F3 Single Utility Source with Two Utility Inputs
142 Figure 9-5 Class F3 Single Utility Source with Single Utility Input
143 Figure 9-6 Class F3 Electrical Topology (xN Or Distributed Redundant)
144 Table 9-6 Class F4 Electrical System Overview
145 Figure 9-7 Class F4 Electrical Topology (System-Plus-System)
146 Figure 9-8 Class F4 Electrical Topology (xN Or Distributed Redundant)
148 Figure 9-9 Class F3 Single Utility Source with Two Utility Inputs “Catcher” System
149 Figure 9-10 Class F4 2(N+1) Electrical Topology with Dual Utility Inputs
150 9.2 Utility Service
9.2.1 Utility Service Planning
151 9.2.2 Low-Voltage Utility Services
Table 9-7 Low-Voltage Distribution Voltages in Some Major Data Center Locations
152 9.2.3 Medium-Voltage and High-Voltage Utility Services
9.2.4 Protective Relaying
9.3 Distribution
9.3.1 Requirements
153 9.3.2 UPS Rectifier or Motor Inputs
9.3.3 Static Switch Bypass Inputs
9.3.4 UPS System Bypass
9.3.5 Input Source Transfer
154 Figure 9-11 Example ATS Sizes
155 9.3.6 Generator Controls and Paralleling
156 9.3.7 Unit Substations
9.3.8 UPS Systems
157 Figure 9-12 Single-Module UPS with Internal Static Bypass and Maintenance Bypass from the Same Source
158 Figure 9-13 Single-Module UPS with Inputs to Rectifier, Static Bypass, and Maintenance Bypass from the Same Source
159 Figure 9-14 Multiple-Module UPS with Inputs to Rectifier and Maintenance Bypass from Same Source – Centralized Static Bypass
160 Figure 9-15 Multiple-Module UPS with Inputs to Rectifier and Maintenance Bypass from Same Source – Paralleled Installation
161 Figure 9-16 Single-Module UPS Bypass – Alternate Bypass Source – Input to Rectifier from Primary Source; Inputs to Static Bypass and Maintenance Bypass from a Second Source
Figure 9-17 Multiple-Module UPS Bypass – Alternate Bypass Sources – Inputs to Rectifiers from Primary Source; Inputs to Static Bypass and Maintenance Bypass from a Second Source
162 Figure 9-18 Single-Module UPS Bypass – Multiple Bypass Sources – Inputs to Rectifier and Static Bypass from Primary Source and Input to Maintenance Bypass from a Second Source
163 Figure 9-19 Multiple-Module UPS Bypass – Multiple Bypass Sources – Inputs to Rectifiers and Static Bypass from Primary Source, and Input to Maintenance Bypass from a Second Source
Figure 9-20 Topology Inside an UPS Unit
164 Table 9-8 Static Bypass Switch Input, By Availability Class
165 9.3.9 UPS Output Distribution
Table 9-9 Summary of UPS Output Switchboard Counts for Classes
166 9.3.10 Power Distribution Units (PDUs)
167 Figure 9-21 An Example of an Approach to UPS Output Switchboard Load Management
168 Table 9-10 Transformer Wirings and Output Voltages Commonly Used in Data Centers
Figure 9-22 PDU Configuration: Single-Corded and PolyCorded Devices
169 9.3.11 Automatic Static Transfer Switches
9.3.12 Power Strips
Figure 9-23 Example of a Power Strip for Mounting in ITE Cabinets
170 9.3.13 Direct Current (DC) Power Systems
Figure 9-24 Automatic Static Transfer Switches
173 9.3.14 Busway Power Distribution
174 9.3.15 Computer Room Equipment Power Distribution
176 Table 9-11 Multipliers for Electrical Distribution System Components
177 Figure 9-25 System Capacities at Various Stages of the Electrical Distribution System
178 Figure 9-26 Class F0 and F1 Circuit Mapping
179 Figure 9-27 Class F2 Circuit Mapping
181 Figure 9-28 Class F3 Circuit Mapping (Manual Operations)
182 Figure 9-29 Class F3 Circuit Mapping (Automated Operations)
183 Figure 9-30 Class F4 Circuit Mapping
184 Figure 9-31 Class F3 50 to 600 VDC Circuit Mapping
Figure 9-32 Class F4 50 to 600 VDC Circuit Mapping
185 9.3.16 Emergency Power Off (EPO) Systems
186 Figure 9-33 Example Organization of an EPO System
187 9.3.17 Fault Current Protection and Fault Discrimination
9.4 Mechanical Equipment Support
9.4.1 Introduction
188 Figure 9-34 Sample Power Circuits for a Class F3 Mechanical System
Figure 9-35 Sample Power Circuits for a Class F4 Mechanical System
189 9.4.2 Requirements
9.4.3 Recommendations
190 9.5 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems
9.5.1 Introduction
191 9.5.2 Sizing and Application
193 9.5.3 Technologies
195 9.5.4 Paralleling and Controls
196 9.5.5 Batteries and Stored Energy Systems
200 Table 9-12 Types and Applications of Li-ion Batteries
201 Table 9-13 Battery Standards Cross-Reference Table (IEEE Standard Number)
202 9.6 Standby and Emergency Power Systems
9.6.1 Sizing and Application
204 9.6.2 Starting Systems
9.6.3 Fuel Systems
205 9.6.4 Fuel Tank and Piping
9.6.5 Exhaust Systems
9.6.6 Cooling Systems
206 9.6.7 Mounting
9.7 Automation and Control
9.7.1 Introduction
9.7.2 Monitoring
Table 9-14 Class Requirements for Temperature Sensors
207 9.7.3 Power Control
9.7.4 System Integration
208 9.8 Lighting
9.8.1 Introduction
9.8.2 General Recommendations
9.8.3 Computer Rooms
209 9.8.4 Support Areas
9.9 Bonding, Grounding, Lightning Protection, and Surge Suppression
9.9.1 Introduction
211 Figure 9-36 Example Critical Facility Bonding and Grounding Diagram for Class F2 and Lower
212 Figure 9-37 Example of Critical Facility Bonding and Grounding Diagram for Class F3
213 Figure 9-38 Example Class F4 Bonding and Grounding Diagram (Two MGB and Two Entrance Facilities)
214 9.9.2 General Recommendations
215 9.9.3 Lightning Protection
9.9.4 Surge Suppression/Surge Protective Devices (SPDs)
216 Table 9-15 SPD Locations as per Class
217 9.9.5 Telecommunications Surge Protection
218 9.9.6 Building Ground (Electrode) Ring
9.9.7 Supplementary Bonding and Grounding
219 Figure 9-39 Typical Data Center Grounding Schema (shown with raised floor)
221 Figure 9-40 Typical Configuration of Flat Strip-Type SBG Within a Mesh-BN
Figure 9-41 Adjacent Rolls Of Flat-Strip-Type SBG Being Exothermically-Welded Together
222 Table 9-16 Grounding and Bonding Connection Schedule
Figure 9-42 Data Center Grounding Infrastructure (Room Level) Example
223 Figure 9-43 Example of Equipment Rack Bonding to a Mesh-BN
224 Figure 9-44 Examples of Inappropriate Equipment Rack Bonding to a Mesh-BN
9.9.8 Information Technology Equipment Interconnections
225 Figure 9-45 Examples of a Rack Bonding Conductor and Rack Grounding Busbar Mounting
226 Figure 9-46 Example of Bonding of Cabinet Side Panel and Door
227 9.9.9 Power System Bonding and Grounding
228 Figure 9-47 Telecommunications Bonding and Grounding Infrastructure
229 Figure 9-48 Similarity of Recommended Grounding for AC and DC Power Systems and Load Equipment
230 Figure 9-49 DC Power System Showing a Single-Point Grounded Return
Figure 9-50 Information Technology Equipment Showing Grounding of DC Power Input (Return Is Insulated)
231 Figure 9-51 Common Bonding Network
Figure 9-52 Isolated (Insulated) Bonding Network
232 9.10 Labeling and Signage
9.10.1 Introduction
9.10.2 Requirements
233 9.10.3 Recommendations
Figure 9-53 Sample Equipment Nameplate
Figure 9-54 Example Arc Flash Warning Label (United States)
234 9.11 Testing and Quality Assurance
9.11.1 Requirements
9.11.2 Recommendations
9.12 Ongoing Operations
9.12.1 Recommendations
9.13 Electrical Systems Matrix
235 Table 9-17 Electrical Systems Availability Classes
253 10 Mechanical Systems
10.1 Codes, References and Terminology
10.1.1 Code Compliance and Coordination
10.1.2 References
10.1.3 Terminology Differences Between Codes and Telecommunications Standards
Section 10 Text References
254 10.2 Selection of Heat Rejection Systems
10.2.1 Temperature and Humidity Requirements
10.2.2 Equipment Heat Release and Airflow Specifications
255 10.2.3 Control of Airborne Contaminants (Gases and Particles)
256 10.3 Heat Rejection and Computer Room Cooling Technologies
10.3.1 Introduction
10.3.2 Requirements for All Heat Rejection and Cooling Systems
10.3.3 Recommendations for All Heat Rejection and Cooling Systems
10.3.4 Fluid Based Heat Rejection and Cooling Systems
257 Figure 10-1 Chiller with Evaporative Condenser Heat Rejection System
258 Figure 10-2 Air-Cooled Condenser Heat Rejection System
259 Figure 10-3 Air-Cooled Chiller Heat Rejection System
260 Figure 10-4 Evaporative Condenser Heat Rejection System
261 Figure 10-5 Natural Water Heat Rejection System
262 Figure 10-6 Computer Room Air Handler Cooling System
263 Figure 10-7 Close Coupled Cooling System
264 Figure 10-8 Liquid Cooling ITE Cooling System
265 Figure 10-9 Row Integrated Cooling Systems
266 10.3.5 Direct Expansion Cooling Systems
267 Figure 10-10 Direct Expansion Computer Room Air Handler Cooling System
268 Figure 10-11 Direct Expansion Integrated Cooling System
269 Figure 10-12 Direct Expansion Closed Cabinet Cooling System
270 10.3.6 Air-Side Economizer Systems
271 Figure 10-13 Direct Air-Side Economizer
272 Figure 10-14 Indirect Air-Side Economizer
273 10.3.7 Dual Coil Cooling Solution
10.4 Mechanical Class Ratings
10.4.1 Introduction
10.4.2 Class F0 and F1 Description
Table 10-2 Class F0 and F1 Mechanical System Overview
274 Figure 10-15 Class F0 and F1 Chiller System Example
275 Figure 10-16 Class F0 and F1 Direct Expansion System Example
10.4.3 Class F2 Description
Table 10-3 Class F2 Mechanical System Overview
276 Figure 10-17 Class F2 Chiller System Example
277 Figure 10-18 Class F2 Direct Expansion System Example
10.4.4 Class F3 Description
Table 10-4 Class F3 Mechanical System Overview
278 Figure 10-19 Class F3 Chiller System Example
279 Figure 10-20 Class F3 Direct Expansion System Example
10.4.5 Class F4 Description
Table 10-5 Class F4 Mechanical System Overview
280 Figure 10-21 Class F4 Chiller System Example
281 Figure 10-22 Class F4 Direct Expansion System Example
Figure 10-23 Valve Configuration Example for Pumps in Class F4 System (Shown in Figure 10-21)
282 10.4.6 Chiller Piping and Valve Redundancy
Figure 10-24 Class F3 Piping and Valve Redundancy Example
283 Figure 10-25 Class F4 Piping and Valve Redundancy Example
284 10.5 Air Flow Management
10.5.1 General Considerations
10.5.2 Introduction to Air Flow Management
285 10.5.3 Hot Aisle/Cold Aisle Concept
286 10.5.4 Access Floor Air Distribution
287 10.5.5 Overhead Air Distribution
10.5.6 RowIntegrated Cooling
288 10.5.7 Equipment Layout
10.5.8 Supply Air Layout
10.5.9 Return Air Layout
10.5.10 Cable Management
10.6 Ventilation (Outside Air)
289 10.6.1 Computer Rooms
10.6.2 Battery Rooms
290 10.7 Other Design Considerations
10.7.1 Humidity Control
10.7.2 Maximum Altitude
10.7.3 Noise Levels
10.7.4 Supplemental Cooling
292 10.8 Mechanical Equipment (Design and Operation) Recommendations
10.8.1 General Recommendations
10.8.2 Computer Room Air Conditioning (CRAC) and Computer Room Air Handling (CRAH) Units
10.8.3 Chilled Water Systems
293 10.8.4 Chillers
10.8.5 Cooling Towers
10.8.6 Adiabatic Cooling and Humidification
10.8.7 Thermal Storage
294 10.8.8 Piping and Pumps
10.8.9 Leak Detection
295 10.8.10 Water Supplies and Drainage
10.8.11 Materials in Air Plenums
10.9 Immersion (Liquid) Cooling
297 11 Fire Protection
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Basic Design Elements
11.3 General Requirements and Recommendations
11.3.1 Requirements
298 11.3.2 Recommendations
11.4 Walls, Floors, and Ceilings
11.4.1 Requirements
11.5 Aisle Containment
11.5.1 Introduction
299 11.5.2 Aisle Containment Construction and Materials
11.5.3 Detection Systems in Contained Spaces
11.5.4 Suppression Systems in Contained Spaces
300 11.5.5 Additional Information
Figure 11-1 Variations of Air Flow in a Data Center with Aisle Containment
301 11.6 Handheld Fire Extinguishers
11.6.1 Requirements
11.6.2 Recommendations
11.7 Fire Detection
11.7.1 Area Requirements
Recommended Detection Systems for Data Center Spaces
302 11.7.2 Detector Technology
303 11.7.3 Early Warning Detection Systems
11.8 Fire Suppression
11.8.1 Water Sprinkler Systems
304 Table 11-2 Recommended Sprinkler Systems for Data Center Spaces
305 11.8.2 Gaseous Fire Suppression
306 11.8.3 Oxygen Depletion Systems
307 11.9 Fire Alarm Systems
11.9.1 Introduction
Figure 11-2 Basic Fire Alarm System
308 11.9.2 Requirements
11.9.3 Additional Information
11.10 Labeling and Signage
11.10.1 Requirements
11.10.2 Recommendations
11.11 Testing and Quality Assurance
11.11.1 Requirements
11.11.2 Recommendations
11.12 Ongoing Operations
11.12.1 Requirements
11.12.2 Recommendations
309 12 Security
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Definitions
Figure 12-1 Security Measures
310 Figure 12-2 Security Layers
12.3 Data Center Security Plan
12.3.1 Introduction
311 12.3.2 Recommendations
312 12.3.3 Physical Security Plan
12.3.4 IT/Cyber Security Plan
12.3.5 Disaster Recovery Plan
12.3.6 Emergency and Other Required Plans
313 12.4 Design and the Data Center Security Plan
12.4.1 Introduction
12.4.2 General
12.4.3 Access Control
314 12.4.4 Signage and Display Policy and Procedures
12.4.5 Fire Prevention, Detection, and Suppression
12.4.6 Monitoring and Alarms Policy and Procedures
12.4.7 Material Control and Loss Prevention
315 12.4.8 Surveillance Policy and Procedure
12.5 Building Site Considerations
12.5.1 Introduction
12.5.2 General Recommendations
12.5.3 Lighting
316 Table 12-1 Minimum Lighting Levels
12.5.4 Perimeter Fencing and Barriers
317 12.5.5 Automotive Threats and Concerns
12.5.6 Threat History
318 12.5.7 Natural Threats and Concerns
12.5.8 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives
12.5.9 Medical Disasters and Epidemics
12.5.10 Crime Prevention Through Environment Design
320 12.6 Data Center Elements
12.6.1 Barriers
Table 12-2 Thickness of Concrete Wall for Projectile Protection
321 Table 12-3 Vehicle Barrier Comparison
322 Table 12-4 Speed Of Concrete Wall Penetration
323 Table 12-5 Time to Penetrate Industrial Pedestrian Doors
325 Table 12-6 Time to Penetrate Windows
329 12.6.2 Lighting
12.6.3 Access Control
330 Figure 12-3 Levels of Access Control
335 Figure 12-4 Example of an Access Control System Topology
338 12.6.4 Alarms
339 12.6.5 Surveillance
341 12.6.6 Time Synchronization
342 12.7 Building Shell
12.7.1 General Recommendations
343 12.7.2 Doorways and Windows
12.7.3 Signage and Displays
12.7.4 Construction
12.7.5 Elevators
344 12.7.6 Emergency Exits
12.7.7 Utilities
12.7.8 Hazardous Material Storage
12.8 Computer Room and Critical Facility Areas Special Considerations
12.8.1 General
345 12.8.2 Construction
12.8.3 Eavesdropping
12.8.4 Media
12.8.5 Fire Prevention
12.8.6 Dust
346 12.9 Disaster Recovery Plan
12.9.1 Introduction
12.9.2 Requirements
12.9.3 Recommendations
347 12.9.4 Security Plan and Disaster Recovery
349 13 Facility, Ancillary and IP-enabled Systems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 General Requirements
13.2.1 Spaces
13.2.2 Cabling and Cabling Infrastructure
13.2.3 Enclosures
13.3 General Recommendations
13.4 Data Center Infrastructure Management
13.4.1 Introduction
350 13.4.2 Architecture
Figure 13-1 Example DCIM Architecture
351 13.4.3 Monitoring and Management
13.5 Facility Systems
13.5.1 Introduction
13.5.2 General Requirements
13.5.3 Building Automation and Management Systems
353 13.5.4 Lighting
13.6 Electronic Safety and Security Systems
13.6.1 Introduction
13.6.2 Cabling Infrastructure
13.7 Wireless Systems
355 14 Telecommunications Cabling, Infrastructure, Pathways and Spaces
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Telecommunications Cabling Infrastructure Classes
14.2.1 Introduction
356 14.2.2 Class C0 and C1 Telecommunications Infrastructure
Table 14-1 Class C0 and C1 Overview
14.2.3 Class C2 Telecommunications Infrastructure
Table 14-2 Class C2 Overview
357 Figure 14-1 Class C0 and C1 Concept Diagram
358 Figure 14-2 Class C2 Concept Diagram
359 14.2.4 Class C3 Telecommunications Infrastructure
Table 14-3 Class C3 Overview
360 Figure 14-3 Class C3 Concept Diagram
361 14.2.5 Class C4 Telecommunications Infrastructure
Table 14-4 Class C4 Overview
362 Figure 14-4 Class C4 Concept Diagram
363 14.3 Cabling Topology
14.3.1 Introduction
14.3.2 Horizontal Cabling Topology
14.3.3 Backbone Cabling Topology
14.3.4 Accommodation of Non-Star Configurations
14.3.5 Redundant Cabling Topologies
364 Figure 14-5 Data Center Cabling Topology Example
365 14.3.6 Low Latency Topology
Figure 14-6 Example of a Fabric Architecture with Redundancy
14.4 Data Center Spaces for Telecommunications
14.4.1 Introduction
366 14.4.2 Design and Structural Requirements
14.4.3 Entrance Rooms
367 14.4.4 Main Distribution Area (MDA)
368 14.4.5 Intermediate Distribution Area (IDA)
14.4.6 Horizontal Distribution Area (HDA)
14.4.7 Zone Distribution Area (ZDA)
14.4.8 Equipment Distribution Area (EDA)
369 14.5 Outside Plant Cabling Infrastructure
14.5.1 Underground Service Pathways
14.5.2 Aerial Service Pathways
370 14.6 Access Providers
14.6.1 Access Provider Coordination
371 14.6.2 Redundancy
14.6.3 Access Provider Demarcation
372 Figure 14-7 Cross-Connection Circuits to IDC Connecting Hardware Cabled to Modular Jacks in the T568A 8Pin Sequence
Figure 14-8 Cross-Connection Circuits to IDC Connecting Hardware Cabled to Modular Jacks in the T568B 8Pin Sequence
374 14.7 Telecommunications Cabling Pathways
14.7.1 General
375 Table 14-5 Maximum Cable Stacking Height in Cabling Pathways
376 14.7.2 Security
14.7.3 Separation of Power and Telecommunications Cabling
377 14.7.4 Cable Tray Support Systems
379 14.8 Backbone Cabling
14.8.1 Introduction
14.8.2 General Requirements
14.8.3 General Recommendations
14.8.4 Cabling Types
380 14.8.5 Redundant Backbone Cabling
14.8.6 Backbone Cabling Length Limitations
381 14.8.7 Centralized Cabling
Figure 14-9 Example of Centralized Cabling Topology
382 14.9 Horizontal Cabling
14.9.1 Introduction
14.9.2 Zone Outlets, Consolidation Points, and Local Distribution Points
383 14.9.3 Redundant Horizontal Cabling
14.9.4 Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling
14.9.5 Optical Fiber Cabling
384 Table 14-6 Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Channel Performance
Table 14-7 Optical Fiber Cable Performance by Type
386 14.9.6 Horizontal Cabling Length Limitations
14.9.7 Shared Sheath Guidelines
387 14.10 Cabling Installation
14.10.1 General Requirements
14.10.2 Cable Management
389 14.10.3 Bend Radius and Pulling Tension Guidelines
Table 14-8 Balanced Twisted-Pair Cable Bend Radius and Pulling Tension
390 Table 14-9 Optical Fiber Cable Bend Radius and Pulling Tension
14.10.4 Abandoned Cable
14.10.5 Cleaning of Optical Fiber Connectors
393 14.11 Field Testing Data Center Telecommunications Cabling
14.11.1 Introduction
394 14.11.2 Installation Conformance
14.11.3 100ohm Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Field Testing
395 Figure 14-10 Permanent Link Example
Figure 14-11 Channel Model Example
396 Table 14-10 Balanced Twisted-Pair Field Testing
397 14.11.4 Optical Fiber Cabling Field Testing
399 Table 14-11 Reference Jumper Repeatability Allowance
400 Table 14-12 Common IEEE Applications Using Multimode Optical Fiber Cabling
401 Table 14-13 Common IEEE Applications Using Singlemode Optical Fiber Cabling
402 Table 14-14 Common Fibre Channel Applications Using Optical Fiber Cabling
403 14.12 Telecommunications and Computer Cabinets and Racks
14.12.1 Introduction
14.12.2 Requirements and Recommendations
Table 14-15 Alternative Cabinet and Rack Specifications
404 14.12.3 Cabinet and Rack Configurations
406 14.12.4 Cabinet Airflow and Cabling Capacity
Figure 14-12 Blanking Panels Installed in Empty RUs
Table 14-16 Example of Cabinet Depth Guidelines
407 Figure 14-13 Cabinet Aperture Opening
409 Figure 14-14 Illustration of Components for Cable Capacity Formulae
413 Table 14-17 Available Space for Calculating Cabinet Vertical Cable Capacity
414 14.12.5 Cabinet and Rack Installations
Figure 14-15 Cabinets Are Identified and Labeled
Figure 14-16 Example of Labeled Termination Ports and Equipment Cords
415 Figure 14-17 Effect Of Internal Hot Air Recirculation
Figure 14-18 How Reducing Internal Hot Air Recirculation Reduces Input Air Temperature
416 Figure 14-19 Gasket Seals Off Access Floor Tile Cutout In Vertical Cable Manager
Figure 14-20 Brush Grommet Seals Access Floor Tile Cutout
417 Figure 14-21 Illustration of Securing Cabinets and Racks on an Access Floor to a Concrete Slab Using Threaded Rod and Steel Channel
418 14.12.6 Thermal Management in Cabinets
Figure 14-22 Hot Aisle/Cold Aisle Cabinet Layout
419 Figure 14-23 Illustration of Short Depth ITE Intaking Heated Air from Exhaust
421 14.13 Telecommunications Cabling, Pathways, and Spaces Administration
14.13.1 General
422 14.13.2 Identification Conventions for Data Center Components
423 Figure 14-25 Room Grid Coordinate System Example
425 14.13.3 Records
426 14.13.4 Automated Infrastructure Management
Figure 14-26 Automated Infrastructure Management Interconnection Configuration Example
427 Figure 14-27 Automated Infrastructure Management Cross-Connection Configuration Example
429 15 Information Technology
15.1 Network Infrastructure Reliability
15.1.1 Overview
15.1.2 Network Infrastructure Availability Classes
430 Table 15-1 Tactics for Class N0 and N1
431 Table 15-2 Tactics for Class N2
432 Table 15-3 Tactics for Class N3
Table 15-4 Tactics for Class N4
435 15.2 Computer Room Layout
15.2.1 Introduction
15.2.2 Equipment Configuration for Efficiency
15.2.3 Connectivity Panel Distribution
436 Figure 15-5 Simple Connection Topology
437 Figure 15-6 Sample Zone Distribution Topology
438 15.2.4 Switch Placement
Figure 15-8 Centralized Switch Schematic
439 Figure 15-9 End-of-Row Switch Schematic
440 Figure 15-10 Top-of-Rack Switch Schematic
15.2.5 Material Storage
15.3 Operations Center
15.3.1 Monitoring of Building Systems
15.3.2 Location
441 15.3.3 Channel and Console Cabling
443 15.3.4 KVM Switches
15.4 Communications for Network Personnel
15.4.1 Wired/Wireless/Hands-Free Voice Communications
444 Figure 15-11 No Radio Zone Around Suppression Tank Room
445 15.4.2 Wireless Network for Portable Maintenance Equipment
15.4.3 Zone Paging
15.5 Network Security for Facility and IT Networks
15.5.1 Overview
446 Figure 15-12 Example of Facility & IT Network Topology
15.5.2 Requirements
447 15.5.3 Recommendations
15.6 Disaster Recovery
15.6.1 Introduction
15.6.2 Onsite Data Center Redundancy
15.6.3 Offsite Data Storage
448 15.6.4 Colocation Facility
15.6.5 Mirroring and Latency
449 15.6.6 Data Center System Failures
451 16 Commissioning
16.1 General
16.1.1 Introduction
16.2 Terminology
452 16.3 Types of Commissioning
16.3.1 New Building
453 16.3.2 Existing Building
16.4 Personnel and Responsibilities
16.4.1 Project Owner
454 16.4.2 Design Team
16.4.3 Commissioning Agent (CxA)
455 16.4.4 Contractor and Subcontractor
16.4.5 Operation and Maintenance Staff (O&M)
456 16.5 Phases of the Commissioning Process
16.5.1 Overview
16.5.2 Program Phase
Figure 16-1 General Commissioning Phases Flow Chart
457 Figure 16-2 Pre-Design Commissioning Phase Flow Chart
16.5.3 Design Phase
458 Figure 16-3 Design Commissioning Phase Flow Chart
16.5.4 Construction & Acceptance Phase
459 Figure 16-4 Construction Commissioning Phase Flow Chart
16.5.5 Occupancy and Operations Phase
460 Figure 16-5 Occupancy and Operations Commissioning Phase Flow Chart
16.6 Commissioning Documents
16.6.1 Introduction
461 Table 16-1 Commissioning Documentation Matrix
462 16.6.2 Project Requirements
463 16.6.3 Commissioning Feasibility Study
16.6.4 Project Schedule
16.6.5 Commissioning Plan
464 16.6.6 Incident Log
16.6.7 Basis of Design
16.6.8 Design Reviews
465 16.6.9 Construction Specifications for Commissioning
16.6.10 Building Operations Manual
16.6.11 Guidelines for O&M Training According to Specifications
16.6.12 List of Test Equipment and Functional Checklist
16.6.13 Compliance Data Sheets (Submittals)
466 16.6.14 System Operation and Maintenance Manuals
16.6.15 List of Equipment
16.6.16 Coordination of Systems Building Plans
16.6.17 Test Procedures
467 16.6.18 Agendas and Minutes of CxT Meetings
16.6.19 Training Plan
16.6.20 Maintenance Plan
16.6.21 Seasonal Testing Procedures
16.6.22 Commissioning Process Report
468 16.6.23 Continuous Commissioning Plan
16.7 Testing
16.7.1 Introduction
16.7.2 Functional Testing Components
16.7.3 Functional Testing Procedures
16.7.4 Testing Equipment
469 16.7.5 System Testing
16.7.6 Acceptance Testing
470 16.7.7 Electrical System Testing Example
16.8 System User Training
16.8.1 Overview
471 16.8.2 Training Schedules
16.8.3 Position or Task Training
473 17 Data Center Maintenance
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Maintenance Plans
17.2.1 Introduction
17.2.2 Maintenance Philosophies
474 17.2.3 Recommendations
475 17.2.4 Additional Information
17.3 System Maintenance
17.3.1 General Requirements and Recommendations
17.3.2 Electrical Systems Maintenance
476 17.3.3 HVAC and Mechanical Systems Maintenance
477 17.3.4 Telecommunication Cabling and Infrastructure Maintenance
17.3.5 IT Equipment and Systems Maintenance
478 17.3.6 Data Center and Building System Maintenance
17.4 Maintenance Recordkeeping
17.4.1 Recommendations
479 17.5 Service Contracts
17.5.1 Recommendations
17.5.2 Example ESS Service Contract Provisions
481 Appendix A Design Process (Informative)
A.1 Introduction
Figure A-1 Traditional A/E Design Process
482 Figure A-2 Data Center A/E Design Process
483 A.2 Project Delivery Methods
484 A.3 Facility Design Phases
486 A.4 Technology Design Phases
487 A.5 Commissioning
A.6 Data Center Documentation
488 A.7 Existing Facility Assessments
489 Appendix B Reliability and Availability (Informative)
B.1 Introduction
490 B.2 Creating MissionCritical Data Centers Overview
Figure B-1 Planning Process for a MissionCritical Facility
491 B.3 Risk Analysis
B.4 Availability
492 B.5 Determining the Data Center Availability Class
493 Figure B-2 Relationship of Factors in Data Center Services Availability Class
Table B-1 Identifying Operational Requirements: Time Available for Planned Maintenance Shutdown
494 Table B-2 Identifying Operational Availability Rating: Maximum Annual Downtime (Availability %)
495 Table B-3 Classifying the Impact of Downtime on the Mission
Table B-4 Determining Data Center Services Availability Class
B.6 Data Center Availability Classes
496 Table B-5 Tactics for Class 0
Table B-6 Tactics for Class 1
497 Table B-7 Tactics for Class 2
Table B-8 Tactics for Class 3
498 Table B-9 Tactics for Class 4
B.7 Availability Class Sub Groups
499 B.8 Reliability Aspects of Availability Planning
Figure B-3 Sample Reliability Calculation
500 Table B-10 Relationship Between Availability Percentage and Allowable Downtime
B.9 Other Factors
Figure B-4 Continuous Improvement Cycle
501 B.10 Other Reliability Alternatives
B.11 Reliability Planning Worksheet
505 Appendix C Alignment of Data Center Services Reliability with Application and System Architecture (Informative)
C.1 Overview
C.2 Application Reliability
506 Table C-1 Tactics for Class A0 and A1
Figure C-1 Class A0 and A1 Application Architecture
507 Table C-2 Tactics for Class A2
Figure C-2 Class A2 Application Architecture
508 Table C-3 Tactics for Class A3 and A4
Figure C-3 Class A3 and A4 Application Architecture
509 C.3 Data Processing and Storage Systems Reliability
Table C-4 Tactics for Class S0 and S1
510 Figure C-4 Class S0 and S1 Systems Architecture
Table C-5 Tactics for Class S2
Figure C-5 Class S2 Systems Architecture
511 Table C-6 Tactics for Class S3
Figure C-6 Class S3 Systems Architecture
512 Table C-7 Tactics for Class S4
Figure C-7 Class S4 Systems Architecture
513 Appendix D Data Center Services Outsourcing Models (Informative)
D.1 Introduction
D.2 Data Center Services Outsourcing Models
514 D.3 Data Center Services Outsourcing Model Comparison
Figure D-1 Outsourcing Model Matrix
515 D.4 Public Cloud Services
517 Appendix E Multi-Data Center Architecture (Informative)
E.1 Overview
Figure E-1 Reliability Framework Across All Service Layers
518 E.2 High Availability In-House Multi-Data Center Architecture Example
Figure E-2 Multi-Data Center Class 3 Example
519 E.3 Private Cloud Multi-Data Center Architecture Examples
Figure E-3 Multi-Data Center Class 3 Example With Three Class 2 Facilities
520 Figure E-4 Multi-Data Center Class 4 Example with Four Class 2 Facilities
521 Appendix F Examples of Testing Documentation (Informative)
F.1 Introduction
F.2 Example of PDU Testing
525 F.3 Example of UPS and Diesel Generator Testing
539 Appendix G Design for Energy Efficiency (Informative)
G.1 Introduction
Figure G-1 Example of Data Center Electricity Utilization
540 G.2 Regulatory Trends
541 G.3 Design for Efficiency
542 G.4 Efficiency Content of ANSI/BICSI 002-2019
543 Appendix H Colocation Technical Planning (Informative)
H.1 Introduction
H.2 Administrative
H.3 Floor Plan
H.4 Ceiling Height
544 H.5 Movement of Equipment
H.6 Floor Loading
H.7 Cabinets
545 H.8 Meet-Me Rooms (MMRs) / Point-of-Presence Rooms (POPs)
H.9 Cabling Between Customer Space and MMRs/POPs
546 H.10 Cabling within Cage/Suite
H.11 Power Within Computer Rooms
547 H.12 Physical Security
H.13 Storage and Staging
H.14 Loading Dock
H.15 Work Rules and Procedures
549 Appendix I Edge Data Centers (Informative)
I.1 Introduction
Figure I-1 Example of an Edge Data Center
550 Radio and Access Edge Data Centers
Figure I-3 Establishment Based EDCs
552 I.2 Planning for the Edge Data Center (EDC) Facility
I.3 Edge Data Center Power
554 I.4 Cooling Edge Data Centers
555 I.5 Communication Cabling
I.6 Security, Fire Protection and Building Automation.
557 Appendix J Alternate Means of Disconnect for EPOs (Informative)
J.1 Introduction
J.2 NEC Article 645
J.3 Compliant Alternate Means
558 Figure J-1 Example of an Alternate Means of Disconnect Control Panel
Figure J-2 Example of an Alternate Means of Disconnect Deactivation Switch with Status Lamp
559 Appendix K Liquid Cooling Systems (Informative)
K.1 Overview
K.2 Liquid Cooling System Types
560 Figure K-1 Diagram of Single Phase Direct-To-Chip Liquid Cooling
Figure K-2 Diagram of Two-Phase Direct-To-Chip Liquid Cooling
561 Figure K-3 Diagram of Single Phase Immersion Liquid Cooling
562 Figure K-4 Diagram of Two-Phase Immersion Liquid Cooling
563 Figure K-5 Diagram of a Single Phase Immersion Liquid Cooling Chassis
Figure K-6 Diagram of a Single Phase Spray Liquid Cooling
564 Figure K-7 Diagram of a Two- Phase Spray Liquid Cooling
K.3 Recommendations of Liquid Cooling Systems
566 K.4 Monitoring & Control Systems
K.5 Heat Rejection Systems
567 Figure K-8 Diagram of Liquid Cooling Heat Rejection Types and Location of Elements
568 K.6 Recommendations for Heat Rejection Types
K.7 Maintenance of Liquid Cooling Systems
569 K.8 Benefits of Liquid Cooling Systems
570 K.9 Applications of Liquid Cooling Systems
K.10 Additional Information
571 Appendix L Related Documents (Informative)
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BICSI 008 2024 ?u=/product/publishers/bicsi/bicsi-008-2024/ Sun, 20 Oct 2024 09:37:12 +0000 ANSI/BICSI 008-2024, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Systems Design and Implementation Best Practices
Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BICSI 2024
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While IEEE 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6/6E) remains the dominant WLAN protocol for speed, Wi-Fi 7 (IEEE 802.11 be) is set to emerge onto the market. As advances in the underlying technology and methods have continued, Wi-Fi 7 is projected to push current cabling infrastructure to its limits given the speeds and number of devices it has already proven capable of supporting. As with the initial release of ANSI/BICSI 008 and the onset of Wi-Fi 6, the 2024 version arrives with guidance for supporting Wi-Fi 7. As BICSI 008 is in its first revision, content has been restructured for usability and expanded, including access point enclosures, horizontal cabling methods, fault-managed power, and hybrid cabling. Additionally, new requires were created for WLAN systems to aid in supporting all Wi-Fi 7 and higher performing systems, as well as the integration of WLAN system within intelligent building infrastructure for those systems which utilize the WLAN rather than traditional cabling for connectivity.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
6 Table of Contents
10 Index of Figures
Index of Tables
14 1 Introduction
1.1 General
1.2 Purpose
1.3 Categories of Criteria
16 2 Scope
2.1 Systems
2.2 Limitations
18 3 Required Standards and Documents
20 4 Definitions, Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Units of Measurement
4.1 Definitions
23 4.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations
4.3 Units of Measurement
24 5 Wireless LAN Systems
5.1 Overview
Figure 5-1 Example of a WLAN
5.2 WLAN Components
5.2.1 WLAN Controller
5.2.2 WLAN Access Points
26 5.2.3 Wireless LAN Interface Card
5.3 WLAN Protocols
5.3.1 Overview
5.3.2 Layers
5.3.3 IEEE 802.11 Protocols
27 Table 5-1 IEEE 802.11 Protocols Used Within WLANs
28 5.4 WLAN Frequency and Channels
5.4.1 Theory of Operation
5.4.2 ITU Spectrum Allocation
29 Figure 5-2 International Telecommunication Union Regions
5.4.3 Radio Bands used by Wi-Fi
32 5.5 WLAN Personnel
5.5.1 Overview
5.5.2 Customer
33 Figure 5-3 WLAN Personnel
5.5.3 Sales Person
5.5.4 Wireless Designer
5.5.5 Wireless Technical Specialist
5.5.6 Cabling Installer
5.5.7 Wireless Installer
34 5.5.8 Wireless Auditor
5.5.9 Wireless Support
5.5.10 Wireless Certifications for Personnel
35 5.6 WLAN Supported IoT
36 6 WLAN Cabling Infrastructure
6.1 Overview
6.2 Spaces
6.2.1 General Requirements
6.3 Cabling Pathways
6.3.1 Overview
6.3.2 Requirements
37 6.3.3 Recommendations
6.3.4 Pathway Separation from Power and EMI Sources
6.3.5 Pathway Bonding and Grounding
6.4 Cabling
6.4.1 Topology
6.4.2 Backbone Cabling
Figure 6-1 Hierarchical Star Topology
38 6.4.3 Horizontal Cabling
Figure 6-2 Horizontal Cabling within Star Topology
39 6.5 Outlets, Coverage Areas and Horizontal Connection Points
6.5.1 Overview
40 Figure 6-3 Types of Outlets Within a Building
6.5.2 Zone Cabling
41 Figure 6-4 Example of Square and Hexagonal Service Outlet Coverage Area Patterns with Circular Device Coverage Areas Shown
42 Figure 6-5 Example of Square and Hexagonal Pattern Coverage Area Zones for Service Outlets
6.5.3 Horizontal Connection Point (HCP)
Figure 6-6 Example of a Flush Wall or Ceiling Mounted Horizontal Connection Point
43 6.6 Device Connections
6.6.1 Overview
6.6.2 Outlets and Connectors
44 6.6.3 Direct Connections
Figure 6-7 Example of a Direct Connection
6.7 Bonding and Grounding Considerations
6.7.1 Requirements
6.8 Administration
6.8.1 Requirements
45 6.8.2 Recommendations
6.9 Simultaneous Power and Data Transmission
6.9.1 Power over Ethernet (PoE)
Table 6-1 Data and Power Transmission Methods
46 6.9.2 Hybrid Cabling Systems
6.10 Supporting 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T
6.10.1 Overview
6.10.2 Requirements
6.10.3 Recommendations
Table 6-2 Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Media for 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T
48 7 Wireless System Design and Implementation
7.1 Regulatory and Safety
7.1.1 Local Code Requirements
7.1.2 Safety
7.1.3 Requirements
7.2 Design Process
7.2.1 Overview
49 Figure 7-1 WLAN Design/Deployment Cycle
7.2.2 Determine Requirements
7.2.3 High Level Design
50 7.2.4 Site Survey
53 7.2.5 Detailed Design (Low Level Design)
54 7.2.6 Design Reports and Documents
7.2.7 Installation
55 7.2.8 Validation Site Survey
56 Figure 7-2 Heatmap Showing Overall Coverage of 3 APs
57 Figure 7-3 Heatmap Showing Channel Overlap of 3 APs
7.2.9 Finalization
58 7.3 Customer Requirements Analysis
7.3.1 Introduction
59 7.4 Wi-Fi Channel Plans
60 7.5 AP Density
7.5.1 Introduction
7.5.2 Capacity Based
7.5.3 Coverage Based
61 Table 7-1 Recommended RSSI Values by Service Level
62 7.6 Access Points and Enclosures
7.6.1 Design Considerations
Figure 7-4 Example of a Quick Access Enclosure with Space for Service Loops and Connectivity Components
63 Figure 7-5 Examples of Interchangeable Elements for AP Mounting
Figure 7-6 Examples of Enclosure Concealment
64 7.6.2 Installation Recommendation
Figure 7-7 Example of a Wireless Access Point Mounted in the Horizontal Position
7.7 Cabling Installation Requirements
7.7.1 Overview
7.7.2 Bonding and Grounding Considerations
65 7.7.3 Transmission Performance Field Testing
Figure 7-8 Field Test Configuration for Modular Plug Terminated Link
66 7.8 WLAN Implementation and Management
7.8.1 Introduction
7.8.2 Documentation
7.8.3 System Testing and Inspection
7.8.4 System Revisions and Maintenance
67 7.9 Mobile Cellular Offloading
68 8 Site and Functional Considerations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Healthcare Facilities
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Design Considerations (Healthcare Facility Wireless)
8.2.3 Design Requirements and Recommendations
69 8.2.4 Teams
8.2.5 Unique Challenges
70 8.3 Educational Facilities
8.3.1 Overview
8.3.2 Elementary and Secondary Schools
8.3.3 School Administration Entities
8.3.4 Colleges and Universities
71 8.4 Facilities for Vehicle Parking
8.4.1 Overview
8.4.2 Stand-Alone or Attached Parking Structure Construction
72 8.4.3 Parking Facilities Integrated into Structures
8.4.4 Parking Structure and Parking Facilities Construction Specifics
8.4.5 External Concerns
8.4.6 Wireless Traffic Demand
8.5 RF-Free Zones
74 Appendix A Wireless Personal and Body Area Networks (PANs and BANs) (Informative)
A.1 Infrared 802.11 IR
A.2 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) 802.15
76 A.3 Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) 802.15.6
78 Appendix B Basic Service Sets (Informative)
80 Appendix C Fault Managed Power (Informative)
C.1 Fault Managed Power or Class 4 Circuits
82 Appendix D Light Fidelity Technology (Informative)
D.1 What is Li-Fi
D.2 Li-Fi Model
83 D.3 Implementation
84 Appendix E Related Documents (Informative)
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BICSI 007 2024 ?u=/product/publishers/bicsi/bicsi-007-2024/ Sun, 20 Oct 2024 09:37:11 +0000 ANSI/BICSI 007-2024, Information Communication Technology Design and Implementation Practices for Intelligent Buildings and Premises
Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BICSI 2024
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ANSI/BICSI 007-2024 continues to be the seminal standard for the design and implementation of ICT infrastructure necessary for all network enabled building systems, from traditional, smart, IoT, emerging and everything in between. The 2024 edition is updated with guidance for both single-pair Ethernet and power over digital line (PoDL) and includes initial information regarding fault-managed power. Section 10 for AV systems also doubled in size, with a focus on audio and video conferencing. Other revisions include guidance for extended cabling ranges to devices, as well as device mounting and enclosures wireless systems or protocols which may need to be supported. ANSI/BICSI 007 continues to be the resource for ICT connectivity, covering, but not limited to the following types of systems: Building automation systems (BAS) Building management systems (BMS) Energy management systems (EMS) Low voltage / PoE Lighting Electronic security systems (ESS) Video surveillance Access control Intrusion detection Class N fire alarm Emergency communication telephones Intercom, paging, and mass notification Sound masking Digital signage and wayfinding Assisted listening systems Asset management (RFID) Vertical transportation (e.g., elevators)

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
6 Table of Contents
14 Index of Figures
16 Index of Tables
20 1 Introduction
1.1 General
1.2 Purpose
1.3 Categories of Criteria
2 Scope
22 3 Required Standards and Documents
24 4 Definitions, Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Units of Measurement
4.1 Definitions
28 4.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations
29 4.3 Units of Measurement
30 5 Communications Infrastructure
5.1 Overview
5.2 Topology
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Requirements
Figure 5-1 Hierarchical Star Topology
31 5.2.3 Recommendations
Figure 5-2 Examples of Non-star Topologies
5.3 Spaces
5.3.1 Equipment Rooms
33 Figure 5-3 Example of Equipment Dimensions and Required Working Clearances
34 Table 5-1 Recommended Cross-Connect Color Codes
Figure 5-4 Example Layout of a Mixed Cabinet and Rack Row
35 5.3.2 Telecommunications Rooms and Telecommunications Enclosures
37 Figure 5-5 Example TR Supporting Multiple Systems
38 Figure 5-6 Example TR Providing Supporting Restricted Access
5.4 Cabling
5.4.1 Backbone Cabling
39 5.4.2 Horizontal Cabling
Figure 5-7 Building System Horizontal Cabling Elements within a Star Topology
40 Table 5-2 Horizontal Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling for Intelligent Buildings Applications
41 5.4.3 Hybrid Cables
5.4.4 Single Pair Ethernet
42 5.4.5 Additional Horizontal Cabling Considerations
5.5 Cabling Pathways
5.5.1 Overview
5.5.2 Requirements
43 5.5.3 Recommendations
5.5.4 Pathway Separation from Power and EMI Sources
Table 5-3 EMI Separation Tables
44 5.5.5 Pathway Bonding and Grounding
5.5.6 Enclosures, Pull Boxes and Splice Boxes
5.5.7 Special Considerations
45 5.5.8 Secure Areas
46 5.6 Outlets and Connectors
5.6.1 Overview
5.6.2 Requirements
5.6.3 Recommendations
Figure 5-8 Types of Outlets Within a Building
47 5.7 Horizontal Connection Point (HCP)
5.7.1 Introduction
Figure 5-9 Example of an HCP Mounted in a Ceiling Enclosure
5.7.2 Requirements
5.7.3 Recommendations
48 5.8 Direct Connections
5.8.1 Introduction
5.8.2 Requirements
Figure 5-10 Example of a Direct Connection
5.8.3 Recommendations
5.9 Cabling and Infrastructure Installation
5.9.1 Requirements
49 5.9.2 Recommendations
5.9.3 Transmission Performance Field Testing
Figure 5-11 Field Test Configuration for Modular Plug Terminated Link
50 5.10 Administration
5.10.1 Requirements
5.10.2 Recommendations
5.10.3 Automated Infrastructure Management (AIM)
51 5.11 Wireless
5.11.1 Wireless LAN and Distributed Antenna Systems
5.11.2 Wireless Mesh and Low Power Wireless
52 5.12 Passive Optical Networks
5.12.1 Overview
53 5.12.2 Requirements
5.12.3 Additional Information
5.13 General Site Conditions
54 6 Design Considerations for Building Systems
6.1 Horizontal Cabling Configuration
6.1.1 Star Topology Without HCPs
Figure 6-1 Example of a Star Topology Deployment for PoE Lighting
55 6.1.2 Zone Cabling
Figure 6-2 Example of a Zone Cabling Deployment for PoE Lighting
56 Figure 6-3 Example of Grid and Hexagonal SO Coverage Area Patterns with Circular Device Coverage Areas Shown
57 Figure 6-4 Example of Grid and Hexagonal Pattern Coverage Area Zones
Table 6-1 Typical Building Device Density
58 6.1.3 Tree Topology
Figure 6-5 Example of a Tree Topology Cabling Deployment for PoE Lighting
59 6.2 Electrical Power
6.2.1 Overview
6.2.2 Power Supply Units
6.2.3 Uninterruptible Power Supplies
60 6.2.4 Electrical Conductors
61 6.2.5 Fault Managed Power
6.2.6 Microgrids
6.3 Simultaneous Data and Power Transmission
6.3.1 Introduction
Table 6-2 PoE and HDBaseT Power Specifications
62 Table 6-3 PoDL Class 0-9 (IEEE 802.3bu.2)
Table 6-4 PoDL Class 10-15 (IEEE 802.3cg)
6.3.2 Power Injectors
63 6.3.3 Cabling and Installation
64 6.3.4 Planning PoE and PoDL Deployments
6.4 Extended Distance Cabling
6.5 Device Mounting
6.5.1 Height
65 6.5.2 Ceilings
6.5.3 Enclosures
6.5.4 Poles
66 6.6 Special Building Area Requirements
6.6.1 Water, Wet and Damp Areas
6.6.2 Hazardous Areas
6.7 Building Systems Equipment
6.7.1 Introduction
67 6.7.2 Recommendations
6.8 Network Convergence
6.8.1 Overview
6.8.2 Network Protocols and Gateways
6.8.3 Network Convergence Challenges
68 Table 6-5 Example Infrastructure Provisions for Phased Development
Table 6-6 Demarcation of Systems
69 6.9 Personally Identifiable Information
6.9.1 Introduction
6.9.2 Protection
6.9.3 PII Resources
6.10 Sustainability
6.11 Disability Access
6.11.1 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
70 6.11.2 Disability Discrimination Act (Australia)
6.11.3 New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act
6.11.4 CENELEC
72 7 Building and Facility Systems
7.1 Building Automation Systems
7.1.1 Introduction
Figure 7-1 Functional Model of a BAS
73 7.1.2 Requirements
7.1.3 Recommendations
74 7.1.4 Structured Cabling Infrastructure
7.1.5 Planning
75 7.1.6 Power
7.1.7 BAS Interfaces with ESS Systems
76 7.2 Building Management
7.2.1 Introduction
Figure 7-2 Common Building Subsystems Incorporated into a BMS
77 7.2.2 Requirements
7.2.3 Recommendations
78 7.2.4 Power
7.2.5 Controllers and Devices
7.2.6 Structured Cabling Infrastructure
7.3 Energy Management System (EMS)
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Strategies
79 7.3.3 EMS Integrations
80 7.3.4 Example of Reducing Energy Costs
7.4 Utility Metering
7.4.1 Introduction
81 7.4.2 Connection and Protocols
82 8 Lighting
8.1 Overview
8.2 Lighting Control Systems
8.2.1 Overview
8.2.2 Topologies
83 Figure 8-1 Modular LCM Lighting Control Topology
Figure 8-2 Hardwired DALI Lighting Control Topology
84 8.3 Task Tuning / Fixed Power Reduction
8.3.1 Overview
Figure 8-3 DC Lighting Power Supply and Control Topology
85 8.3.2 Multilevel Lighting
8.3.3 Scheduling or Occupancy-Based, Time of Day, and On/Off Control
8.3.4 Vacancy-Based On/Off Control
8.3.5 Daylight Harvesting
8.3.6 Demand Limiting or Load Shed
86 8.3.7 Trimming or Lumen Depreciation Compensation
8.4 Controller Connectivity and Cabling Infrastructure
8.4.1 Introduction
8.4.2 Requirements
8.4.3 Recommendations
87 Table 8-1 Recommended Maximum Bundle Sizes for Low-Voltage Lighting Systems Over 0.5A per Conductor
8.5 Lighting and A/V Integration
8.5.1 Overview
8.5.2 Strategies
88 Figure 8-4 Example of an BMS Integration with Lighting and A/V Elements
8.6 Energy Reduction and Lighting Guidelines
8.6.1 Recommendations
90 9 Electronic Safety and Security Systems
9.1 Overview
9.2 Smart Building Security
9.2.1 Access Categorization and Risk Analysis
Table 9-1 Example of an Asset Security Categorization
9.2.2 Selecting and Tailoring Security Controls
91 Table 9-2 Example Physical Security Control
9.2.3 Security Profiles
Table 9-3 Example of a Security Profile for a Building
92 Figure 9-1 Example of a Security Profile Floor Plan
9.3 ESS System Requirements
9.4 Intrusion Detection Systems
9.4.1 Overview
93 9.4.2 Developing an IDS
9.4.3 System Connectivity
9.4.4 Sensors
94 Table 9-4 Detection Sensor Technology and Application
9.4.5 Notification Devices
95 9.4.6 Control Panel
9.4.7 Keypads and Annunciators
9.4.8 Optional Integrated Equipment
96 9.5 Video Surveillance
9.5.1 Overview
9.5.2 VSS Elements
97 9.5.3 Design Recommendations
98 9.5.4 Testing
9.5.5 Deployment Process
99 9.5.6 Authentication of Network Video Cameras for Improved ESS Network Security
9.5.7 Use Cases
101 9.6 Access Control Systems
9.6.1 Overview
9.6.2 System Structure
9.6.3 Peripheral Devices
102 9.6.4 Fail-Secure/Fail-Safe/Fail Latched
103 9.6.5 Power
104 9.6.6 Other System Considerations
105 9.7 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
9.7.1 Introduction
Figure 9-2 Basic Fire Alarm System
106 9.7.2 Regulatory
9.7.3 Requirements
107 9.7.4 Recommendations
9.7.5 Fire Alarm Pathways and Circuits
109 9.8 Emergency Communications Systems
9.8.1 Overview
110 9.8.2 Requirements
9.8.3 Recommendations
9.9 Integration
9.9.1 Overview
9.9.2 Requirements
9.9.3 Physical Security Information Management System
111 Figure 9-3 Sample Physical Security Information Management System
112 10 Audio and Visual Systems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Sound, Notification and Acoustical Systems
10.2.1 Overview
10.2.2 Sound System Characteristics
113 10.2.3 Design Considerations
114 10.3 Audio Visual over Internet Protocol (AVoIP)
10.3.1 Introduction
10.3.2 Requirements
10.3.3 Recommendations
Figure 10-1 Comparison of Conventional AV and AVoIP Infrastructure
115 10.4 Audio Conferencing
10.4.1 Overview
10.4.2 Small Rooms
10.4.3 Large Rooms
116 Figure 10-2 Example of a Conference Room Microphone Pickup Pattern
10.4.4 Ceiling Microphones
117 10.4.5 Loudspeakers
10.5 Video Conferencing
10.5.1 Overview
10.5.2 Room Setup
118 Figure 10-3 Illustration of the Field of View of a Videoconference Camera
119 Figure 10-4 Example of Lighting Configuration for a Videoconference
10.5.3 Integration with Room Audio Systems
120 10.6 Sound Masking/Privacy Systems
10.6.1 Overview
10.6.2 Requirements
10.6.3 Recommendations
10.7 Intercom System
10.7.1 Overview
10.7.2 Components
121 10.7.3 Operation
10.7.4 Integration
10.7.5 Wireless Intercoms
10.8 Emergency Communication Telephone
10.8.1 Overview
122 10.8.2 Requirements
10.8.3 Recommendations
10.9 Digital Signage
10.9.1 Overview
10.9.2 Digital Displays
123 10.9.3 Usage Conditions
124 10.9.4 Design Considerations
125 10.10 Wayfinding
10.10.1 Introduction
10.10.2 Stationary Wayfinding
10.10.3 Mobile Wayfinding
126 10.11 Assisted Listening Devices
10.11.1 Overview
10.11.2 Requirements
127 10.11.3 Recommendations
128 11 Other Systems
11.1 Asset Tracking
11.1.1 Introduction
11.1.2 Asset Tracking with RFID
129 Figure 11-1 Typical UHF RFID System Block Diagram
130 11.1.3 Implementation of Asset Tracking
131 11.2 Vertical Transportation Interfaces in Intelligent Building
11.2.1 Building Management
11.2.2 Changes in Operational Movement
132 11.2.3 Fire Detection and Alarm System
11.2.4 Security and Passenger Communications Systems
11.3 Proximity Detection
133 11.4 Global Positioning System
11.4.1 Overview
11.4.2 Requirements
11.5 Premise Parking and Vehicular Systems
11.5.1 Overview
134 12 System Integration
12.1 Overview
Figure 12-1 Simplified Example of a Transit Center Concourse with Multiple System Integration
135 Figure 12-2 Example of Integrated Systems in a Building
136 Table 12-1 Matrix of Common System Integrations
137 12.2 Network Service Integration
12.2.1 Introduction
Figure 12-3 Logical Diagram of Network Service Provider Connectivity
138 12.2.2 Requirements
12.2.3 Recommendations
12.3 Integration Considerations
12.3.1 Expandability
139 12.3.2 Time Synchronization
140 12.3.3 Software
141 12.3.4 Maps and Icons
12.3.5 System Response Times
142 12.4 Integration Process
12.4.1 Overview
12.4.2 Integration Process Team Members
12.4.3 Step 1: Develop a Requirements Traceability Matrix
143 12.4.4 Step 2: Develop an Integration Plan
144 12.4.5 Step 3: Develop a Testing and Commissioning Plan
146 13 Commissioning
13.1 Overview
13.2 Plans
13.2.1 Commissioning Plan
13.2.2 Preliminary Testing and Calibration Plan
13.2.3 Acceptance Testing Plan
147 13.3 Documentation
13.3.1 Overview
13.3.2 Requirements
13.3.3 Record Drawings
13.3.4 Operation and Maintenance Manuals
13.4 System Testing
13.4.1 General
148 13.4.2 Preinstallation Testing
13.4.3 Preliminary Testing and Calibration
13.4.4 Burn-in Period
13.4.5 Acceptance Testing
149 13.4.6 Retesting Equipment and Systems
13.5 Additional Commissioning Tasks
150 13.5.1 Cleaning
13.5.2 Labeling Components
13.5.3 Training
152 Appendix A Reliability for ICT Infrastructure (Informative)
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Class C0 and C1 Telecommunications Infrastructure
Figure A-1 Class C0 or C1 Concept Diagram
153 A.3 Class C2 Telecommunications Infrastructure
Figure A-2 Class C2 Concept Diagram
A.4 Class C3 Telecommunications Infrastructure
Figure A-3 Class C3 Concept Diagram
154 A.5 Class C4 Telecommunications Infrastructure
Figure A-4 Class C4 Concept Diagram
156 Appendix B Network Design and Security (Informative)
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Network Design Considerations
159 B.3 Cyber Security and Data Protection
160 B.4 Network Risks and Control Measures
163 Figure B-1 Stand-Alone Network
Figure B-2 Enterprise Network
164 Figure B-3 Example of Security Zones
167 B.5 Network Security for Facility and IT Networks
168 B.6 Network Security Recommendations
172 Appendix C Cloud Computing for Intelligent Building Systems (Informative)
C.1 Overview
C.2 Services
174 C.3 Infrastructure Management of Cloud Services
175 C.4 Selecting an Infrastructure Management Model
C.5 Cloud Deployment Models
176 C.6 Delivering Secure Services
178 Appendix D System Training (Informative)
D.1 Overview
D.2 Sessions
D.3 Position or Task Training
180 D.4 Training Schedules
182 Appendix E Light Fidelity Technology (Informative)
E.1 What is Li-Fi
E.2 Li-Fi Model
183 E.3 Implementation
184 Appendix F Related Documents (Informative)
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BICSI 003 2024 ?u=/product/publishers/bicsi/bicsi-003-2024/ Sun, 20 Oct 2024 09:37:11 +0000 ANSI/BICSI 003-2024, Building Information Modeling (BIM) Practices for Information Communication Technology Systems
Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BICSI 2024
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The request and adoption of building information modeling (BIM) in relation to ICT and telecommunication projects continue to increase. Architectural, engineering, and construction firms all differ in what they require and ultimately provide for their client. When combined with the varying levels of information provided by manufacturers that support all aspects of the construction industry, the result can be inefficiencies, frustration, and a failure to meet project expectations. BICSI 003 is the first BIM standard written specifically for communication and ICT. Continuing to provide detailed information about BIM content models and object parameters, ANSI/BICSI 003-2024 contains updated information on BIM projects and BAS and ESS systems. Also covered are considerations about the integration of BIM within projects, as well as identifying items within ICT that often enter into spatial conflicts with other areas of construction, such as electrical and mechanical systems.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
6 Table of Contents
8 Index of Figures
Index of Tables
12 1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Purpose
1.3 Categories of Criteria
14 2 Scope
16 3 Required Standards and Documents
18 4 Definitions, Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Units of Measurement
4.1 Definitions
4.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations
19 4.3 Units of Measurement
20 5 BIM Project Design
5.1 Overview
5.2 BIM Expectation Plan
5.3 Contracts
21 5.4 Schematic Design
5.5 Design Development
5.6 Construction Documents
22 5.7 Bidding and Bid Documents
5.8 Construction Administration
5.9 A/E Contract Close-out
5.10 Project Audit
24 6 BIM Content Models
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Organization of Content
6.2.1 Overview
6.2.2 Categories
25 6.2.3 Subcategories
6.2.4 Approved Subcategories
26 Figure 6-1 Examples of Dedicated and Work Space
27 Figure 6-2 Coverage Zone Example
28 6.3 Content Detail
6.3.1 Overview
29 6.3.2 General Guidelines
Figure 6-3 Example of Symbols Replacing Features
30 6.3.3 Levels of Detail
Figure 6-4 Example of a Technology Room at a Low Level of Detail
31 Figure 6-5 Example of a Technology Room at an Intermediate Level of Detail
Figure 6-6 Example of a Technology Room at a High Level of Detail
33 Figure 6-7 Example of a Pathway Plan at a Low Level of Detail
34 Figure 6-8 Example of a Rack at a Low Level of Detail
35 Figure 6-9 Example of a Wall-Mounted Device at a Low Level of Detail
Figure 6-10 Example of a Wall-Mounted Faceplate at a Low Level of Detail
36 Figure 6-11 Example of a Classroom Technology Plan at an Intermediate Level of Detail
37 Figure 6-12 Example of a Rack at an Intermediate Level of Detail
38 Figure 6-13 Example of a Wall-Mounted Device at an Intermediate Level of Detail
Figure 6-14 Example of a Wall-Mounted Faceplate at an Intermediate Level of Detail
39 Figure 6-15 Example of a Rough-In Detail Drawing at a High Level of Detail
40 Figure 6-16 Example of a Rack at a High Level of Detail
41 Figure 6-17 Example of a Wall-Mounted Device at a High Level of Detail
Figure 6-18 Examples of Reflected Ceiling Plans at a High Level of Detail
42 Figure 6-19 Example of a Wall-Mounted Faceplate at a High Level of Detail
43 6.4 Hosting Behavior
44 7 Object Parameters
7.1 Overview
7.2 Naming and Identity Parameters
7.2.1 Overview
7.2.2 Usage
45 Table 7-1 Typical Identity Parameters
46 7.3 Shared Parameters and Shared Parameter Files
7.3.1 Overview
7.3.2 Examples
Figure 7-1 Example of Text-based Shared Parameter File
47 Figure 7-2 Example of a Spreadsheet Shared Parameter file
7.4 Global Object Parameters
7.4.1 Required
Table 7-2 Required Object Parameters for All Objects
48 7.4.2 Recommended
Table 7-3 Recommended Parameters for All Objects
7.5 Telecommunications Parameters
7.5.1 Overview
7.5.2 Outside Plant
50 7.5.3 Building Interior Facilities Parameters
51 7.5.4 Electronic Safety and Security (ESS) Parameters
52 7.5.5 Building Automation Systems (BAS), Management & Control Parameters
54 7.6 Data Centers Parameters
56 8 Information Communication Technology Systems Considerations
8.1 Overview
8.2 Telecommunications, ESS, Data Center and IT Considerations
8.2.1 Outside Plant Facilities
58 8.2.2 Building Interior Facilities
59 8.3 BAS Considerations
8.3.1 Outside Plant Facilities
8.3.2 Building Interior Facilities
62 Appendix A Deploying BIM (Informative)
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Implementation
63 Figure A-1 Personnel Hierarchy Example
65 A.3 Training
66 A.4 The First Project:
68 Appendix B About BIM (Informative)
B.1 History and Current Industry Condition
B.2 Potential Benefits of BIM
69 Figure B-1 BIM Model of MEP Design
70 B.3 Challenges
71 B.4 The “Information” Within BIM
72 B.5 Integrated Project Delivery
74 Appendix C Related Documents (Informative)
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BICSI TDMM 15 v1 2024 ?u=/product/publishers/bicsi/bicsi-tdmm-15-v1-2024/ Sun, 20 Oct 2024 09:02:59 +0000 BICSI Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual (TDMM), 15th Edition
Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BICSI 2024 1993
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Now celebrating its 30th anniversary, BICSI’s newly revised flagship manual, the 15th edition of the Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual (TDMM), is known as the cornerstone of modern ICT design. From new information on single-pair Ethernet cabling, 28 AWG patch cords, SC/APC type optical fiber connectors, fault managed power circuits, and much more, to updated information throughout the new manual, the TDMM holds true to its name. These changes reflect the newest trends in ICT technologies, ensuring a project is designed based on the latest standards and best practices. Comprised of two volumes and spanning 2100 pages, the TDMM 15th edition is a must have for all existing BICSI Registered Communications Distribution designers

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
1 TDMM 15th Edition
Blank Page
2 Preface
6 WARNING
9 Acknowledgments
19 In Memoriam
20 About BICSI… Advancing the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Profession
BICSI Vision Statement
BICSI Mission Statement
BICSI 2024 Board of Directors
21 International Credentials
22 Become a BICSI Member!
Member Benefits
Gain the Competitive Edge!
Fast Access to Information
Member Discounts
Educational Conferences
Technical Publications
23 Join BICSI Today!
24 BICSI Policy for Numeric Representation of Units of Measurement
25 Interpretation of Directive Language
BICSI Policy on Current Codes, Standards, and Regulations
26 HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL
27 Reader’s Comment Form
28 Table of Contents
36 Figures
50 Tables
55 Examples
56 Acronyms and Abbreviations
85 Units of Measurement
90 Symbols
92 Chapter 1 – Principles of Transmission
94 Table of Contents
101 Figures
103 Tables
104 Examples
106 Principles of Transmission
Overview
108 Electrical Conductors
Overview
Description of Conductors
109 Comparison of Solid Conductors
Solid Conductors versus Stranded Conductors
110 American Wire Gauge (AWG)
Overview
111 Insulation
Overview
112 Electrical Characteristics of Insulation Materials
114 Balanced Twisted-Pair Cables
Overview
Pair Twists
Tight Twisting
115 Environmental Considerations
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
Temperature Effects
118 Cable Shielding
Description
Shielding Effectiveness
119 Types of Shields
Solid Wall Metal Tubes
Conductive Non-metallic Materials
Discontinuous Shielding
Selecting a Cable Shield
120 Comparison of Cable Shields
121 Drain Wires
Overview
Applications
Specifying Drain Wire Type
122 Analog Signals
Overview
Sinusoidal Signals
125 Standard Frequency Bands
126 Decibel (dB)
127 Echo and Delay
Phase and Delay
128 Analog Telephony Basics
Overview
129 Telephone Line Impedance
Telephony Echo
130 Telephony Distortion
131 Internet Protocol (IP) Telephony
Internet Protocol (IP) Telephony Devices
132 Internet Protocol (IP) Telephony Architecture
134 Mission-Critical Data Network
135 Digital Signals
Definition
Transmission Data Rates
Converting an Analog Signal to a Digital Signal
Filtering
Sampling
136 Quantizing/Companding
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
137 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
139 Converting Digital Data to Digital Signals
Encoding Techniques
143 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
144 Discrete Multitone (DMT)
8B/1Q4 PAM5 Encoding
Digital versus Analog
145 General Description of Physics of Wave and Wave Theory
Characteristics of Waves
146 Propagation
Line of Sight (LoS) Propagation
147 Fresnel Zones
148 Factors Affecting the Behavior of Waves
Typical Barriers and Obstructions
Free Space Loss
149 Theory of Propagation
151 Basic Propagation Modeling Math
Free Space Path Loss (Dispersion)
Isotropic Gain
152 Fading
Radio Frequency (RF) Link Loss Budget Calculation
153 Electromagnetic Spectrum
Modulation, Detection, and Multiplexing
Types of Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
154 Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
156 Pulse Modulation
157 Additional Modulation/Demodulation Techniques Used in Wireless Systems
Wireless LAN (WLAN) System Signal Modulation Techniques
158 Radio Frequency (RF) Behaviors
Gain and Loss
Radio Frequency (RF) Power Measurements, Units, and Conversions
Three Decibel (3 dB) Rule for Signal Power
159 Six Decibel (6 dB) Rule for Antenna Signal Transmission
Decibel Sub-Units
160 Types of Transmission Circuits
Overview
Simplex
Half-Duplex
Full-Duplex
161 Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission
Overview
Asynchronous Transmission
Synchronous Transmission
162 Digital Hierarchy
Overview
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
163 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
High Bit-Rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL)
Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL)
164 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Technologies
165 Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line (RADSL)
166 Very High Bit-Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)
168 Video Transmission
Baseband Analog
Broadband Video
Balanced Twisted-Pair Media Implementation
169 Transmission Line Concepts
Overview
174 Characteristic Impedance
Attenuation
175 Crosstalk
Nominal Velocity of Propagation (NVP)
Propagation Delay
176 Delay Skew
Reflection Coefficient
Return Loss
177 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio (ACR)
Power Sum Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio (PSACR)
Power Sum Attenuation-to-Alien-Crosstalk Ratio at the Near End (PSAACRN)
Power Sum Attenuation-to-Alien-Crosstalk Ratio at the Far End (PSAACRF)
178 Balanced Twisted-Pair Performance
179 Balanced Twisted-Pair Channel Performance
Channel Model
180 Performance Parameters
Insertion Loss Performance Limits
Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT) Loss Limits
Power Sum Equal Level Far-End Crosstalk (PSELFEXT) Loss Limits
Return Loss Limits
181 Power Sum Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio (PSACR)
Concept of Bandwidth
182 Summary
183 Balanced Twisted-Pair Permanent Link Performance
Permanent Link Model
Balanced Twisted-Pair Patch Cords and Cross-Connect Jumpers
184 Balanced Twisted-Pair Applications
Design Considerations
100-Ohm Balanced Twisted-Pair Performance Classification
188 Media Selection
190 Distances and Pair Requirements
193 Shared Sheath Applications and Compatibility
194 Media Conversion
Impedance-Matching Devices (Baluns)
Signal Converters
195 Media Filters
Transceivers
Conclusion
196 Power Over Ethernet (PoE)
Power Source
197 Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP)
198 Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE)
199 Single-Pair Ethernet (SPE)
Overview
204 Optical Fiber
Overview
205 Optical Fiber Transmitters
Overview
Light-Source Characteristics that Influence Optical Fiber Selection
Center Wavelength
206 Spectral Width
207 Average Power
208 Modulation Frequency
209 Transmitter Light Sources
Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
210 Short Wavelength Lasers
Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL)
211 Laser Diodes (LDs)
212 Comparison of Transmitters
213 Optical Fiber Receivers
Overview
Characteristic Parameters
Sensitivity and Bit Error Rate (BER)
Dynamic Range
214 Optical Fiber Medium
Optical Fiber Core Size Selection Parameters
Active Equipment
215 Transmission Media
216 Bandwidth
Overview
Transmitters and Rise Time
218 Optical Fibers
Singlemode System
Multimode System
Chromatic and Modal Dispersion in Multimode Systems
219 Chromatic Dispersion
Modal Dispersion
Measurement and Specification of Multimode Systems
Calculation
221 Classification of Optical Fiber
222 Multimode Optical Fiber
224 Wavelength Windows
225 Singlemode Optical Fiber
226 Optical Fiber Applications Support Information
Overview
Supportable Distances and Channel Attenuation
228 Verifying Optical Fiber Performance and Electronics Compatibility
Overview
Key Parameters
229 Verification Theory and Methodology
230 Bandwidth
231 Attenuation
233 A. Calculating the Link Loss Budget
235 B. Calculating the Passive Cable System Attenuation
236 C. Verifying Performance
238 Selecting an Optical Fiber Core Size to Application or Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) Specifications
239 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Concepts
240 System Example
241 Gigabit Ethernet (GigE) Transmission Over Optical Fiber Systems
242 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
243 Appendix
North American Digital Signal (DS)
Digital Signal Level Zero (DS0)
Digital Signal Level One (DS1)
244 Digital Signal Level One C (DS1C)
Digital Signal Level Two (DS2)
Digital Signal Level Three (DS3)
245 North American Higher Levels
246 European E
B Channel
E1 Level
E2 Level
E3 Level
247 European Higher Levels
248 Chapter 2 – Electromagnetic Compatibility
250 Table of Contents
252 Figures
Tables
254 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
Introduction
255 Electromagnetic Radiation and Spectrum
Overview
256 Need for Compatibility
258 Specific Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Guidelines
Responsibility for Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
259 Electromagnetics
Electromagnetic Fields
Desirable and Undesirable Electromagnetic Fields
Sources of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
External and Internal Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
261 Unwanted Signals
Types of Unwanted Signals
Common Mode (CM)
Differential Mode (DM)
262 Evidence of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
263 Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
264 Measuring Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
265 Evaluating the Electromagnetic Environment
Terminology
266 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)—A Problem
Factors Affecting Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
270 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)—The Solution
Basic Philosophy of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
Product Immunity
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Mechanisms
271 Sources of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
273 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Cabling
Cables as Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Producers
Susceptibility of Cables to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
274 Electromagnetic Qualification Parameters
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
275 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Related to Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Cabling
276 Radiated Immunity
277 Electrical Fast Transient (EFT)
Transient Voltages and Currents
278 Sources of Unwanted Signals
Electrical Power Converters
Logic Circuits
Other Internal Unwanted Signal
Electrical Power Line
Cabling
279 Grounding (Earthing)
Overview
Ground Loops
281 Alternating Current (ac) Power
Conduits, Cable Trays, and Raceways
282 Shields
Cable Shielding and Shield Effectiveness
283 Considerations about Shield Grounding (Earthing)
284 Minimizing Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
Overview
Design of Horizontal Pathways and Spaces
286 Considerations for Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) in Cabling Systems
General Guidelines to Promote Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
287 Cable Separation and Circuits Segregation
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Filters
288 Data Line Filtering—Isolation Transformers
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) by Filtering
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Bandwidth of Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling
289 Balance of Twisted-Pair Cabling
291 Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Cabling within Joint-Use Tunnels
Electrical Power Line Influence
Coupling from Mutual Capacitance and Inductance
Reducing Coupling
292 Susceptibility of Circuits and Systems
296 Chapter 3 – Data Networks
298 Table of Contents
300 Figures
302 Data Networks
Introduction
Types of Networks
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
303 Campus Area Network (CAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
304 Wide Area Network (WAN)
305 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model
Overview
306 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Layers
309 Network Hardware
Overview
Stations
Station Network Interface Cards (NICs)
310 Servers
Virtual Servers
311 Server Clustering
Switches
Routers
312 Routing Switches
313 Server, Storage, and Station Virtualization
Server Virtualization
314 Storage Virtualization
Station Virtualization
315 Network Software
Overview
Station Software
Network Operating System (NOS) Software
Virtual LANs (VLANs)
316 Network Supported Systems
Overview
Voice Communications
317 Unified Communications
318 Video Communications
319 Videoconferencing
320 Network Design
Overview
Functional Design
321 Physical Design
322 Computer Rooms
Overview
Fault Tolerance
Telecommunications Infrastructure
326 Hardware
330 Cabling Topology
331 Centralized Topology
332 End-of-Row Topology
333 Top-of-Rack Topology
334 Campus and Multisite Network Design
Campus Networks
335 Design Recommendations
336 Multisite Network Design
337 Directing Network Traffic
338 Centralized Wide Area Network (WAN) Design
339 Partial Mesh Wide Area Network (WAN) Design
341 Full Mesh Wide Area Network (WAN) Design
342 Chapter 4 – Telecommunications Spaces
344 Table of Contents
348 Figures
Tables
350 Telecommunications Spaces
Introduction
351 Telecommunications Spaces Considerations
Accessibility
Acoustic Noise Levels
Administration
352 Cable Separation
Ceilings
353 Clearances
Codes, Standards, and Regulations
Conduits, Trays, Slots, Sleeves, and Ducts
354 Entryways
355 Dust and Static Electricity
Earthquake, Disaster, and Vibration Requirements
356 Electrical Power
357 Environmental Control
358 Fire Protection
359 Water Ingress Prevention
Floor Loading
360 Bonding and Grounding (Earthing)
Lighting
361 Location
Safe and Clean Environment
Security
362 Sensitive Equipment and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
Size Guidelines
363 Smaller Buildings
Special Size Considerations
Termination Space Allocation
365 Unacceptable Materials
Wall and Rack, Cabinet, or Enclosure Space for Terminations
367 Racks, Cabinets, or Enclosures
369 Walls and Wall Linings
371 Telecommunications Rooms (TRs) and Telecommunications Enclosures (TEs)
Overview
372 Responsibility of the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Designer
373 Telecommunications Room (TR) and Telecommunications Enclosure (TE) Applications
Overview
Horizontal Cross-Connects (HCs [Floor Distributors (FDs)])
Backbone Cross-Connects
374 Telecommunications Room (TR) Design
Overview
Telecommunications Room (TR) Guidelines
Floor Space Served
375 Layout Considerations
376 Telecommunications Room (TR) Diagram
378 Shallow Room Diagram
379 General Requirements for All Telecommunications Enclosures (TEs)
Overview
Access
Door
380 Electrical Power
Fire Protection
Bonding and Grounding (Earthing)
Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)
Interior Provisioning
381 Lighting
Location
Pathways
Size and Spacing
382 Equipment Rooms (ERs)
Overview
383 Multiple Functions
Client Investment
384 Equipment Room (ER) Design
Overview
Active Equipment
385 Cross-Connect Facilities
Initial Assessment
386 Locating the Equipment Room (ER)
Overview
Major Factors
387 Access to Cable Pathways
Delivery Access
388 Entrance Facility (EF)
Overview
Required Service Entrances
Entrance Media Types
389 Service Entrance Considerations
Entrance Facility (EF) Requirements
391 Diverse Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Systems
Supporting Existing Systems
Proximity to Electrical Power Service and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Sources
392 Multi-Tenant Buildings
393 Unacceptable Locations
394 Space Allocation and Layout
Overview
Providing Adequate Equipment Space
396 Determining Size Based on Area Served
397 Arranging Equipment
Working Clearances
398 Access Provider (AP) Space Requirements
Work Area Space
399 Equipment Installation Methods
400 Cable Installation and Pathways
Overview
Cable Pathways Within the Equipment Room (ER)
402 Cable Pathways Entering the Equipment Room (ER)
403 Electrical Power
Electrical Power Requirements
Coordinating with Other Electrical Facilities
404 Maintaining Electrical Power Quality
Using Dedicated Branch Circuits
Using Dedicated Electrical Power Feeders
405 Power Conditioning
Backup Power
406 Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Environmental Control
Overview
Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Operation
407 Environmental Control Requirements
408 Miscellaneous Considerations
Maintaining Valid Warranties
Design Approval, Buildout, and Final Inspection
Reviewing the Design with the Client
Planning the Installation
409 Installation Access
Installing the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Equipment
Inspecting the Equipment Room (ER)
410 Chapter 5 – Backbone Distribution Systems
412 Table of Contents
415 Figures
416 Tables
418 Backbone Distribution Systems
Introduction
Components of a Backbone Distribution System
421 Cabling Topologies
Overview
422 Star Topology
424 Hierarchical Star Topologies
425 Two-Level Hierarchical Star Topology
426 Ring Topology
427 Physical Ring Topology
429 Physical Wired Star/Logical Ring Topology
430 Clustered Star Topology
431 Bus Topology
432 Tree and Branch Topology
433 Mesh Topology
436 Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM)
Overview
437 Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM) Physical Layer Specifications
Passive Optical Networks (PONs)
Campus-Based Outside Plant (OSP)
Point-to-Multipoint Topology
440 Point-to-Point (PTP) Topology
441 Optical Fiber Specifications
443 Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling
444 Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Specifications
445 Hierarchical Star Campus Backbone Designs
Overview
First Level Hierarchical Star Campus Backbone Designs
447 Multiple Hierarchical Level Campus Backbone Designs
448 Backbone Cross-Connect
449 Support of Other Topologies
452 Telecommunications Rooms (TRs) and Telecommunications Enclosures (TEs)
Overview
Additional Backbone Connections Between Telecommunications Rooms (TRs)
Campus Backbone
453 Building Backbones
Overview
456 Connecting Horizontal Cross-Connects (HCs [Floor Distributors (FDs)])
457 Combined Optical Fiber and Balanced Twisted-Pair Backbone
458 Equipment Rooms (ERs) and Access Provider (AP) Cabling System Interface Cabling
459 Choosing Media
Overview
Multimode Optical Fiber Cable
Singlemode Optical Fiber Cable
460 100-Ohm Balanced Twisted-Pair Copper Cable
Performance Categories for Multipair Backbone Balanced Twisted-Pair Cable
461 Advantages of Optical Fiber Backbones for Campus Applications
Choosing Optical Fiber Type
462 Backbone Building Pathways (Internal)
Vertically Aligned Telecommunications Rooms (TRs)
Conduits, Trays, Slots, Sleeves, and Ducts
Conduit Sizing
465 Sleeves or Slots
Sleeve Quantity and Configuration
467 Slot Quantity and Configuration
468 Open Cable Shafts
Elevator Shafts
Enclosed Metallic Raceways or Conduits
Cable Trays
469 Miscellaneous Support Facilities
Necessary Consultations
470 Supporting Strand
Other Methods for Securing Vertical Backbone Cable
471 Bonding and Grounding (Earthing)
Backbone Planning
Optical Fiber Strand Count
472 Criteria for Determining an Optical Fiber Strand Count
Sizing Optical Fiber Backbones
473 Indoor Hardware
Overview
Mounting Considerations
Rack-Mounted Hardware
Wall-Mounted Hardware
Design Considerations
Fiber Splicing Hardware
474 Terminating Hardware
Patch Panels
476 Chapter 6 – Horizontal Distribution Systems
478 Table of Contents
485 Figures
486 Tables
488 Horizontal Distribution Systems
Introduction
Horizontal Cabling Systems
490 Horizontal Pathways
General Design Considerations
492 Horizontal Cabling Systems
Overview
Topology
493 Configuration
494 Transmission Channel
495 Connection Points
497 Permanent Link
498 Horizontal Cross-Connect (HC [Floor Distributor (FD)])
Cross-Connection
499 Interconnection
500 Universal Connection Rules
503 Application-Specific Components
504 Transition Points
Bridged Taps
Splices
505 Horizontal Cabling Media
Allowed Media Types
Distances
508 Cable Slack
509 Work Areas and Open Office Cabling
Overview
510 Telecommunications Outlet/Connector
Balanced Twisted-Pair Telecommunications Outlet/Connector
511 Optical Fiber Telecommunications Outlet/Connector
512 Telecommunications Outlet (TO) Box Location Considerations
514 Work Area Equipment Cords
515 Multiuser Telecommunications Outlet Assembly (MUTOA)
516 Multiuser Telecommunications Outlet Assembly (MUTOA) Design Considerations
519 Locating Multiuser Telecommunications Outlet Assemblies (MUTOAs)
Consolidation Point (CP)
520 Consolidation Point (CP) Design Considerations
523 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Consolidation Point (CP)
Locating Consolidation Points (CPs)
528 Wireless LAN (WLAN) Access Point (AP)
529 Simultaneous Data and Power Transmission within Horizontal Cabling
Overview
530 Cabling Requirements
Recommendations
534 Small Diameter Cables
Cabling Bundles
535 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ), Codes, and Standards
Direct Current (dc) Resistance
Power over Ethernet (PoE) Connectors
536 Power Source Equipment (PSE)
Endspan Power Source Equipment (PSE)
Midspan Devices
537 Centralized Optical Fiber Cabling
Overview
539 Centralized Optical Fiber Cabling Design
Centralized Optical Fiber Cabling Distances
540 Pull-Through Method
Interconnection and Splice Methods
541 Fiber-To-The-Office (FTTO)
Overview
542 Conventional Structured Cabling System
543 Fiber-To-The-Office (FTTO) Structure
Fiber-To-The-Office (FTTO) Components
544 Optical Fiber Requirements
Fiber Termination Methods
Pre-terminated Assemblies
545 Field Termination with Splice-On Connector
Field Termination with Pre-polished Connector
546 Horizontal Pathways for Fiber to the Office (FTTO) Systems
Overview
Work Area Outlet Requirements
Design Considerations for Fiber to the Office (FTTO) Deployment
Backbone Optical Fiber Cabling
Horizontal Optical Fiber Cabling
Telecommunications Space
Core and Distribution Switches
547 Fiber-to-the-Office (FTTO) Installation Methods
Power and Cooling Requirements
Redundancy Design
Variant 1: Classical FTTO with cascading via balanced twisted-pair cabling
Variant 2: Classical FTTO with cascading via optical fiber cable
548 Variant 3: Dual homing—Double optical fiber connections
Variant 4: Dual homing—Single optical fiber connection
549 Passive Optical Networks (PONs)
Overview
551 Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) Fundamentals
Fiber Requirements
552 Enterprise Passive Optical Network (PON) Hardware Active Components
Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
Optical Network Terminal (ONT)
553 Enterprise Passive Optical Network (PON) Hardware Passive Components
Singlemode Optical Fiber and Connector Requirements
554 Passive Optical Splitters
Work Area Outlet Requirements
555 Design Considerations for Telecommunications Space-Based Optical Network Terminal (ONT) Deployments
Backbone Fiber Requirements and Terminations
Horizontal Copper Requirements
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Analog Voice Delivery
Radio Frequency (RF) Video Distribution
556 Desktop-Based Passive Optical Network (PON) Solution Architectures
Telecommunications Spaces Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Considerations
Horizontal Pathway Special Design Considerations
Horizontal Fiber Distribution Splitter Configurations
Zone Cabling-Based Splitters
Planning for Future Dual Input Passive Optical Networks (PONs) and Geographically Diverse Cable Routing
557 Power and Cooling Systems
Typical Optical Line Terminal (OLT) Thermal Output and Cooling Requirements
Desktop Optical Network Terminal (ONT) Remote and Backup Powering Options
Optical Network Terminal (ONT) Battery Backup
558 Implementation Considerations
Administrative Record Keeping
Testing and Certification of a Passive Optical Network (PON) Infrastructure
560 Horizontal Pathways
Overview
Design Considerations
561 Sizing Considerations
Usable Floor Space
Maximum Occupant Density
Building Automation Systems (BAS) Density
Other Systems Density
562 Cabling Density
Cable Diameter
Pathway Capacity
Other Pathway System Considerations
Telecommunications Outlets/Connectors
563 Faceplates
Mounting Telecommunications Outlets/Connectors
Avoiding Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
564 Bonding and Grounding (Earthing)
Administration
Firestopping
Wet Locations
Hazardous Locations
565 Types of Horizontal Pathways
Overview
Conduit Distribution Systems
566 Suitability and Acceptability of Conduits
567 Conduit Body
568 Conduit Capacity and Fill Ratios
Conduit Capacity
569 Derating Cable Count Because of Conduit Bends
571 Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT) Conduit Fill Tables
575 Bend Radii
Conduit Terminations
576 Completing Conduit Installation
577 Pull Points and Pull Boxes for Conduits
578 Choosing a Pull Box Size
579 Slip Sleeves and Wireways/Gutters
580 Underfloor Conduit Systems
Access Floor Distribution Systems
Types
581 Components
Stringered Systems
582 Freestanding and Cornerlock Systems
Considerations for Access Floor Distribution
Minimum Finished Floor Height
583 Building Structure
Building Layout
584 Floor Penetrations
Bonding and Grounding (Earthing)
Floor Panel Materials
585 Floor Panel Coverings
Load-Bearing Capacity
586 Specifying Access Floor Pathways
Electrical Power Circuits
Effects of Underfloor Air Distribution on Cabling
587 Advantages and Disadvantages
588 Ceiling Distribution Systems
Overview
Acceptable Methods of Distribution
General Design Guidelines
589 Determining Adequate Ceiling Space
Selection of Ceiling Panels
Restrictions on Ceiling Cabling
Ceiling Zones Method
592 Pathway and Cable Support
593 Termination Space
594 Connecting Hardware in Ceiling Space
Overhead Ceiling Enclosed Raceway Method
595 Overhead Ceiling Raceways and Fittings
Utility Columns
598 Advantages and Disadvantages
599 Cable Tray Systems
Types of Cable Trays
600 Cable Tray Fittings and Accessories
Cable Tray Dimensions
602 Cable Tray Capacity
Supporting Cable Trays
Bonding and Grounding Cable Trays
603 Conduit and Raceway Distribution Design
Ceiling Home-Run Method Using Conduit
Zone Conduit Size
604 Other Horizontal Pathways
Overview
Messenger or Support Strand
605 Perimeter Pathways
Perimeter Raceways
607 Molding Raceways
608 Open Office Modular Furniture and Partition Pathways
610 Poke-Thru
612 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Requirements
Overview
613 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Existing Facilities Rule
Readily Achievable Removal of Barriers
Alterations
New Construction
614 Public Telephones and Text Telephones
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Height Requirements
617 Text Telephones
Volume Control
Signs
618 Appendix: Accessibility and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): A Civil Rights Law
Additional Information
620 Chapter 7 – ICT Cables and Connecting Hardware
622 Table of Contents
628 Figures
630 Tables
632 ICT Cables and Connecting Hardware
Introduction
Requirements
633 Environmental
634 Balanced Twisted-Pair Cables
Classification of Cables by Their Transmission Performance
635 Classification of Cables by Physical Makeup
639 Four-Pair Cables and Multipair Cables
Design
641 Characteristics
645 Effectiveness of Screens
Typical Applications
Four-Pair Cordage
646 Cordage Elements
Characteristics
Selection of Solid versus Stranded Conductor Patch Cords
Typical Applications
647 Optical Fiber Cables
Overview
649 Differences Between the Two Types of Singlemode Optical Fiber Cabling
650 Design
652 Characteristics
653 Loose-Tube Optical Fiber Cables
655 Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
Tight-Buffered Optical Fiber Cables
656 Design
657 Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
Ribbon Optical Fiber Cable
658 Optical Fiber Patch Cords
Design
Characteristics
Typical Applications
659 Coaxial Cables
Overview
Design
Characteristics
661 Selection of Coaxial Cables
Typical Applications
662 Classification of Cables by Fire Safety Properties
663 Type CMP
Type CMR
Type CMG
664 Type CM
Type CMX
Type CMUC Undercarpet Wires and Cables
Type -LP
Types OFNP and OFCP
Types OFNR and OFCR
665 Types OFNG and OFCG
Types OFN and OFC
669 Balanced Twisted-Pair Connectors
Insulation Displacement Contact (IDC) Connectors—Overview
110-Style Insulation Displacement Contact (IDC) Connector
Design
670 Characteristics
671 Advantages and Disadvantages
672 Typical Applications
673 110-Style Wiring Blocks
Design
674 Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
675 66-Style Insulation Displacement Contact (IDC) Connector
Design
676 Characteristics
677 Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
678 66-Style Connecting Blocks
679 Design
680 Characteristics
Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
681 LSA-Style Insulation Displacement Contact (IDC) Connector
Design
682 Characteristics
683 Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
684 LSA-Style Connecting Blocks
Design
685 Characteristics
Advantages and Disadvantages
686 Typical Applications
Proprietary Insulation Displacement Contact (IDC) Products
Modular Connectors
687 Modular Plug
Design
690 Characteristics
Advantages and Disadvantages
691 Typical Applications
Modular Jack
Design
693 Universal Service Order Code (USOC)
694 Characteristics
695 Advantages and Disadvantages
696 Typical Applications
50-Position Miniature Ribbon Connector
697 Design
698 Characteristics
699 Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
700 Balanced Twisted-Pair Connecting Hardware
Overview
Balanced Twisted-Pair Outlets/Connectors
701 Design
702 Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
Balanced Twisted-Pair Patch Panels
703 Design
705 Characteristics
Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
706 Balanced Twisted-Pair Cable Assemblies
Design
707 Characteristics
Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
708 Balanced Twisted-Pair Splices
Design
710 Characteristics
Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
711 Optical Fiber Connectors
Overview
714 LC-Style Optical Fiber Plugs and Adapters
Design
Characteristics
715 Advantages
Typical Applications
SC-Style Optical Fiber Plugs and Adapters
Design
716 Characteristics
Advantages and Disadvantages
717 Typical Applications
ST-Style Optical Fiber Plugs and Adapters
Design
Characteristics
Typical Applications
718 Other Styles of Optical Fiber Plugs and Adapters
720 Fiber Connector Polarity
721 Splices (Optical Fiber Connectors)
Design
722 Characteristics
723 Optical Fiber Pigtail Splicing
724 Advantages and Disadvantages
725 Optical Fiber Connecting Hardware
Telecommunications Outlets/Connectors
Design
Characteristics
Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
726 Patch Panels and Enclosures
Design
728 Characteristics
Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
Equipment Cords and Patch Cords
Design
729 Characteristics
Advantages and Disadvantages
730 Typical Applications
Splices (Optical Fiber Connecting Hardware)
Design
Characteristics
Advantages and Disadvantages
731 Typical Applications
732 Coaxial Connectors
Overview
733 BNC-Style Coaxial Connectors
Design
735 Characteristics
736 Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
F-Style Coaxial Connector
737 Design
Characteristics
Advantages and Disadvantages
738 Typical Applications
N-Style Coaxial Connector
Design
739 Characteristics
Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
740 Coaxial Connecting Hardware
Overview
Coaxial Outlets
741 Design
Characteristics
Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
742 Coaxial Patch Panels
Design
743 Characteristics
Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
744 Coaxial Cable Assemblies (Equipment Cords and Patch Cords)
Design
Characteristics
Advantages and Disadvantages
Typical Applications
746 Chapter 8 – Firestop Systems
748 Table of Contents
752 Figures
754 Tables
756 Firestop Systems
Introduction
Purpose
Terms
757 Role of Firestop in Fire Protection
Secondary Functions of Firestop Systems
758 Firestop and Disaster Avoidance
Overview
759 Compartmentation and Firestop
761 Fire-Resistance Rated Construction
Overview
Barrier Design
763 Firestop Considerations
Overview
Appropriate Systems
764 Selecting Firestop Materials/Systems
Qualified Components
765 Qualified Electrical Apparatus
Time/Temperature Curves for Ratings Up to Three Hours
766 Testing and Guidelines for Firestops
Testing Fire Resistance of Through-Penetration Firestops
Test Standards in the United States
Test Standards in Canada
767 Test Standards in Europe
768 Ratings Derived from Firestop Testing
769 Basic Execution of a Fire Test
Hose Stream Test
Movement Test for M Ratings
770 Air Leakage Tests for L Ratings
771 W Ratings
T Ratings
772 Systems and Tests
773 Guidelines for Membrane Penetration Firestops
Evaluation of Firestop Systems
Qualification Testing for Field Conditions
774 Qualification Testing for Openings
Other Qualification Information
775 Types of Firestop Systems
Overview
Mechanical Firestop Systems
Cable Transit Systems
778 Fire-Rated Pathway Devices
779 Factory-Fabricated Sleeve Systems
780 Prefabricated Intumescent Collars (Plastic Pipe Devices)
781 Cast-in-Place Firestop Devices
782 Poke-Thru Methods
Design Considerations
783 Test Methods
Non-mechanical Firestop Systems
Non-hardening Putties
785 Caulks or Sealants
786 Cementitious Materials
Intumescent Sheets
787 Intumescent Wrap Strips
Silicone Foams
Pillows, Blocks, and Bags
788 Plenum Shield Blankets
Packing or Forming Materials
790 Firestop for Brick, Concrete Block, and Concrete Walls
Pipes, Cables, Conduits, Sleeve Systems, Cable Trays, and Innerducts
Pipes, Cables, Conduits, Sleeve Systems, and Innerducts in Cored or Sleeved Openings
792 Cable Trays
793 Firestop for Framed Wall Assemblies
Pipes, Conduits, Sleeve Systems, Cables, Cable Trays, and Innerducts
794 Telecommunications Cable
795 Optical Fiber Raceway or Innerduct
Sleeve System Methods
Firestop Existing Cables Installed in a Framed Wall
797 Electrical Apparatus, Access Panels, and Miscellaneous Recessed Boxes
Cable Trays
798 Firestop for Lath and Plaster Walls
Using Framed Wall Guidelines
Firestop for Combination Walls
Through Penetrations
Load-Bearing Stud Walls
Partial (Membrane) Penetrations
799 Firestop for Floor Assemblies
Making Penetrations
Pipes, Cables, Conduits, Sleeve Systems, Ducts, Innerducts, and Cable Trays
Sealing at Curtain Walls
Sealing at Wall Heads
800 Firestop for Floor/Ceiling Assemblies
Overview
Effects of Fire on Ceilings
Pipes, Conduits, Sleeve Systems, Innerducts, Cable Trays, and Cable Penetrations (in Ceilings)
801 Electrical Apparatus, Boxes, and Access Panels (in Ceilings)
Pipes, Conduits, Sleeve Systems, Innerducts, Cable Trays, and Cable Penetrations (in Floors/Ceilings)
802 Underfloor Pipes, Conduits, Sleeve Systems, and Innerducts (in Floors)
803 Structural Steel Floor Units with Concrete Floor Fill without Suspended Ceiling Membranes
Restrictions
Firestop for Roof/Ceiling Assemblies
Overview
Firestop Methods
804 Fire-Rated Vertical Shafts
Firestop Shaft Penetrations
General Firestop Considerations
Matching Existing Conditions
Selection Criteria
805 Contractor/Installer Documentation
806 Contractor/Installer Documentation
807 Appendix A: Approved Firestop Methods
Overview
808 Concrete Floor or Wall
809 Typical Framed Wall Penetration
810 Typical Concrete Wall Penetration
811 Concrete Wall or Floor (Metallic Pipes)
812 Concrete Wall or Floor (No Penetrating Item)
813 Concrete Wall or Floor (Electrical Power, Telecommunications, and Building Signaling Cables)
814 Concrete Floor (Electrical Power and Telecommunications Cables)
815 Framed Wall (Steel or Aluminum Cable Trays)
816 Concrete Wall (Cable)
817 Concrete Floor or Wall (Bus Duct)
818 Concrete Floor or Wall (Steel Pipe or Conduit)
819 Framed Wall (Cables)
820 Framed Wall (PVC Pipe or Conduit [Closed or Vented])
821 Floor or Wall (PVC, CPVC, or PB Pipe or Conduit [Closed or Vented] or RNC)
823 Wood Joist Floor (Steel Conduit or Copper Pipe)
824 Concrete Floor or Wall (Electrical Power, Building Signaling, Control, and Telecommunications Cables)
825 Concrete Floor or Wall (Steel or Aluminum Cable Tray)
826 Framed Wall (Steel or Aluminum Cable Tray)
827 Floor or Wall (Pipes or Conduit and Cable Tray)
828 Concrete Floor or Wall (Telecommunications Cable)
829 Framed Wall (Telecommunications Cable)
832 Concrete Floor or Wall (Telecommunications Cable)
834 Framed Wall Stud Cavity (Electrical Outlet Box)
835 Concrete Floor or Wall (No Penetrating Item)
836 Concrete Floor or Wall (PVC Innerduct or ENT with Optical Fiber Cables)
838 Framed Wall (Non-metallic Conduit)
839 Framed Wall (Electrical Power, Building Signaling, Control, or Telecommunications Cable Steel Sleeve System)
843 Plenum-Rated Wrap System for Combustible Pipe or Conduit
844 Intumescent Blocks
845 Framed Wall (Electrical Power, Building Signaling, Control, or Telecommunications Cable Steel Sleeve System)
846 Concrete Floor or Wall (Electrical Power, Building Signaling, Control, or Telecommunications Cable Steel Sleeve System)
847 Framed Wall (Power, Building Signaling, Control, or Telecommunications Split Cable Pathway System)
848 Framed Wall (Power, Building Signaling, Control, or Telecommunications Cable Sleeve Device System)
849 Concrete Floor (Power, Building Signaling, Control, or Telecommunications Cable Sleeve System)
850 Framed Wall (Telecommunications Cable Steel Membrane Penetration System)
851 Framed Wall (Telecommunications Cable Firestop Grommet Membrane Penetration System)
852 Framed Wall (Telecommunications Cable Firestop Grommet Penetration System)
853 Concrete Floor (Power, Building Signaling, Control, or Telecommunications Cable Pathway System)
854 Appendix B: Testing and Guidelines for Firestops
Overview
855 United States (U.S.) Standards
857 Canadian Standards
858 International Standards
860 Chapter 9 – Bonding and Grounding (Earthing)
862 Table of Contents
864 Figures
Tables
866 Bonding and Grounding (Earthing)
Introduction
868 Safety
Planning
869 Equipment Manufacturer’s Warranty
Assignment of Responsibilities
Components
870 Alternating Current (ac) Grounding (Earthing) Electrode System
Overview
Purpose
Alternating Current (ac) Grounding (Earthing) Electrode System Components
871 Important Items for Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Designers to Consider
872 Recommended Testing Procedures and Criteria
True Root Mean Square (rms) Alternating Current (ac) Measurements and Direct Current (dc) Measurements
Two-Point Bonding Measurements
873 Equipment Grounding (Earthing) System
Overview
Equipment Grounding (Earthing) System Components
874 Impedance of the Equipment Grounding (Earthing) System
875 Measuring the Equipment Grounding (Earthing) Conductor Impedance
Isolated Ground (IG)
Supplementary Bonding Grid (SBG)
877 Telecommunications Bonding Infrastructure
Overview
Criteria
Bonding System Practices
878 Small Systems
880 Large Systems
882 Entrance Facility (EF)
Primary Bonding Busbar (PBB)
Placement of the Primary Bonding Busbar (PBB)
Bonding to the Alternating Current (ac) Grounding (Earthing) Electrode System
883 Additional Bonding Connections to the Primary Bonding Busbar (PBB)
Bend Radius and Included Angle of Attached Bonding Conductors
884 Equipment Room (ER)
Equipment Room (ER) Secondary Bonding Busbar (SBB)
885 Bend Radius and Included Angle of Attached Bonding Conductors
Referencing the Equipment Room (ER) Secondary Bonding Busbar (SBB)
886 Telecommunications Room (TR)
Telecommunications Room (TR) Secondary Bonding Busbar (SBB)
Referencing the Telecommunications Room (TR) Secondary Bonding Busbar (SBB)
Telecommunications Bonding Backbone (TBB)
887 Backbone Bonding Conductor (BBC)
Sizing of Bonding Conductors
889 Limitations of Bonding Conductor Calculation
890 Bonding Connections
891 Inspection of Telecommunications Bonding Connections
Testing the Integrity of Telecommunications Bonding Connections
892 Equipment Rack Bonding and Grounding (Earthing)
893 Cable Tray Bonding
894 Lightning Exposure
Overview
895 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 780
896 Extended Zone of Protection
898 Chapter 10 – Power Distribution
900 Table of Contents
905 Figures
906 Tables
908 Power Distribution
Introduction
909 Alternating Current (ac) Power
Overview
910 Frequency
Voltage
Power
Phase Difference
911 Phase Configuration
913 Distribution
914 Load Characteristics
915 Ohm’s Law
916 Inductive Reactance (XL)
Capacitive Reactance (XC)
Power
918 Apparent Power
Real Power
Power Factor (PF)
919 Watt-Hours
Heat
Efficiency
920 Horsepower
Voltage Drop
921 Short Circuit Current
922 Common Electrical Formulas
923 American Wire Gauge (AWG)
Overview
Basis of the American Wire Gauge (AWG) Numbering System
Solid Conductor Diameters
Differences Between Solid and Stranded Conductor Diameters
924 Circular Mils
925 Square Mils
Busbars
Ampacity
926 Alternating Current (ac) Voltage Quality Problems
Overview
Voltage and Current Fluctuations
927 Frequency Variations
Harmonics
Noise
Adequate Grounding (Earthing)
Isolated Ground (IG)
928 Electrostatic Discharge
Dedicated Feeders
Balance Loads
Label Circuit Breakers
Feeder and Branch Circuit Conductors
929 Oversized Neutral Conductor
Oversized Transformers
930 Plugs and Receptacles
Routing Conductors
931 Terminating Power
Design Considerations in Information Technology Equipment (ITE) Spaces
932 Power Disconnects
933 Power Distribution for Information Technology Equipment (ITE) Spaces
Overview
Panelboards
934 Information Technology Equipment (ITE) Power Distribution Units (PDUs)
935 Remote Power Panels (RPPs)
Calculating Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Equipment Loads
936 Electrical Safety
Overview
Arc Flash
937 Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) Procedures
939 Power System Redundancy
Overview
Expression of Redundancy
Tiers and Classes
Tier System
940 Class System
945 Power Conditioning/Power Protection
Overview
946 Devices That Filter/Regulate Utility Lines
Isolation Transformer
Shielded Isolation Transformer
Harmonic Mitigating Transformer
Surge Protective Device (SPD)
947 Voltage Regulator
948 Power Line Conditioner
Harmonic Filter
Generator Equipment
Motor Generator
Engine Generator
949 Engine Generator System
950 Static Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Units
Off-Line or Standby Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Units
Line-Interactive Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Units
951 Online Double-Conversion Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Units
Maintenance Bypass
952 Design Considerations for Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems
957 Alternatives to Static Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Units
Rotary Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Units
958 Flywheel Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Units
959 Modular Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Units
960 Static Transfer Switches (STSs)
961 Standalone
Integral Isolation Transformers and Power Distribution Unit (PDU)
Point of Use
Choice of Protection
962 Direct Current (dc) Power
Overview
963 Rectifier/Charger
964 Switchboard
Battery
Inverter
965 Low-Voltage Disconnect (LVD)
Load Sharing
Redundancy
Direct Current (dc) Power Calculations
966 Load Calculations
968 Recharge Time
969 Charger Input
970 Charger Heat Loss
971 Conductor Size
Proportioning Voltage Drop
972 Switchboard Design
973 Design Factors for the Installation of Direct Current (dc) Systems
Planning
Power Flow
Clearances
Cable Separation
974 Cable Routing
Terminating
Grounding (Earthing)
975 Batteries
Overview
Cells
Types of Battery Cells
Alkaline Cells
Lead-Acid Cells
976 Lithium-Ion Cells
977 Venting
978 Choice of Cell Type
979 Number of Cells
Battery Sizing
980 Battery Cell Sizing in Watts
981 Battery Cell Sizing in Amperes
982 Parallel Cells
Temperature
Recharge Voltage
Alarms
983 Battery Racks and Cabinets
Seismic Zones
Clearances
Battery Room Considerations
984 Battery Protection
Battery Maintenance and Monitoring
985 Power System Alarms
Overview
Types of Alarms
Direct Current (dc) Plant Major Alarms
986 Direct Current (dc) Plant Minor Alarms
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Alarms
987 Other Power Supplies
Remote Alarms
988 Power System Monitoring and Control
Overview
Methods
Standards
Monitor Features
989 Controller Features
Battery Monitoring and Control
990 Conductor Identification
United States Conductor Identification
991 United Kingdom and Ireland Conductor Identification
Identification According to BS 7671
993 Identify by Numbering or Lettering
Alterations, Additions, and Refurbishments
Interface Marking
994 Conductor Identification—Other Locations
Class 4 Fault-Managed Power Circuits
996 Chapter 11 – Telecommunications Administration
998 Table of Contents
1000 Figures
Tables
1002 Telecommunications Administration
Introduction
Telecommunications Administration Systems
1003 Benefits of Telecommunications Administration Systems
Classes of Telecommunications Administration Systems
1004 General
1005 Determination of Class
Description of the Four Classes
1006 Classes and Associated Identifiers
1008 Identification Schemes
Administration System Elements
1013 Identification Methods
Overview
Telecommunications Spaces Identification
1014 Example
1015 Telecommunications Pathways Identification
1016 Example for Cable Trays Not Between Spaces
1017 Telecommunications Cable Identification
Cable Function Color Code
Cable Identification Method
1024 Connecting Hardware Identification
Color Coding
1025 Identification Systems
Overview
Methods
Labels
1028 Tags
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
1029 Bonding and Grounding (Earthing) System Identification
1031 Primary Bonding Busbar (PBB)
Secondary Bonding Busbar (SBB)
Telecommunications Bonding Backbone (TBB) and Backbone Bonding Conductor (BBC)
Telecommunications Bonding Conductor (TBC)
Other Bonding Conductors
1032 Labeling
Telecommunications Equipment Bonding Conductor (TEBC)
1033 Telecommunications Equipment Identification
1034 Labeling and Recordkeeping
Components
1035 Telecommunications Spaces
1036 Telecommunications Pathways
1037 Telecommunications Cables
Connecting Hardware
Grounding (Earthing)
Telecommunications Equipment
1038 Recordkeeping
Paper Records
1039 Recordkeeping System Components
1040 User Records
Circuit Records
Related Equipment Records
1041 Building Records
Campus Records
1042 Required Records
Automated Infrastructure Management (AIM)
1044 Administration of Large Telecommunications Spaces
Overview
Grid Coordinates
1045 Cabinet and Rack Location Identifiers
Alternative Guidelines to a Grid System
1048 Chapter 12 – Field Testing of Structured Cabling
1050 Table of Contents
1052 Figures
Table
1054 Field Testing of Structured Cabling
Introduction
1055 Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Tests
Wire Map
Direct Current Loop Resistance
1056 Characteristic Impedance
Length
1057 Propagation Delay/Delay Skew
Insertion Loss
1058 Return Loss
Insertion Loss Deviation
Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT) Loss
1060 Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio–Far-End (ACR-F)
1061 Power Sum Crosstalk
Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio–Near-End (ACR-N)
1062 Noise Tests
Alien Crosstalk (AXT) Tests
1063 Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR)
1064 Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Acceptance Tests
Overview
1068 Modular Plug Terminated Link (MPTL)
Test Parameters
1069 Test Limits
Instruments
Multipair Cabling
Composite/Hybrid Cable
1070 Backbone Cabling
Open Office Cabling
Shielded Cabling
1071 Coaxial Cabling Testing
Coaxial Cabling Testing
Air Dielectric Cabling Tests
50-Ohm Cable Tester
Spectrum Analyzer
1072 Optical Fiber Cabling Tests
General
Attenuation
Length
Polarity
1073 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) Trace
1075 Optical Fiber Cabling Acceptance Tests
Overview
1077 Optical Fiber Cabling Field Testing
Overview
1078 End-to-End Attenuation Testing
End-to-End Link Attenuation Test Procedure
1079 Uses for Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) Testing
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) Testing
1080 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) Considerations
1082 Chapter 13 – Outside Plant
1084 Table of Contents
1087 Figures
Tables
1088 Outside Plant (OSP)
Introduction
1089 Outside Plant (OSP) Design Process
1090 Underground Pathways
1092 Buried Pathways
1094 Aerial Pathways
Safety Practices
1095 Telecommunications Service Entrances
1096 Underground Entrances
Sizing Underground Entrance Conduits
Placing Innerducts
1097 Additional Conduits
Sharing Conduit
1098 Choosing Pull Points
1099 Buried Entrances
Identifying Subsurface Facilities
Clearing Foundation Landscaping
Requirements for Direct-Buried Methods
1100 Shoring Requirements
Avoiding a Sunken Trench
1101 Aerial Entrances
Limitations
Problems
Maximum Span
Separations and Clearances
Aerial Cable Building Attachments
1102 Vertical Wall Attachments
1103 Small-Diameter Cable Drop
Vertical Conduit Masts
1105 Entrance Through a Wall
1106 Other Telecommunications Service Entrance Considerations
Multi-building Developments
Planning for Campus Arrangements
One-Tenant Campus
1107 Right-of-Way Easements and Permits
Wildlife Presence Survey and Relocation Permits
1108 Locating Other Utility Facilities
1109 Service Diversity
Dual Entrances
1110 Entrance Cable Guidelines
1111 Terminating Space for Telecommunications Entrance Facilities
Requirements for Inside Space
1112 Terminating Conduit Inside a Building
Designing Termination Points
Fastening Entrance Conduits
Sealing Conduits
Bonding and Grounding (Earthing) Requirements
1113 Network Interface (NI) Locations
Overview
Centralization—Advantages versus Disadvantages
1114 Hardware
1115 Outside Building Terminals (Pedestals and Cabinets) Pedestal Hardware Mounted on Outside Walls
Overview
Ground-Supported Terminals
Pedestal Terminals
1116 Surface-Mounted Cabinets
1117 Direct-Buried Pathways
Requirements for Direct-Buried Methods
Locating and Identifying Subsurface Facilities
Locating and Identifying Criteria
1118 Locating Methods
Electronic
Water Vacuum
Air Vacuum
Warning Tape Requirements
1119 Trenches
Overview
Trench Depth
Shoring Requirements
Joint Trench Required Separations
1120 Coordinating Joint Trenching
Backhoe Advantages and Disadvantages
1121 Alternatives to Trenching
Compact Trencher
Vibratory Plow
1122 Directional Drilling
1123 Underground Pathways
Overview
Safety Precautions During Survey Activities
1124 Design Considerations
Separating Transmission Media
1125 Conduit Guidelines
Conduit Types
1128 Bends
Minimum Depth
Encasement
Reaming Conduit
Preventing Conduit Shearing
1129 Using Corrosion-Resistant Conduit
1130 Positioning Underground Conduit Risers on Poles
Choosing a Pull Cord
Placing Innerducts
1131 Terminating Conduit at a Designated Property Line
Determining Cover Depth
Preparing for Tie-In Connections
1132 Maintenance Hole Guidelines
Planning and Design Factors
Basic Maintenance Hole (MH) Configurations
1134 Maintenance Hole (MH) Hardware
1135 Maintenance Hole (MH) Covers
Multiple Covers
Identifying Covers
1136 Avoiding Joint-Use Maintenance Holes (MHs)
1138 Main Conduit Entry Points
Concrete Strength and Reinforcement
1139 Aerial Plant Pathways
Planning and Designing Guidelines
1140 Poles
Pole Loading
Aerial Duct
Separations and Clearances
1142 Chapter 14 – Audiovisual Systems
1144 Table of Contents
1149 Figures
1150 Tables
1152 Audiovisual (AV) Systems
Introduction
Essence of Audiovisual (AV) Design and Integration
1153 Fundamentals
Properties of Sound
Sound
Wavelength
1154 Amplitude
1155 Phase
1156 Frequency
Harmonics
1158 Properties of Light
1159 Wavelength, Frequency, and Amplitude of Light
Color Temperature
1161 Types of Signals
Overview
Analog Audio Signals
1162 Balanced and Unbalanced Circuits
1163 Digital Audio Signals
Sampling Rate of a Digital Audio Signal
1164 Bit Depth of a Digital Audio Signal
Resolution
1165 Digital Audio Signal Protocols
1166 Video Signals
Radio Frequency (RF) Signal
Digital Video Signals
High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
1167 DisplayPort
1168 Serial Digital Interface (SDI)
HDBaseT™
1169 Digital Television (DTV) Standards
Standard-Definition Television (SDTV) and High-Definition Television (HDTV)
1171 Control Signals
RS-232 Serial Communications
1172 RS-422 Serial Communications
RS-485 Serial Communications
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Infrared (IR) Serial Control
1173 Variable Voltage
Contact Closure
IEEE® 1394 Standard
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
1175 Environmental Considerations
Overview
Finishes
Walls
1176 Ceilings
Floors
Seating Area
1177 Viewing Area
1178 Sightlines
1181 Millwork and Furniture
Heat, Power, and Air Requirements
Estimating Heat Load and Distribution
1182 Room Control
Acoustics
Noise
Vibration
Location of Diffusers Relative to Audiovisual (AV) Equipment
1183 Visual Display Systems
Overview
Flat Panel Displays
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)
Gas Plasma Displays
1184 Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Displays
Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) Displays
Projection Displays
1185 Front Projection
1186 Rear Projection
1187 Projector Selection
Rear Projection Mirror Assemblies
1188 Program Audio and Speech Reinforcement Systems
Overview
1189 Loudspeaker System Types
1190 Program Audio Design Considerations
Loudspeaker Input Power
1191 Speech Reinforcement Design Considerations
1192 Loudspeaker Deployment Options
1193 Point Source Loudspeaker Placement
1194 Distributed System Layouts
1195 Speech Reinforcement Distributed Loudspeakers
1196 Signal Distribution Systems
Overview
Signal Distances
Amplification
1197 Signal Conversion
Transport Conversion
Matrix Routing Switchers
Signal Conversions
1198 Audioconferencing Systems
Overview
Audioconferencing
1200 Large Room Environments
Microphone Selection and Placement
Directional versus Omnidirectional Microphones
1201 Boundary Microphones
Gooseneck Microphones
Tabletop Microphones
1202 Critical Distance
Conferencing Microphones
1203 Wireless Microphones
Ceiling Microphones
1204 Automatic Microphone Mixers
1205 Acoustic Echo Cancellation
1206 Muting Microphones
Volume Control
1207 Telephone Hybrid
1209 Loudspeakers
1211 Loudspeaker Zoning and Placement
1213 Loudspeaker Power
1214 Videoconferencing Systems
Overview
Room Setup
Room Size and Location
Building and Infrastructure
1215 Furniture Layout
Camera-Friendly Finishes
1216 Displays
Types, Technologies, and Purposes
Placement
Camera Technology
Camera Specifications and Terminology
1218 Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) Assemblies
Auto-Pointing Technology
1219 Lighting
1220 Codecs
1221 Integration with Room Audio Systems
Communications Network Interface
1223 Control Systems
Overview
1224 Control System Conceptual Differences and Graphic User Interface (GUI) Design
1226 Overhead Paging Systems
Overview
1227 Types of Paging Systems
Centrally Amplified System
1228 Distributed Amplifier System
1229 Loudspeaker Selection and Placement
1230 Loudspeaker Distribution Patterns
1231 Ceiling Loudspeakers
Wall-Mounted Loudspeakers
1232 Hallway Loudspeakers
Horn Loudspeakers
1233 Loudspeaker Phasing
Feedback
Constant Voltage System Design
1236 Distributed Amplifier System Design
Central Amplifier Power Requirements
1237 Sound Masking Systems
Overview
Factors Affecting Sound Masking Systems
1238 Sound Masking System Components
Masking Loudspeakers
1239 Sound Masking System Enhancements
Tuning Sound Masking Systems
Expected Privacy
1240 Sound Masking Definitions
Marginal Privacy
Normal Privacy
Confidential Privacy
Total Privacy
Predicting Speech Privacy
1241 Digital Signage Systems
Overview
1242 Collaboration of Technology Providers
Computer Vendors
1243 Software Vendors
Content Creation
Scheduling and Distribution
1244 Collaboration of Technology Providers
Playback
Audio/No Audio
1245 Cable Television Distribution Systems
Overview
Private Cable Systems
Elements of a Cable System
1246 Physical Properties of Coaxial Cable
Program Material Sources
Off-the-Air-Antenna
1247 Satellite Dish Antenna
Cable TV (CATV) Feed
Audio-Video Playback Devices
System Topologies
Home Run Design
1249 Trunk and Tap Design
Other Distribution Systems
Video Over Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling
1250 Video Over Optical Fiber Cabling
1251 Signal Loss in the Network
1252 Cable Loss
1253 Device Loss
1254 Chapter 15 – Intelligent Building Systems
1256 Table of Contents
1258 Figures
Table
Example
1260 Building Automation Systems (BAS)
Introduction
1261 Intelligent Buildings (IBs)
1262 Trends
1264 Integration Examples
1265 Building Automation Systems (BAS) Interfaces with Other Systems
Fire Alarm Systems
1266 Electronic Access Control (EAC) System
Video Surveillance
Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)
1270 Energy Management System (EMS)
1271 Integrated Energy Management and Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems
1273 Lighting Control
1274 Fixed Power Reduction
1275 Occupancy-Based, Time of Day, and On/Off Control
Vacancy-Based On/Off Control
Daylight Harvesting
1276 Demand Limiting
Fluorescent Lamp Lumen Depreciation Compensation
1277 Building Automation Systems (BAS) Communications Networks
Overview
Building Automation Systems (BAS) Hardware
1279 Field-Level Controllers
System-Level Controllers
1280 Management-Level Processors
Building Automation Systems (BAS) Software
1281 Communications Protocols
1283 Building Automation Systems (BAS) Electrical Characteristics
Overview
Building Automation Systems (BAS) Devices
1285 Planning Building Automation Systems (BAS) Distribution Cabling
Overview
1289 Bid Specifications
Regulations
1290 Telecommunications Cabling Structure Elements
Coverage Area
1294 Horizontal Connection Point (HCP)
1295 Horizontal Cabling
1300 Backbone Cabling
1301 Equipment Cabling
1302 Cabling Pathways
1303 Distributing the Building Automation Systems (BAS) Equipment
1305 Reducing Costs with Open Office Horizontal Cabling
1307 Centralizing the Building Automation Systems (BAS) Equipment
1309 Balanced Twisted-Pair Cross-Connections
1310 Summary
1312 Chapter 16 – Wireless Networks
1314 Table of Contents
1318 Figures
Tables
1320 Wireless Networks
Introduction
1321 Services and Applications
Overview
Technological Considerations
Regulatory and Service Provider (SP) Considerations
1322 Reliability Considerations
Transmission Rate Considerations
1323 Aesthetic Considerations
Environmental Considerations
Quality Considerations
1324 Financial Considerations
Return on Investment (ROI) Considerations
Deployment Considerations
1325 Wireless System Design
Overview
Pre-design and Survey Analysis
Bandwidth Requirement
Number of Devices
1326 Growth and Expandability
Existing Wi-Fi Data Network Considerations
User Environment
1327 Electromagnetic (EM) and Radio Frequency (RF) Noise
Topography, Terrain, and Building Materials
Climate
1328 Selection of Technology
Overview
Licensed Wireless Networks
Unlicensed Wireless Networks
1330 Unlicensed Band Issues
Radio Types and Power Output
Line of Sight (LoS) Radio Frequency (RF) Equipment
Non-Line of Sight (LoS) Radio Frequency (RF) Equipment
1331 Design Considerations
Path Loss
Cabling Types and Losses
Antenna Selection
1332 Radomes and Effects
Gain versus Size
1333 Components of a Wireless System
Overview
Wireless Transmission
1334 Antennas
Cabling and Waveguide
Types of Transmission Line
Open Wire or Balanced Lines
Coaxial Cabling
Rigid and Flexible Waveguide
1335 Composite Optical Fiber or Copper Conductor Cabling
Main Characteristics Affecting Cabling Selection
Pressurization Equipment
Waveguide Feeders
1336 Connectors
Dry Air Systems
1337 Accessories
Towers, Poles, Masts, Guys, and Mounts
1338 Tower Grounding
Rigging
1339 Pigtails and Jumpers
1340 Power Sources
1341 Power Injectors
1343 Equipment Shelters
Radio Frequency (RF) Media (Cable/Waveguide) Management
Interconnection Between Systems
1344 Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS)
Overview
1347 Components
Cabling Infrastructure
Connectors
1348 Antennas
Omnidirectional Antennas
1349 Directional Antennas
Radiating Coaxial Cabling
1350 Antenna Parameters
Mounting Methods for Distributed Antenna System (DAS) Equipment and Antennas
1353 Active Distribution Equipment
1354 Headend Equipment
Master Control Unit (MCU)/Host Elements
1357 Backend Equipment/Secondary Elements
1358 Communications between Headend and Backend Equipment
1360 Passive Distribution Equipment
1361 Topologies
Star Topology
Tapped Trunk Topology
Design Considerations
1362 Needs Analysis
Configuration Requirements
Signal Source and Site Orientation
1363 Radio Frequency (RF) Measurements
1364 Existing Structures
Planned Structures
1365 Antennas
Power (Link) Budgets
1366 Radio Frequency (RF) Signal/Frequency Conversion and Combining
1369 Site Survey
1370 Regulatory Considerations
Carrier Approval and Connection Procedure
1371 Personal Area Networks (PANs)
Overview
IEEE 802.15 (Bluetooth®)
IEEE 802.15 Security
IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee®)
1372 Infrared (IR)
Infrared (IR) Site Survey
Infrared (IR) Security
1373 Wireless LAN (WLAN) Technology
Overview
Public Services
IEEE Standards
1375 Wireless Connections
1376 Wireless LAN (WLAN) Components
Overview
Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)
Basic Service Set (BSS)
Extended Service Set (ESS)
1379 Wireless Security and Encryption
1382 Network Interface Cards (NICs)
Station Software
Access Points (APs)
1383 Access Point (AP) Powering
1384 Bridges
1387 Switches or Controllers
Routers
Gateways
1388 Chapter 17 – Electronic Safety and Security
1390 Table of Contents
1393 Figures
1394 Electronic Safety and Security (ESS)
Introduction
Security Program
1395 Layering
1396 Event-Based Monitoring
Threat, Risk, and Vulnerability Assessment
1399 Assets
1400 Electronic Access Control (EAC)
1401 Electronic and Electrical Door Hardware
Overview
1402 Visitor Management
1403 System Structure
Credentials and Credential Readers
1404 Cable Types
1405 Cabling Design/Installation Exceptions
1406 Environmental Conditions
Lock Types, Function, Grades, and Styles
1407 Door Release Hardware Types
Electric Strikes
1409 Magnetic Locks
1410 Electric Locksets
1411 Electric Latches and Bolts
1412 Electrified Exit Hardware
1414 Video Surveillance
Overview
Privacy and Liability Considerations
1415 Capture Devices
Camera Technology
Lenses
1416 Mounting and Housings
Lighting
1417 Transmission
Wireless Transmission
Internet Protocol (IP) Transmission
1418 Processing
Video Surveillance Matrix
Multiview Processors
1419 Digital Recording
1420 Monitoring
1421 Monitor Selection
1422 Intrusion Detection
Overview
1423 Types of Alarms
Sensors
1424 Sending Circuit
1425 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems (FDAS)
Overview
Classes of Fire Alarm (FA) Systems
Protected Premises System
1426 Supervising Station Systems
Central Station Service
Initiation Devices
1427 Detection Devices
Pull Stations
1428 Fire Suppression Systems and Supervision Devices
1429 Fire Alarm (FA) Notification
Overview
Types of Notification Appliances
1430 Notification Appliance Circuit (NAC)
Factors Affecting Performance
Audibility
1431 Intelligibility
Visibility
1432 Fire Alarm Control Panels (FACP)
Overview
Supervision
Trouble Conditions
1433 Supervisory Trouble Signal
1434 Circuit and Pathway Designations
1435 Class N Design
1438 Levels
Emergency Procedure Requirements for Class N
1439 Power Supplies
1440 System Inputs and Outputs
Remote Monitoring and Control Units
1441 Remote Control Panels
1442 Digital Alarm Communicator System (DACS)
Overview
Digital Alarm Communicator Transmitter (DACT)
1443 Transmission Means
Transmission Channels
1444 Call Forwarding
1445 Digital Alarm Radio Transmitter (DART)
Transmission Means
Testing
Digital Alarm Communicator Receiver (DACR)
Reception Requirements
1446 Testing
Digital Alarm Radio Receiver (DARR)
Annunciator Panels
1447 Simple Annunciator Standard Display
1448 Graphical Displays
Signaling
Zones
1449 Area of Refuge and Rescue Two-Way Communication Systems
Overview
1450 System Basics
Types of Systems
Analog
1451 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) with External Power
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) with Power over Ethernet (PoE)
Pathways and Connectivity
Signage
Codes Governing Areas of Refuge and Rescue
1452 Mass Notification and Emergency Communications (MNEC) Systems
Overview
Design Criteria in Mass Notification and Emergency Communications (MNEC) Systems
1453 Getting to the Intended Audience
Message Receipt
Operational Performance
1454 Chapter 18 – Data Centers
1456 Table of Contents
1458 Figures
Tables
1460 Data Centers
Introduction
1463 Key Elements of Design
1465 Data Center Redundancy and Availability
Overview
1466 Redundancy
Data Center Facility Availability Classes
1470 Structured Cabling Hierarchy for Data Centers
Overview
1471 Comparison of Standards
1476 Guidelines for Telecommunications Cabling, Cable Containment, Equipment Racks, and Cabinets
Overview
Cabling Considerations
1477 Overhead versus Underfloor Cabling
1478 Overhead Cabling Infrastructure, Overhead Power, Bonding and Grounding (Earthing), and Cabinets on Slab
1480 Overhead Communications Cabling, Underfloor Power, and Bonding and Grounding (Earthing)
1481 Cabling Systems Placed Beneath Raised Access Floor
1483 Patch Cord Slack Management
1484 Data Center Security
Overview
1485 Physical Security of Data Centers
Four Concentric Layers
1486 Site Security
1487 Perimeter Security Measures
Building and Access Control
1488 Computer Room
Space Design and Security Issues
1490 Operation, Ownership Costs, Environmental Impact, and Efficiency
1491 Data Center Planning Considerations
Physical Location and Architectural Issues
1492 Sizing and Room Capability
Electrical Systems
1493 Grounding Infrastructure
Fire and Smoke Detection, Alarm, and Suppression
Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)
1494 Information Technology Equipment (ITE)
Applications and Equipment Supported
Near-Term and Long-Term Information Technology (IT) Strategy
1495 Cabling System Design for Data Centers
Telecommunications Cabling
1496 Cable Containment and Pathways
1497 Equipment Racks and Cabinets
1498 Project Management
1500 Chapter 19 – Health Care
1502 Table of Contents
1505 Figures
1506 Health Care
Introduction
1507 Space and Pathway Requirements and Considerations
Overview
Entrance Facility (EF)
Number and Size
Facility Requirements
Technology Equipment Center (TEC)
1508 Number and Size
Location and Access Requirements
Facility Requirements
1509 Technology Distribution Room (TDR)
Number and Size
1510 Location and Access Requirements
Facility Requirements
1512 Redundancy
1516 Nurse Call Systems
Overview
System Types
Tone or Visual Nurse Call System
1517 Audiovisual (AV) Nurse Call System
Nurse Call System Components
1518 Initiation Devices
1522 Headend Equipment
Notification Devices
1523 Wireless Nurse Call Systems
1524 Nurse Call System Wiring
1525 Nurse Call System Communication Interfaces
1526 Code Call Systems
Overview
Integration within Other Systems
Design
Implementation
1527 Master Clock System
1528 Hospital Security
Overview
Access Control Systems (ACS)
1529 Video Surveillance Systems (VSS)
Real-Time Tracking and Locating Systems (RTLS)
1530 Methods of Transmission
Infant Protection Systems
1531 System Options
1532 Wireless Networks
Overview
1533 Wireless LAN (WLAN)
1534 Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS)
Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS)
1535 Audiovisual (AV) Systems
Overview
Integrated Operating Rooms (ORs)
Training and Conference Rooms
1536 Telemedicine
1537 Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)
1538 Patient Monitoring
Overview
1539 Interaction with Wireless Networks
1540 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)-Based Systems
Overview
1541 Asset Tagging Technology
Asset Management Systems
1542 Interactive Patient Entertainment and Education Systems
Overview
1543 System Description
1544 Design
1546 Wayfinding and Signage
Overview
Video Displays
1547 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Requirements for Teletypewriter/Text Telephone (TTY) Installations in Health Care Facilities
1548 Appendix: Regulatory Bodies and Organizations
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
1550 Australia/New Zealand Codes and Standards
Canadian Standards Association
Verband der Elektrotechnik, Elektronik und Informationstechnik (Association of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Information Technology)
1552 Chapter 20 – Residential Cabling
1554 Table of Contents
1556 Figures
Tables
1558 Residential Cabling
Introduction
Residential Demarcation Points (DPs)
Design for Flexibility
1559 Grades of Residential Telecommunications Cabling
1561 Components
Overview
Demarcation Point (DP)
1562 Backbone Cable
Recommended Cables
Topology
Campus Cabling Protection
Auxiliary Disconnect Outlet (ADO) Cable
Balanced Twisted-Pair
1563 Coaxial Auxiliary Disconnect Outlet (ADO) Cable
Optical Fiber Auxiliary Disconnect Outlet (ADO) Cable
Auxiliary Disconnect Outlet (ADO)
1564 Distribution Device (DD)
Location Requirements for the Distribution Device (DD)
Wall Space Allocation for a Distribution Device (DD) and Associated Equipment
1565 Distribution Device (DD) Sizing
Electrical Power
1566 Telecommunications Outlet Cable
Recommended Cables
Cabling Topology for Telecommunications Outlets
1567 Telecommunications Outlets/Connectors
1568 Premises Cabling System
1569 Typical Pathways and Spaces in a Multi-Dwelling Building
Entrance Facility (EF)
Common Equipment Room (CER)
Equipment Room (ER)
Common Telecommunications Room (CTR)
1570 Multi-Dwelling Unit (MDU) Cabling Layout
1571 Apartment Building with a Central Backbone
1572 Apartment Building with Multiple Backbones
1573 Townhouse
1574 Side-by-Side Duplex
1575 Frame Apartment Projects
1577 Apartment Complex Projects
1578 Planning the Cabling System
1579 Rough-In Cabling
Overview
Network Interface
1580 Mounting Hardware
Outlet and Auxiliary Disconnect Outlet (ADO) Cabling
1581 Finish Cabling
Overview
Data and Carrier Transmission Considerations
Auxiliary Disconnect Outlet (ADO)
Distribution Device (DD)
1582 Telecommunications Outlets
Premises Cabling System Testing
1584 Administration
1586 Chapter 21 – Project Administration, Execution, and Risk Management
1588 Table of Contents
1591 Figures
Table
Examples
1592 Professional Development and Marketing
Overview
1593 Client Education
Client’s Need Assessment
1594 Identifying Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Services
1596 Sustainability Elements Applicable to Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Infrastructure
1597 Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Networks and Impact on Life-Cycle Assessments (LCAs)
1598 Basic Project Management Elements
Overview
1599 Telecommunications Project Manager (PM)
Telecommunications Project Management (TPM) Steps
Telecommunications Project Management (TPM) Knowledge Areas
1600 Human Resources Management
Scope Management
Integration Management
Time Management
1601 Cost Management
Quality Management
Communications Management
Risk Management
1602 Procurement Management
Stakeholder Management
Developing a Telecommunications Project Plan
1603 Lessons Learned
Creating a Scope of Work (SoW)
1604 Basic Requirements of a Scope of Work (SoW)
1605 Contractual/Administrative Requirements
Basic Planning
1606 Outlining the Scope of Work (SoW) Process
1607 Organizing the Project Team
Writing and Reviewing
Description of Format
1608 End Result Deliverable
1609 General Scope of Work (SoW) Guidelines
1610 Developing an Organization Breakdown Structure (OBS)
1611 Building a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
1614 Using PERT, Milestone, Gantt, and Calendar Charts
1615 Schedules Using PERT, Milestone, Gantt, and Calendar Charts
1616 Developing Estimates
1617 PERT and Risk
Codes, Standards, and Regulations
Enforcement and Designer Responsibility
1618 Codes, Regulations, and Directives
State and Provincial Regulations
1619 Municipal/County/Local Regulations
Special Applications
1620 Standards
1621 Developing a Closeout Plan
Architectural Design Process
1622 Design Team Members
Construction Team Members
1623 Design Phases
Programming
Schematic Design (SD)
Design Development (DD)
1624 Construction Document (CD)
Bidding and Negotiating
1625 Types of Bid Structures
1626 Types of Bids
1627 Construction Administration
1629 Submittals
1630 Materials Considerations
1631 Postconstruction
1632 Elements of Design
Specifications
Preparing Specifications
1635 Drawings
1640 Building Information Modeling (BIM)
1643 Cost Estimates
1646 Meetings
Vendor and Contractor Coordination
1648 Kickoff Meeting
Prime Contractor and Subcontractor Coordination Meetings
1649 Weekly Progress Meetings
Project Closeout
1650 Disaster Recovery Planning and Risk Management
Overview
General Information
1651 Starting a Disaster Recovery Plan
Risk Management and Disaster Recovery Plan Steps
1652 Identify
Analyze and Prioritize
Plan
Schedule
1653 Track and Report
Mitigate the Risk
Lessons Learned
1654 The Disaster Recovery Plan
Overview
Establishing Priority
Collecting Information
1655 Plan Benefits
Disaster Recovery Plan Strategies
1656 Testing
1658 Chapter 22 – Special Design Considerations
1660 Table of Contents
1661 Figure
Tables
1662 Special Occupancies
Overview
1663 Specific Conditions in Special Occupancies
Climatic (Temperature and Humidity) Control
1664 Hazardous Locations
1665 Areas with Exposure to Chemically Reactive Materials
Areas with Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)/Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Concerns
1666 Cabling and Connector Arrangements for Industrial Premises
1667 MICE Considerations
Overview
1669 Environmental Classification System
1671 Compatibility with Mechanical, Ingress, Climatic/Chemical, and Electromagnetic (MICE) Environment
1672 Ingress Protection (IP) Codes
1673 National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Conversion Values
1674 Enclosures Constructed for Indoor/Outdoor Use
1675 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Requirements for Teletypewriter/Text Telephone (TTY) Installations in Special Occupancies
1676 Appendix A – Codes, Standards, Regulations, and Organizations
1678 Table of Contents
1684 Figures
Tables
1686 Codes, Standards, Regulations, and Organizations
Introduction
Design and Construction
1687 Codes, Regulations, and Directives
1688 State/Provincial Regulations
Municipal/County/Local Regulations
Special Applications
1689 Standards
1690 Interpretation of Directive Language in Codes, Standards, and Regulations
1691 Standardization Efforts
United States (U.S.) Standards Development
International Standards Development
1692 International Codes and Standards
Overview
ASIS International
Audiovisual and Integrated Experience Association (AVIXA)
1693 Building Industry Consulting Services International (BICSI)®
1694 Broadband Forum
Common Ground Alliance (CGA)
1695 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)®
1696 Project 802
1702 International Code Council (ICC)
1703 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
1706 International Municipal Signal Association (IMSA)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
1707 International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission Joint Technical Committee 1 (ISO/IEC JTC 1)
1710 International Safety Equipment Association (ISEA)
1711 International Society of Automation (ISA)
1712 International Telecommunication Union–Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
G-series; Transmission systems and media, digital systemsand networks
1713 H-series; Audiovisual and multimedia systems
I-series; Integrated services digital network
1714 L-series; Environment and ICTs, climate change, e-waste, energy efficiency; construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant
1715 Y-series; Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects, next-generation networks, Internet of Things and smart cities
1716 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Handbooks
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
1717 Regional Codes and Standards
Australia/New Zealand Codes and Standards
1720 Caribbean Region Codes and Standards
Caribbean Telecommunications Union (CTU)
1723 European Codes and Standards
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique (CENELEC)
EN 50098 Series
1724 EN 50173 Series
EN 50174 Series
1725 EN 50600 Series
Other CENELEC Standards
1726 CENELEC Technical Specifications (TS) and Technical Reports (TR)
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
1727 National Codes and Standards
Argentine Codes and Standards
Instituto Argentino de Normalización y Certificación (IRAM)
Australian Codes and Standards
Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA)
Communications Alliance (CA)
Standards Australia
1728 Austrian Codes and Standards
Österreichische Standards (Austrian Standards)
Belgian Codes and Standards
1729 Brazilian Codes and Standards
Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações (ANATEL)
Associacão Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT)
1730 Canadian Codes and Standards
CSA Group
1732 Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) and Construction Specifications Canada (CSC)
National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Research in Construction (NRC-IRC)
Standards Council of Canada (SCC)
1733 Chilean Codes and Standards
Sub-Secretariat of Telecommunications (Subtel)
Superintendency of Electricity and Fuels (SEC)
1734 Colombian Codes and Standards
Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación (ICONTEC)
1735 Costa Rican Codes and Standards
Institute of Technical Standards of Costa Rica (INTECO)
Danish Codes and Standards
Finnish Codes and Standards
French Codes and Standards
Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR)
1737 German Codes and Standards
Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN)
Greek Codes and Standards
Hellenic Organization for Standardization (ELOT)
1738 Indian Codes and Standards
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
Indonesian Codes and Standards
National Standardization Agency of Indonesia (SNI)
1739 Irish Codes and Standards
National Standards Authority of Ireland (NSAI)
Italian Codes and Standards
Comitato Elettrotecnico Italiano (Italian Electrotechnical Committee [CEI])
1740 Japanese Codes and Standards
Japanese Standards Association Group
1741 Korean Codes and Standards
Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA)
1742 Mexican Codes and Standards
Normalización y Certificación (NYCE)
1743 Netherlands Codes and Standards
Norwegian Codes and Standards
Peruvian Codes and Standards
Instituto Nacional de Calidad (INACAL)
1744 Peru Ministry of Energy and Mines
1745 Philippine Codes and Standards
Spanish Codes and Standards
Swedish Codes and Standards
Swiss Codes and Standards
1746 Turkish Codes and Standards
Turkish Building Legislation
Turkish Standards Institution (TSE)
1747 United Kingdom (UK) Codes and Standards
British Standards Institution (BSI)
1749 Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy—Office for Product Safety and Standards
Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI)
1750 United States (U.S.) Codes and Standards
Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
Administrative Council for Terminal Attachment (ACTA)
Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS)
1751 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
American Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
1752 American Institute of Architects (AIA)
1753 American Ladder Institute (ALI)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
1754 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
1755 American Society of Safety Professionals (ASSP)
1756 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC)
ASTM International
1757 Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)
1758 Electronic Components Industry Association (ECIA)
Facility Guidelines Institute (FGI)
1759 Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
1760 Fiber Optic Association (FOA)
IEEE®
1762 Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IES)
1763 Insulated Cable Engineers Association (ICEA)
1764 Independent Alliance of the Electrical Industry (IAEI)
1765 International Committee for Information Technology Standards (INCITS)
National Electrical Contractors Association (NECA)
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
1767 National Fire Protection Association® (NFPA®)
1768 NFPA 70® National Electrical Code® (NEC®)
1772 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
1773 Partner Alliance for Safer Schools (PASS)
Project Management Institute (PMI)
Rural Utilities Service (RUS)
1774 Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE)
1776 Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
1779 Telcordia Technologies
1781 Enforcement of United States (U.S.) Building Codes, Standards, and Regulations
Overview
Local Applications of National Standards
1782 Government and Military Construction
1783 Federal Safety and Health Standards
1784 Wireless Transmission Standards
Overview
Organizations
1785 Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB)
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
1786 Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
1787 Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (ISEDC)
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers® (IEEE®)
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
1788 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
International Telecommunications Union-Radiocommunications Sector (ITU-R)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Sub-Secretariat of Telecommunications
1789 Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA)
1790 Approval of Electrical Products and Equipment
United States (U.S.)
Product Certification
Product Ratings
1791 Examples of Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) Standards
1793 Canada
Product Certification
1796 European Union (EU)
Product Safety
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive
Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive
Conformité Européenne (CE) Mark
1797 German Product Safety Act (ProdSG)
GS Mark–Geprüfte Sicherheit (Safety Tested)
1798 Mexico
Asociación de Normalización y Certificación (ANCE)
1799 South American Countries
Argentina
Chile
1800 Regulations and Standards for Emissions and Immunity
Overview
Commercial Products Marketed in the United States (U.S.)
Radiation Limits for Class A and Class B
1801 Emission Limits for Class A and Class B
Commercial Products Marketed Outside the United States (U.S.)
1802 Health Canada—Safety Code 6
1803 EN 61000-6–Generic Immunity Standard
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
1804 Appendix B – Legal Considerations
1806 Table of Contents
1808 The Legal Aspects of Design
Introduction
Design Professional’s Environment
1809 Basis for Liability
1810 Legal Issues
General Duties of the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Designer
1811 Liability in Contract
1812 Liability in Tort—Secondary Liability
1813 Negligence
1815 Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
Mediation
1816 Arbitration
Limiting the Design Professional’s Liability
1818 Glossary
1820 Glossary Terms
A
1831 B
1839 C
1854 D
1863 E
1869 F
1878 G
1880 H
1883 I
1887 J
1888 K
1889 L
1895 M
1903 N
1906 O
1909 P
1921 Q
R
1929 S
1943 T
1950 U
1952 V
1954 W
1956 X
1957 Y
Z
1958 Bibliography
Introduction
Chapter 1: Principles of Transmission
1961 Chapter 2: Electromagnetic Compatibility
Chapter 3: Data Networks
1962 Chapter 4: Telecommunications Spaces
1963 Chapter 5: Backbone Distribution Systems
1965 Chapter 6: Horizontal Distribution Systems
1967 Chapter 7: ICT Cables and Connecting Hardware
1968 Chapter 8: Firestop Systems
1969 Chapter 9: Bonding and Grounding (Earthing)
1970 Chapter 10: Power Distribution
1972 Chapter 11: Telecommunications Administration
Chapter 12: Field Testing of Structured Cabling
1973 Chapter 13: Outside Plant
1975 Chapter 14: Audiovisual Systems
Chapter 15: Intelligent Building Systems
1976 Chapter 16: Wireless Networks
1977 Chapter 17: Electronic Safety and Security
Chapter 18: Data Centers
1978 Chapter 19: Health Care
1979 Chapter 20: Residential Cabling
1980 Chapter 21: Project Administration and Execution
Chapter 22: Special Design Considerations
1982 Index
Numbers and Symbols
A
B
Numbers and Symbols
1983 C
1985 D
E
1986 F
G
H
I
1987 J
L
M
N
O
1988 P
1989 Q
R
1990 S
T
1991 U
V
1992 W
Z
]]>
BICSI Field Guide 3 Fiber 2023 2ndEdition ?u=/product/publishers/bicsi/bicsi-field-guide-3-fiber-2023-2ndedition/ Sun, 20 Oct 2024 07:52:29 +0000 ICT Installation Practices Field Guide, Volume 3 – Optical Fiber Cabling, 2nd Edition
Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BICSI 2023 161
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Newly updated to their second editions, BICSI’s three new ICT Installation Practices Field Guides continue to be the must-have companions for every ICT and low voltage cabling installer and technician. Whether it’s General Cabling, Copper, or Optical Fiber Installation, these newly updated guides are sized for your pocket or toolbox. Many additions and updates were incorporated into the three field guides with new accepted ICT technologies, current codes, standards, and industry best practices. Each volume is arranged to quickly place the information you need at your fingertips. This updated guide focuses on in-the-field optical fiber cabling installation and maintenance techniques based on applicable codes, standards and industry best practices. Throughout its pages you will find everything likely to come up on the job site, from optical fiber cable classification, splicing, applications, performance specifications, length limitations, termination, troubleshooting, and much more.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
1 ICT Field Guide Vol III, 2nd Edition
2 Preface
5 WARNING
6 Acknowledgments
8 Acronyms
10 Table of Contents
14 Figures
18 Tables
19 Example
Steps
20 Optical Fiber Cabling Media
Optical Fiber Strands
21 Multimode
22 Singlemode
23 Bandwidth
Dispersion
24 Modal Dispersion
Chromatic Dispersion
25 Attenuation
Cable Construction
26 Tight-Buffered Optical Fiber Cable
28 Loose-Tube Optical Fiber Cable
30 Ribbon Optical Fiber Cable
Cabling Performance Classification
33 Optical Fiber Cable and Strand Color Codes
35 Cable Jacket Listings
37 Type OFNP and OFCP
Type OFNR and OFCR
Type OFCG and OFNG
Type OFC and OFN
Type LSZH and LSHF
39 Cabling Architectures
Hierarchical Star Backbone Fiber Cabling
Backbone Fiber Cabling
40 Horizontal Fiber Cabling
41 Centralized Optical Fiber Cabling
42 Centralized Optical Fiber Cabling Distances
Pull-Through Method
Interconnection and Splice Methods
43 Passive Optical Networks (PONs)
46 Cabling Installation
Optical Fiber Cabling Hazards
48 Cable Bend Radius
51 Optical Fiber Hardware
53 Pulling Optical Fiber Cables
63 Air-Blown Optical Fiber
Air-Blown Optical Fiber Cable
Air-Blown Optical Fiber Tubes
64 Installation Conditions
Establishing Optical Fiber Pathway
Tube Couplers
65 Tube Management
66 Testing Primary Tubes or Tube Bundles
Blowing Optical Fiber Cable
67 Terminate Cable
Single/Dual-Strand Connectors
69 Array (Multi-Strand) Connectors
71 Higher Density Connectors
72 Coupling of Optical Fibers
Fiber Connector Polarity
73 Perform Pre-termination Functions
75 Simplex, Zip Cord, and Breakout Cable Preparation
76 Multifiber Tight-Buffered Cable Preparation
Loose-Tube Cable Preparation
77 Optical Fiber Cable Termination
78 Field Polished Connector Installation
80 Scribing and Polishing the Connector
84 Inspecting and Cleaning Optical Fiber Connectors
Inspection Tools
85 Microscopes
87 Inspection Practices
89 Cleaning Materials and Methods
Dry Wipes
Dry Swabs
90 Solvents with Wipes or Swabs
91 Cleaning Machines
Canned Air
Solvents
95 General Guidelines for Cleaning
97 Optical Fiber Cable Splicing
100 Splice Closures
102 Optical Fiber Strand Preparation
104 Mechanical Splicing
105 Fusion Splicing
113 Testing Optical Fiber Cable
Test Equipment
116 Pre-installation Testing
117 Acceptance Testing
118 Configuration Testing
Preventive Maintenance Testing
119 Test Measurement Documentation
122 Test Scenarios and Considerations
123 Attenuation
126 Circuit Configurations
129 Optical Loss Test Set (OLTS)
Test Configuration Methods
130 Mode Filter
131 One Jumper Method Referencing
132 One Jumper Method Testing
Two Jumper Method Referencing
133 Two Jumper Method Testing
134 Three Jumper Method Referencing
135 Three Jumper Method Testing
136 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
138 OTDR Testing Procedures
139 Typical OTDR Fault Presentations
Reflective Break
140 Non-reflective Break
141 Defective Splices
143 Microscope and Interferometer
Radius of Curvature
144 Offset of Polish
145 Optical Fiber Height
146 Troubleshooting Optical Fiber Media
147 Isolating the Problem
151 Verifying the Problem
152 Repairing the Problem
153 Testing the Repaired System
156 Index
A
B
C
157 D
E
F
H
158 I
J
L
M
159 O
P
R
S
160 T
U
161 V
W
Z
]]>
BCISI Field Guide 1 General 2023 2ndEdition ?u=/product/publishers/bicsi/bcisi-field-guide-1-general-2023-2ndedition/ Sun, 20 Oct 2024 07:52:29 +0000 ICT Installation Practices Field Guide, Volume 1 – General Cabling, 2nd Edition
Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BICSI 2023
]]>
Newly updated to their second editions, BICSI’s three new ICT Installation Practices Field Guides continue to be the must-have companions for every ICT and low voltage cabling installer and technician. Whether it’s General Cabling, Copper, or Optical Fiber Installation, these newly updated guides are sized for your pocket or toolbox. Many additions and updates were incorporated into the three field guides with new accepted ICT technologies, current codes, standards, and industry best practices. Each volume is arranged to quickly place the information you need at your fingertips. This updated guide focuses on the tasks and procedures for setting up the site and preparing pathways and spaces for the actual cable installation. Common safety practices, protective equipment and firestopping are also included to keep you, your team, and the site safe from harm.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
1 ICT Field Guide Vol I, 2nd Edition
2 Preface
5 WARNING
6 Acknowledgments
8 Acronyms
12 Table of Contents
18 Figures
26 Tables
27 Steps
28 General Safety Practices
29 Designating Work Areas
30 Tool and Equipment Safety
31 Electrical Tools Safety
33 Ladder Safety
Ladder Choice
34 Ladder Placement and Setup
Ladder Inspection and Use
37 Stepladders and Extension Ladders
39 Personnel Lifts (Elevating Work Platforms)
40 Preparation and Setup for Personnel Lifts
41 General Safety for Personnel Lifts
42 Inspecting the Personnel Lift
44 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
45 Headgear
46 Eye Protection
47 Breathing Protection
49 Lifting Safety Precautions
50 Protective Footwear
Gloves
51 Detection Badges and Exposure Monitors
High-Visibility Apparel
52 Hearing Protection
53 Fall Protection
55 Clothing
57 Grooming
Hazardous Indoor Environments
Electrical Hazards
59 Physical Effects of Current
60 Emergency Electrical Safety Board
61 RACE
Fire Extinguishers
62 Lightning Hazards
63 Access Floor Hazards
65 Catwalk Hazards
66 Crawl Space Hazards
67 Suspended Ceilings
68 Confined Spaces
Permit Required Confined Spaces (PRCS)
71 Battery Hazards
Asbestos Hazards
73 Chemical Hazards
76 Other Hazardous Locations
77 First Aid
First Aid, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), and the Law
78 First Aid Kits
80 Performing an Emergency Rescue
82 Generic Structured Cabling Systems
83 Administration of Structured Cabling Systems (SCS)
84 Identifiers
Records
Labeling
87 Pathway Types
Conduit
89 Conduit Bends and Bodies
92 Conduit Supports
93 General Conduit Installation Guidelines
94 Pull String Installation
99 Cable Runways (Ladder Rack) and Cable Trays
100 Ladder Rack and Cable Tray Support Methods
101 Access Floor Pathway Systems
103 Surface-Mount Raceways
105 Surface-Mount Boxes
106 Open-Top Cable Supports
107 Anchors and Fasteners (Hardware)
Anchors
110 Fasteners
Screws
112 Bolts, Nuts, and Washers
115 Specialty Fasteners
125 Space Build-Out
Space Layout
126 Lighting, Power, and Environmental Control Considerations
127 Entrance Facilities (EFs)
130 Equipment Rooms (ERs)
131 Telecommunications Rooms (TRs)
132 Telecommunications Enclosures (TEs)
Access
Bonding and Grounding (Earthing)
133 Electrical Power
Fire Protection
Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)
134 Interior Provisioning
Pathways
Plywood Backboards Materials
138 Ladder Racks and Cable Trays
141 Distribution Rings (D Rings)
142 Spools
Floor-Mounted Racks
144 Floor-Mounted Cabinets
145 Wall-Mounted Cabinets and Racks
146 Cable Management
148 Design Layout
152 Cabinet and Rack Installation
Attachment
153 Bracing
154 Seismic Zone Considerations
Work Areas
Outlets and Cavity Boxes
156 Steps to Installing Telecommunications Outlet or Cavity Box in Existing Walls with Wallboard/Sheetrock
157 Cables and Cords
Modular Furniture
159 Poke-Thrus
Poke-Thru Device Installations
160 Common Installation Practices
162 Verification of Cable Lengths
Tools and Equipment
163 Pulling Force
164 Safety Procedures During Cable Pulling Activities
180 Pull Horizontal Station Cable (Ceiling)
183 Pull Backbone Cable
198 Firestopping
Qualification Testing
199 Rated Devices
Device Classifications
201 Mechanical Firestop Systems
Non-mechanical Firestop Systems
205 Firestopping Methods
206 Cautions
207 Sleeves and Cable Trays
208 Pathway Barrier Penetration Plates (PBPPs)
209 Core Bore Seals (CBSs)
210 Cable Trays
211 Cable
Firestop Labeling
212 Underwriters Laboratories Inc.®(UL®) Numbering System
214 Firestopping Decision Methods and Examples of Firestop Systems
218 Examples of Typical Installations of Firestop Systems
225 Bonding and Grounding (Earthing) and Protection
Safety Items Related to Bonding and Grounding (Earthing)
228 Alternating Current (ac) Grounding (Earthing) Electrode System
229 Equipment Grounding (Earthing) System
230 Telecommunications Bonding Infrastructure
Small Systems
231 Large Systems
232 ICT Bonding Infrastructure Components
233 Primary Bonding Busbar (PBB)
235 Secondary Bonding Busbar (SBB)
237 Bonding Conductors
238 Telecommunications Bonding Conductor (TBC)
Telecommunications Bonding Backbone (TBB)
Backbone Bonding Conductor (BBC)
239 Telecommunications Equipment Bonding Conductor (TEBC)
Connectors
241 Supplemental Bonding Network
242 Installing Bonding Connections
243 Bonding Pathways
Bonding Equipment Cabinets and Racks
245 Example A
247 Example B
248 Example C
249 Inspection of Bonding Connections
250 Bonding and Grounding (Earthing) Testing Procedures
251 Two-Point Bonding Measurements
252 True Root Mean Square Alternating Current (ac) Amperage Measurements
253 Direct Current (dc) Amperage Measurements
Alternating Current (ac) Wiring Polarity/Ground Impedance
254 System Cutover
Planning the Cutover
255 Cutover Plans
257 Types of Cutovers
258 Steps—Cutover
260 Index
A
B
C
261 D
E
262 F
G
H
263 I
J
L
M
O
264 P
R
S
265 T
U
W
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BICSI Field Guide 2 Copper 2023 2ndEdition ?u=/product/publishers/bicsi/bicsi-field-guide-2-copper-2023-2ndedition/ Sun, 20 Oct 2024 07:52:29 +0000 ICT Installation Practices Field Guide, Volume 2 – Copper Cabling, 2nd Edition
Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BICSI 2023 199
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Newly updated to their second editions, BICSI’s three new ICT Installation Practices Field Guides continue to be the must-have companions for every ICT and low voltage cabling installer and technician. Whether it’s General Cabling, Copper, or Optical Fiber Installation, these newly updated guides are sized for your pocket or toolbox. Many additions and updates were incorporated into the three field guides with new accepted ICT technologies, current codes, standards, and industry best practices. Each volume is arranged to quickly place the information you need at your fingertips. This updated guide focuses on just that – balanced twisted-pair and coaxial communication cabling. Throughout its pages you will find everything likely to come up on the job site, from cable classification, cable construction, horizontal and backbone applications, performance specifications, length limitations, termination, troubleshooting, and much more.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
1 ICT Field Guide Vol II, 2nd Edition
2 Preface
5 WARNING
6 Acknowledgments
8 Acronyms
12 Table of Contents
17 Figures
23 Tables
25 Steps
28 Category Balanced Twisted-Pair Cable
Cable Construction
Pair Twist
Cable Design
30 Cabling Performance Classification
31 Conductor Color Codes
34 Twisted-Pair Cable Jacket Listing Designations
36 Structured Copper Cable Architecture
Backbone Copper Cabling
Backbone Copper Cabling Length Limitations
39 Horizontal Copper Cabling
40 Mixing Higher Cabling with Lower Performing Cabling
41 Cable Bend Radius
Terminating Cable
Modular Twisted-Pair Connectors
42 Modular Twisted-Pair Jacks and Plugs
45 Insulation Displacement Contact (IDC) Termination Block Hardware
66-Style Block
48 110-Style Block
49 BIX®-Style Block
51 LSA-Style Block
53 Patch Panels
54 Copper Cable Termination
59 Screened/Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable Terminations
60 Insulation Displacement Contact (IDC) Termination Blocks
63 Patch Panel
64 25-Pair Category 3/5 Cable Ribbon Connector
75 Twisted-Pair Backbone Cable Splicing
Splice Connectors
79 Splice Closures
93 ICT Cabling for Building Systems
95 Direct Connection
96 Applications/installations
97 Horizontal Connection Point (HCP)
99 Connectors
Single-Pair Ethernet (SPE) Cable
100 Connector Types
101 Hybrid Cabling
102 Pathway Sharing
103 Power over Ethernet (PoE)
Power Source
105 Limitations on Power over Ethernet (PoE) Cable Bundle Side
Wireless LAN (WLAN/Wi-FI) Systems
Access Point (AP) Installation
108 Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS)
Installation Considerations
110 Distributed Antenna System (DAS) Antenna Parameters
Mounting Methods for Distributed Antenna System (DAS) Equipment and Antennas
111 Distributed Antenna System (DAS) Equipment Installations
112 Antenna Installation
113 Steps—Omnidirectional Antenna
115 Steps—Semidirectional (Panel) Antenna
116 Steps—Directional (Parabolic or Yagi) Antenna
118 Steps—Radiating Cabling
119 Copper Cable Testing and Troubleshooting
Test Equipment
123 Designations of Certification Test Sets
126 Testing 100-Ohm Balanced Twisted-Pair Horizontal Cabling
Wire Map/Continuity Testing
127 Certification Field Testing Setup
129 Certification Field Testing Results
131 Testing Multipair Backbone Cabling for Continuity and Length
132 Troubleshooting Copper Cabling Systems
134 Verifying the Problem
135 Isolating and Repairing the Source of the Problem
140 High Insertion Loss (Copper)
141 Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio (ACR)
Incorrect Capacitance
142 Excessive Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT)
143 Excessive Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio Far-End (ACRF)
Excessive Power Sum Near-EndCrosstalk (PSNEXT)
Excessive Power Sum Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio Far-End (PSACRF)
Wire Map Inconsistencies
144 Excessive Propagation Delay
Excessive Delay Skew
Excessive Return Loss
145 Incorrect Cable Length
146 Excessive Alien Crosstalk (AXT)
147 Setting Nominal Velocity of Propagation (NVP)
148 Excessive Loop Resistance
Incorrect Connections
149 Incorrect Impedance
Noise
150 Locating Cables
Testing the Repaired System
155 Balanced Twisted-Pair Media Fault Isolation
158 Power over Ethernet (PoE) Troubleshooting
160 ICT Circuit Protection
161 Lightning and Power Fault Exposure for Outside Plant (OSP)
162 Primary Protectors
163 Carbon Blocks (Legacy)
164 Gas Tubes (Typical)
165 Solid State (Typical)
166 Primary Protector Terminal Installation
167 Secondary Protectors
168 Heat Coil (Legacy)
Sneak Current Fuse
169 Positive Temperature Coefficient Resistors
Data and Fire Alarm Protectors
170 Workmanship
Slack
171 Conduit Capacity
172 Derating Cable Count Because of Conduit Bends
173 Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT) Conduit Fill Tables
178 Dressing and Bundling Cables
179 Pathways and Cable Management
Coaxial Cable
180 Coaxial Cable Bend Radii
181 Coaxial Connectors
F Coaxial Connectors
N Coaxial Connectors
182 BNC Coaxial Connectors
Coaxial Cable Terminations
185 Type N Connector with Clamp for Flexible Cables
186 Type N Connector for Semi-Rigid Cable
187 SMA Connector with Clamp for Flexible Cables
188 ANSI/BICSI 006-2020 92
SMA Connector with Solder for Flexible Cables
189 SMA Connector with Solder for Semi Rigid Cable
190 Continuity Testing 50/75-Ohm Coaxial Cabling
192 Length Determination for 50/75-Ohm Coaxial Cabling
194 Index
A
B
195 C
196 D
F
H
I
197 J
L
M
N
O
198 P
R
S
199 T
W
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BICSI G4 2023 ?u=/product/publishers/bicsi/bicsi-g4-2023/ Sun, 20 Oct 2024 07:52:28 +0000 BICSI G4-23, ICT Outside Plant Construction and Installation: Direct Buried Facilities
Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BICSI 2023 67
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BICSI G4 provides instructions and installation methods for placing direct buried cable and continuous conduit. In addition to methods of placement, details on route planning, transitions and other related topics to a successful job are included.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
4 BICSI International Standards
6 Table Of Contents
8 Index Of Figures
10 Index Of Tables
14 1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Purpose
1.3 Categories of Criteria
16 2 Scope
18 3 Required Standards and Documents
20 4 Definitions, Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Units of Measurement
4.1 Definitions
21 4.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations
4.3 Units of Measurement
22 5 OSP Buried Plant Preliminary Considerations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Safety Requirements
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Personnel
5.2.3 Site
5.2.4 Identification of Buried and Underground Facilities
23 Table 5-1 Buried Facility Color Code (United States)
24 Figure 5-1 Examples of Tolerance Zones
5.2.5 Encountering Foreign Objects During Construction
25 5.3 Right of Way
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Location of Communication Facilities
5.3.3 Construction Methods
5.4 Subsurface Utility Protections
26 6 Route Planning
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Right of Way
6.3 Permits
27 6.4 Route Planning Preparation
6.5 Pathway Considerations
6.5.1 Regulatory
28 6.5.2 Burial Depths
Table 6-1 Minimum Depth of Direct Buried OSP Communications Cables
6.5.3 Environmental
29 Figure 6-1 Example of a Ground Rodent Infestation Map (United States)
6.6 Joint Use Considerations
6.6.1 General Considerations
6.6.2 Random Separation of Communications and Power Cables
31 6.6.3 Burial Depths for Random Separation of Communications and Power Cables
6.6.4 Planned/Fixed Separation of Cables
32 7 Direct Buried OSP Pathways
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pre-Survey
7.2.1 Requirements
7.2.2 Recommendations
33 7.3 Placement Considerations
7.4 Direct-Buried OSP Placement Methods
7.4.1 Trenching
35 7.4.2 Plowing
37 Figure 7-1 Example Cable or Wire Plowshare with Fixed Feed Tube
38 Figure 7-2 Example of Plowshare Shin Angles
Figure 7-3 Examples of Plowshare Feed Tubes
39 7.4.3 Direct Buried OSP Boring Methods
40 7.5 Backfilling and Ground Restoration
7.5.1 General Requirements and Recommendations
7.5.2 Trenching
41 7.5.3 Plowing
7.6 Installation Procedures for Filled Cables in Cold Weather
7.7 Use of Continuous Conduit
7.7.1 Overview
42 7.7.2 Applications
7.7.3 Continuous Conduit Used in Direct-Buried Plant
43 7.7.4 Continuous Conduit Placement Considerations
7.8 Transitions and Inserts
7.8.1 Transitions
44 Figure 7-4 Example of an Aerial to Direct-Buried Transition
Figure 7-5 Example of Underground-to-Direct-Buried transition
7.8.2 Aerial Insert Considerations
45 Figure 7-6 Example of an Aerial Insert
7.9 Handholes
46 7.10 Pedestals
47 7.11 Route Identification
48 8 Bonding and Grounding of Direct-Buried Plant
8.1 General Requirements
8.2 Pole Grounds
8.3 Direct Buried Cable
8.4 Bonding and Grounding within Joint-Use Trenches
50 9 As-Built or Record Construction Drawings
9.1 Overview
9.2 Recommendations
9.3 Examples
51 Figure 9-1 Example of a Final Inventory Construction Drawing
52 Figure 9-2 Examples of Buried Plant Construction Route Planning Symbols
54 Appendix A Suggested Optical Cable Code (SOCC) (Informative)
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Manufacturer’s Designation (M1M2)
Table A-1 Examples of SOCC Manufacturer’s Designations
55 A.3 Optical Fiber Type and Transmission Characteristic Designation (S1S2S3S4S5S6)
Table A-2 SOCC Character S1 for Optical Fiber Type
Table A-3 SOCC Character S2 for Dispersion-Unshifted Optical Fiber
Table A-4 SOCC Character S2 for Nonzero Dispersion-Shifted Optical Fiber
56 Table A-5 SOCC Character S2 for Dispersion-Shifted Optical Fiber
Table A-6 SOCC Character S2 for 50/125 µm multimode Optical Fiber
Table A-7 SOCC Character S2 for 62.5/125 µm Multimode Optical Fiber
57 Table A-8 Sheath Character S3 for Direct-Buried and Underground Cables
Table A-9 Sheath Component Identifiers
58 Table A-10 Sheath Character S3 for Special Application Cables
Table A-11 Sheath character S4 for aerial cables
59 Table A-12 Unit Construction Character S5 for Outside Plant Cables
Table A-13 Unit Construction Character S5 for Premises, Drop, and Service Cables
60 Table A-14 Unit Size Character S6
A.4 Number of Optical Fibers per Cable (N1N2N3N4)
62 Appendix B OSP Balanced Twisted Pair Cable Coding (Informative)
B.1 Bell System Coding
64 B.2 Rural Utilities Service (RUS) Type Cable
65 Table B-1 Rural Utilities Service Acceptance Cable-Coding Plan
66 Appendix C Related Documents (Informative)
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