{"id":169447,"date":"2024-10-19T10:24:45","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T10:24:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/asme-ptc-4-3-2017\/"},"modified":"2024-10-25T02:35:20","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T02:35:20","slug":"asme-ptc-4-3-2017","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/asme\/asme-ptc-4-3-2017\/","title":{"rendered":"ASME PTC 4.3 2017"},"content":{"rendered":"

This Code provides procedures for conducting performance tests of air heaters to determine: exit gas temperature; air to gas leakage; fluid pressure losses; and other fluid temperatures. It also provides procedures to determine the heat capacity ratio (X-ratio) and any or all of the performances results specified above that may be necessary for: checking actual performance against standard or design performance; comparing changes in performance over time with standard or design performance; comparing performance under various operating conditions; and determining the effect of changes in equipment. This Code applies to all air heaters used in industrial application, e.g., air heaters servicing steam generators and industrial furnaces. This specifically includes: combustion gas-to-air heat exchanger including air heaters with multi-section air streams; and air preheater coils utilizing noncondensing (single phase) steam, water or other hot fluids. This Code does not cover direct-fired air heaters or gas-to-gas heat exchangers. In the latter application, this Code may be used to determine both the thermal and pressure drop performance, while alternate methods of leakage measurement should be agreed upon between the parties. This Code also does not cover heat exchangers where the heating fluid is condensed while passing through the heater. Air heaters in parallel shall be tested individually (wherever possible) for purposes of checking actual performance. This Code requires pretest and post-test uncertainty analysis. The pretest uncertainty analysis is required in order to effectively plan the test. It allows corrective action to be taken prior to the test, either to decrease the uncertainty to a level consistent with the agreed-upon uncertainty, or to reduce the cost of the test while still attaining the objective. The post-test uncertainty analysis is used to determine the uncertainty intervals of the actual test. This analysis should confirm the pretest systematic and random uncertainty estimates. It serves to either validate the quality of the test results or to expose problems.<\/p>\n

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PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nCONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\nNOTICE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\nFOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\nCOMMITTEE ROSTER <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\nCORRESPONDENCE WITH THE PTC COMMITTEE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\nINTRODUCTION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\nSection 1 Object and Scope
1-1 OBJECT
1-2 SCOPE
1-3 MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY
Tables
Table 1-3-1 Typical Test Uncertainties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\nSection 2 Definitions of Terms and Symbols
2-1 GENERAL
2-2 DEFINITIONS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\n2-3 CALCULATION ACRONYMS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\n2-3.1 Property Symbols
2-3.2 Function Symbols
2-3.3 Equipment, Stream, and Efficiency Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\n2-3.4 Location, Area, Component, and Constituent Symbols
2-3.5 Correction Symbols
2-3.6 Computational Acronyms Used In Section 5 — Computation of Results
2-3.7 Uncertainty Acronyms Used in Section 5 — Computation of Results
2-3.8 General List of Symbols Used In Section 7
2-4 ABBREVIATIONS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\n2-5 ABBREVIATIONS FOR THE BOUNDARY FIGURES
2-5.1 Property Symbols
2-5.2 Equipment and Stream Symbols
2-5.3 Location Symbols
2-5.4 Correction\/Design Symbols
2-5.5 Air Heater\/Air Preheater Boundaries
2-5.6 Sequence <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\nFigures
Fig. 2-3.4-1 Tubular\/Plate Air Heater <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\nFig. 2-3.4-2 Basic Regenerative Air Heater <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\nFig. 2-3.4-3 Tri-Sector Air Heater <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\nFig. 2-3.4-4 Quad-Sector Air Heater <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\nFig. 2-3.4-5 Air Heater Using Intermediate Fluid
Fig. 2-3.4-6 Fluid-to-Air Air Heater Noncondensing Heating Fluid <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\nSection 3 Guiding Principles
3-1 INTRODUCTION
3-2 PREPARATION FOR THE TEST <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\n3-2.1 Pretest Agreements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\n3-2.2 Pretest Uncertainty Analysis
3-2.3 Selection and Training of Test Personnel
3-2.4 Pretest Checkout
3-2.5 Pretest Traverse
3-2.6 Preliminary Run
3-3 METHOD OF OPERATION DURING TEST
3-3.1 Stability of Test Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
36<\/td>\n3-3.2 Duration of Runs
3-3.3 Adjustments During Test
3-3.4 Rejection of Runs
3-3.5 Number of Runs and Repeatability Criteria
3-3.6 Multiple Runs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\n3-4 COMPARING RESULTS WITH STANDARD OR DESIGN PERFORMANCE
3-5 MULTIPLE AIR HEATER CONFIGURATIONS
3-5.1 Multiple Air Heaters of the Same Design\/Type
3-5.2 Multiple Air Heaters of Different Designs\/Types
3-6 UNCERTAINTY
3-7 REFERENCES TO OTHER CODES AND STANDARDS
3-7.1 ASME Performance Test Codes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\n3-7.2 ASTM Standard Methods
3-7.3 GPA Standard
3-7.4 ISA Standard <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\nFig. 3-3.1-1 Illustration of Short-Term (Point-to-Point) Fluctuation and Long-Term Deviation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\nFig. 3-3.5-1 Number of Runs and Repeatability Criteria
Table 3-2.1-1 Operating Parameter Deviations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\nSection 4 Instruments and Methods of Measurement
4-1 INTRODUCTION
4-2 DATA REQUIRED
4-3 GRID
4-3.1 Measurement Location <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\n4-3.2 Stratification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\n4-4 FLOW WEIGHTING <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\n4-5 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
4-5.1 Thermocouples <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\n4-5.2 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
4-5.3 RTDs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
46<\/td>\n4-5.4 Systematic Uncertainty
4-5.5 Air and Flue Gas Measurements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
47<\/td>\n4-5.6 Dry Bulb (Ambient) and Wet Bulb Temperature
4-5.7 Ice Bath Temperature
4-6 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
4-6.1 Pressure Reading Instruments
4-6.2 Systematic Uncertainty <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\n4-6.3 Static Pressure
4-6.4 Velocity Pressure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\n4-6.5 Averaging of Fluctuating Pressure
4-6.6 Calculation of Velocity and Mass Flow From Velocity Pressure Measurements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\n4-7 FLOW MEASUREMENT
4-7.1 General
4-7.2 Air and Flue Gas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\n4-7.3 Liquid Fuel
4-7.4 Gaseous Fuel
4-7.5 Solid Fuel and Sorbent Flow
4-7.6 Residue Splits <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\n4-8 O2 ANALYSIS
4-8.1 Electronic Analyzers
4-8.2 Chemical (Orsat)
4-8.3 Gas Sampling Techniques
4-8.3.1 Types of Samples.
4-8.3.2 Sampling Techniques. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\n4-8.3.3 Sample-Mixing Device.
4-8.3.4 Sampling Techniques.
4-8.4 Preparation Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\n4-9 HUMIDITY MEASUREMENT
4-9.1 General
4-9.2 Systematic Uncertainty for Humidity Measurement
4-9.3 Method of Measurement
4-10 FUEL, SORBENT, AND RESIDUE SAMPLING
4-10.1 General
4-10.2 Method of Solid Fuel and Sorbent Sampling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\n4-10.3 Methods of Liquid or Gas Sampling
4-10.4 Residue Sampling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\n4-10.5 Systematic Uncertainty
4-10.6 Methods to Determine Average and Standard Deviation of the Mean <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\n4-11 FUEL, SORBENT, AND RESIDUE ANALYSIS
4-11.1 General
4-11.2 Systematic Uncertainty for Fuel, Sorbent, and Residue Analysis
4-11.3 Methods of Fuel, Sorbent, and Residue Analysis
4-12 GENERAL MEASUREMENT REQUIREMENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\n4-13 DETERMINATION OF SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTY DUE TO MEASUREMENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
63<\/td>\nFig. 4-3.1.1-1 Sampling Grid \u2014 Rectangular Duct <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\nFig. 4-5.5-1 Examples of Nonrandom Failure Patterns
Fig. 4-10.2.1-1 Full Stream Cut Solid Sampling Process <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\nFig. 4-10.2.1-2 Typical \u201cThief\u201d Probe for Solids Sampling in a Solids Stream
Table 4-5.5-1 Maximum Number of Sensor Failures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\nTable 4-6.6.23-1 Air and Flue Gas Viscosity Curve-Fit Coefficients, lbm\/ft-sec
Table 4-8.3.4-1 Gas Sampling Techniques
Table 4-10.6.2-1 F Distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\nTable 4-13-1 Potential Instrumentation Systematic Uncertainty <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
72<\/td>\nTable 4-13-2 Potential Systematic Uncertainty for Coal and Residue Properties
Table 4-13-3 Potential Systematic Uncertainty for Limestone Properties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\nTable 4-13-4 Potential Systematic Uncertainty for Fuel Oil Properties
Table 4-13-5 Potential Systematic Uncertainty for Natural Gas Properties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\nSection 5 Computation of Results
5-1 INTRODUCTION
5-2 MEASUREMENT DATA REDUCTION
5-2.1 Calibration Corrections
5-2.2 Outliers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\n5-2.3 Averaging Test Measurement Data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\n5-2.4 Random Uncertainty <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\n5-3 COMBUSTION AND EFFICIENCY CALCULATIONS
5-3.1 Fuel Properties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
79<\/td>\n5-3.2 Sorbent and Other Additive Properties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\n5-3.3 MpUbC and MpCb — Unburned Carbon in Fuel and Carbon Burned, Percent Mass <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
82<\/td>\n5-3.4 Combustion Air Properties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\n5-3.5 Flue Gas Products <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
89<\/td>\n5-3.6 QrF — Fuel Input, Btu\/hr W <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\n5-4 AIR AND GAS MASS FLOW RATES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
93<\/td>\n5-4.1 Multiple AHs of the Same Type <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\n5-4.2 Multiple AHs of Different Types e.g., Primary and Secondary Air Heaters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
95<\/td>\n5-5 FLUE GAS AIR HEATER CALCULATIONS
5-5.1 Performance Parameters
5-5.2 TMnA8 — Composite Entering Air Temperature
5-5.3 TMnA9 — Composite Leaving Air Temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
96<\/td>\n5-5.4 TMnFg14 — Composite Entering Gas Temperature, deg. F deg. C
5-5.5 EFFg — Gas-Side Effectiveness
5-5.6 EFA — Air-Side Effectiveness
5-5.7 MpAl — Percent Air Heater Leakage
5-5.8 TFg15NL — Gas Temperature Excluding Leakage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
97<\/td>\n5-5.9 Test X-Ratio
5-6 FLUE GAS AIR HEATER PERFORMANCE CORRECTED TO THE STANDARD OR DESIGN CONDITIONS
5-6.1 TFg15NLCr — Air Heater Exit Gas Temperature Excluding Leakage Corrected to Design Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
98<\/td>\n5-6.2 TA9Cr — Air Temperature Leaving the Air Heater, Corrected to Design Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
99<\/td>\n5-6.3 MpAlCr — Air Leakage Corrected for Deviation From Design Pressure Differential and From Design Entering Air Temperature
5-6.4 PDiFg14Fg15Cr — Gas-Side Pressure Differential Corrected for Deviation From Design Gas Mass Flow Rate and Temperature, in. wg Pa <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100<\/td>\n5-6.5 PDiA8A9Cr — Air-Side Pressure Differential Corrected for Deviation From Design Air Mass Flow Rate and Temperature, in. wg Pa
5-7 UNCERTAINTY
5-7.1 Sensitivity Coefficients <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
101<\/td>\n5-7.2 Random Uncertainty and Degrees of Freedom
5-7.3 Random Component of Uncertainty <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
102<\/td>\n5-7.4 Systematic Uncertainty <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
103<\/td>\n5-7.5 Test Uncertainty
5-8 AIR PREHEATER COILS
5-8.1 Items to Be Measured
5-8.2 TA8Cr — Air Temperature Leaving the Air Heater, Corrected to Standard or Design Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
104<\/td>\n5-8.3 PDiA7A8Cr — Air-Side Pressure Differential Corrected for Deviation From Design Air Mass Flow Rate and Temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
105<\/td>\n5-9 ENTHALPY\/SPECIFIC HEAT OF AIR, FLUE GAS, WATER VAPOR, AND RESIDUE
5-9.1 Enthalpy of Air
5-9.2 Enthalpy of Flue Gas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
106<\/td>\n5-10 ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS
5-10.1 Air Heater\/Air Preheater Boundaries
5-10.2 Computational Acronyms Used in Section 5
5-10.3 Uncertainty Acronyms Used in Section 5 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
107<\/td>\nTable 5-7.5-1 Two-Tailed Student\u2019s t Table for the 95% Confidence Level
Table 5-9-1 Enthalpy Curve Fit Coefficients, Btu\/lbm <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
108<\/td>\nTable 5-10.2-1 Computational Acronyms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
113<\/td>\nTable 5-10.3-1 Uncertainty Acronyms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
114<\/td>\nSection 6 Report of Results
6-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
6-2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
6-3 INTRODUCTION
6-4 CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS
6-5 INSTRUMENTATION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
115<\/td>\n6-6 CONCLUSIONS
6-7 APPENDICES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
116<\/td>\nSection 7 Uncertainty Analysis
7-1 INTRODUCTION
7-1.1 Random Error
7-1.2 Systematic Error
7-2 UNCERTAINTY
7-2.1 Uncertainty Due to Random Error
7-2.2 Uncertainty Due to Systematic Error <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
117<\/td>\n7-3 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
7-3.1 Benefits of Uncertainty Analysis
7-3.2 Uncertainty Analysis Principles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
118<\/td>\n7-3.3 Averaging
7-4 PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING RANDOM UNCERTAINTY
7-4.1 Standard Deviation of Individual Parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
121<\/td>\n7-4.2 Standard Deviation and Degrees of Freedom of Intermediate Results
7-4.3 Standard Deviation and Degrees of Freedom of Test Results
7-5 GUIDANCE FOR DETERMINING SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTY <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
122<\/td>\n7-5.1 General Rules
7-5.2 Systematic Uncertainties Due to Instrumentation
7-5.3 Systematic Uncertainty in Spatially Nonuniform Parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
125<\/td>\n7-5.4 Systematic Uncertainty Due to Assumed Values for Unmeasured Parameters
7-5.5 Degrees of Freedom for Systematic Uncertainty Estimates
7-5.6 Systematic Uncertainty for Test Results
7-6 UNCERTAINTY OF TEST RESULTS
7-6.1 Propagation of Uncertainties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
126<\/td>\n7-6.2 Combined Uncertainty of Calculated Result
7-7 GENERAL LIST OF SYMBOLS FOR SECTION 7 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
127<\/td>\n7-7.1 Subscripts
7-7.2 Superscript <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
128<\/td>\nFig. 7-1-1 Types of Errors in Measurements
Fig. 7-1.1-1 Time Dependence of Errors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
129<\/td>\nTable 7-5.3.2-1 Systematic Uncertainty Coefficients Due to Numerical Integration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
130<\/td>\nMANDATORY APPENDIX I AIR HEATER EXIT GAS TEMPERATURE EXCLUDING LEAKAGE, TFg15NL
I-1 GENERAL
I-2 BI-SECTOR AIR HEATER <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
131<\/td>\nFig. I-1-1 Ideal Air Heater \u2014 No Leakage
I-3 TRI-SECTOR AIR HEATER <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
132<\/td>\nFig. I-2-1 Air Heater With Leakage
Fig. I-2-2 Air\/Gas Flow Schematic \u2014 Air Heater With Leakage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
133<\/td>\nFig. I-3-1 Tri-Sector Air Heater <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
134<\/td>\nMANDATORY APPENDIX II SAMPLING SYSTEMS
II-1 PORTABLE PROBES POINT-TO-POINT SAMPLING
II-2 FIXED GRID SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
II-2.1 Fixed Grid — Composite Sampling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
135<\/td>\nII-2.2 Fixed Grid — Point-to-Point (Single Pump) Sampling
II-2.3 Fixed Grid — Point-to-Point (Dual Pump) Sampling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
136<\/td>\nII-2.4 Fixed Grid — Combination Sampling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
137<\/td>\nFig. II-2.1-1 Fixed Grid \u2014 Composite Setup
Fig. II-2.1-2 Boiler Testing Composite Gas Sample Flow Path <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
138<\/td>\nFig. II-2.2-1 Fixed Grid \u2014 Point-to-Point (Single Pump) Setup
Fig. II-2.3-1 Fixed Grid \u2014 Point-to-Point (Dual Pump) Setup <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
139<\/td>\nFig. II-2.4-1 Fixed Grid \u2014 Combination Setup <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
140<\/td>\nMANDATORY APPENDIX III SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS
III-1 THERMOMETER DEGREES FAHRENHEIT
III-1.1 Procedures When Not Correcting the Reading
III-1.2 Procedures When Correcting the Reading <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
141<\/td>\nIII-2 THERMOCOUPLES AND RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DEVICES DEGREES FAHRENHEIT
III-2.1 Combining Multiple Segments With Accuracy Checks
III-2.2 Combining Multiple Segments With Representative Accuracy Checks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
142<\/td>\nIII-2.3 Using Accuracy Check Data
III-2.3.1 Method 1 — Correct Each Reading At Each Point
III-2.3.1.1 Method 1 Procedure.
III-2.3.1.1.1 Steps for Each Point at a Particular Location
III-2.3.1.1.2 Averaging.
III-2.3.1.1.3 Combining.
III-2.3.1.1.4 Overall Uncertainty.
III-2.3.1.2 Method 1 Example. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
143<\/td>\nIII-2.3.1.2.1 Steps for Each Point at a Particular Location. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
145<\/td>\nIII-2.3.1.2.2 Averaging.
III-2.3.1.2.3 Combining.
III-2.3.1.2.4 Overall Uncertainty.
III-2.3.2 Method 2 — Correct the Averaged Readings
III-2.3.2.1 Method 2 Procedure.
III-2.3.2.1.1 Steps for Each Point at a Particular Location <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
146<\/td>\nIII-2.3.2.1.2 Averaging.
III-2.3.2.1.3 Combining.
III-2.3.2.1.4 Overall Uncertainty.
III-2.3.2.2 Method 2 Example.
III-2.3.2.2.1 Steps for Each Point at a Particular Location <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
148<\/td>\nIII-2.3.2.2.2 Averaging.
III-2.3.2.2.3 Combining. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
149<\/td>\nIII-2.3.2.2.4 Overall Uncertainty.
III-2.3.3 Method 3 — Measured Values Are Not Corrected.
III-2.3.3.1 Method 3 Procedure
III-2.3.3.1.1 Steps for Each Point at a Particular Location
III-2.3.3.1.2 Combining.
III-2.3.3.1.3 Overall Uncertainty.
III-2.3.3.2 Method 3 Example. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
150<\/td>\nIII-2.3.3.2.1 Steps for Each Point at a Particular Location <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
151<\/td>\nIII-2.3.3.2.2 Combining.
III-2.3.3.2.3 Overall Uncertainty. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
152<\/td>\nTable III-1.1-1 Systematic Uncertainty Worksheet \u2014 Uncorrected Reading
Table III-1.2-1 Systematic Uncertainty Worksheet \u2014 Corrected Reading <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
153<\/td>\nTable III-2.3.1.2-1 Representative Sensor Accuracy Check Results for Method 1
Table III-2.3.1.2-2 Electronics Pretest Accuracy Check Results for Method 1 (As-Left Calibration) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
154<\/td>\nTable III-2.3.1.2.1-1 Calculation of Systematic Uncertainty From Thermocouple Calibration for Method 1 (Segment #1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
156<\/td>\nTable III-2.3.1.2.1-2 Calculation of Systematic Uncertainty From Electronics Calibration for Method 1 (Segment #2)
Table III-2.3.1.2.1-3 Calculation of Combined Corrections and Corrected Readings for Method 1 (Segment #2) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
157<\/td>\nTable III-2.3.1.2.4-1 Systematic Uncertainty Worksheet for Method 1 \u2014 Air\/Gas Temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
158<\/td>\nTable III-2.3.2.2-1 Representative Sensor Accuracy Check Results for Method 2
Table III-2.3.2.2-2 Electronics Pretest Accuracy Check Results for Method 2 (As-Left Calibration) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
159<\/td>\nTable III-2.3.2.2.1-1 Calculation of Systematic Uncertainty From Thermocouple Calibration for Method 2 (Segment #1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
160<\/td>\nTable III-2.3.2.2.1-2 Calculation of Systematic Uncertainty From Electronics Calibration forMethod 2 (Segment #2) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
161<\/td>\nTable III-2.3.2.2.1-3 Calculation of Combined Corrections and Corrected Readings for Method 2 (Segment #2)
Table III-2.3.2.2.4-1 Systematic Uncertainty Worksheet for Method 2 \u2014 Air\/Gas Temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
162<\/td>\nTable III-2.3.3.2-1 Representative Sensor Accuracy Check Results for Method 3
Table III-2.3.3.2-2 Electronics Pretest Accuracy Check Results for Method 3 (As-Left Calibration) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
163<\/td>\nTable III-2.3.3.2.1-1 Calculation of Systematic Uncertainty From Thermocouple Calibration for Method 3 (Segment #1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
164<\/td>\nTable III-2.3.3.2.1-2 Calculation of Systematic Uncertainty From Electronics Calibration for Method 3 (Segment #2)
Table III-2.3.3.2.3-1 Systematic Uncertainty Worksheet for Method 3 \u2014 Air\/Gas Temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
165<\/td>\nMANDATORY APPENDIX IV SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR OXYGEN MEASUREMENTS
IV-1 INTRODUCTION
IV-2 METHOD 1 — CORRECT INDIVIDUAL READINGS
IV-2.1 Procedure
IV-2.2 Example <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
167<\/td>\nIV-3 METHOD 2 — SINGLE CORRECTION FOR ALL DATA COLLECTED BETWEEN ACCURACY CHECKS
IV-3.1 Procedure
IV-3.1.1 Readings.
IV-3.1.2 Loop Systematic Uncertainties.
IV-3.1.3 Corrected Averages.
IV-3.1.4 Averages.
IV-3.1.5 Systematic Uncertainties.
IV-3.2 Example <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
169<\/td>\nIV-4 METHOD 3 — MEASURED VALUES NOT CORRECTED
IV-4.1 Procedure
IV-4.2 Example <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
171<\/td>\nTable IV-2.2-1 Data for Other Readings \u2014 O2 Example <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
174<\/td>\nTable IV-2.2-2 Estimate of Systematic Uncertainty for Method 1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
175<\/td>\nTable IV-3.2-1 Estimate of Systematic Uncertainty for Method 2
Table IV-4.2-1 Estimate of Systematic Uncertainty for Method 3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
176<\/td>\nMANDATORY APPENDIX V NONDIRECTIONAL AND DIRECTIONAL FLOW PROBES
V-1 INTRODUCTION
V-2 PITOT-STATIC TUBES
V-3 STAUSCHEIBE TUBE
V-4 THREE-HOLE FECHHEIMER
V-5 FIVE-HOLE FECHHEIMER
V-6 PROBE CALIBRATION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
177<\/td>\nV-7 YAW AND PITCH
V-7.1 Instruments
V-7.2 Accuracy
V-7.3 Calibration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
178<\/td>\nV-7.4 Number of Readings
V-7.5 Operation
V-8 CORRECTION OF TRAVERSE DATA
V-8.1 Guideline for Initial Estimation of Probe Coefficient <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
179<\/td>\nV-8.2 Correction for Probe Coefficient and Probe Blockage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
180<\/td>\nFig. V-2-1 Pitot-Static Probe
Fig. V-2-2 Pitot-Static Probe Head <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
181<\/td>\nFig. V-3-1 Pitot\u2013Stauscheibe Tube or \u201cS\u201d Type Pitot <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
182<\/td>\nFig. V-4-1 Fechheimer Probe <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
183<\/td>\nFig. V-5-1 Five-Hole Probe Tips <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
184<\/td>\nFig. V-5-2 Prism Probe Cutaway <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
185<\/td>\nFig. V-6-1 Free Stream Nozzle Jet <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
186<\/td>\nFig. V-6-2 Wind Tunnel <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
187<\/td>\nFig. V-6-3 Free Stream <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
188<\/td>\nFig. V-7-1 Yaw and Pitch Planes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
189<\/td>\nFig. V-7-2 Yaw and PItch Convention <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
190<\/td>\nFig. V-7-3 Five-Hole Probe <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
191<\/td>\nFig. V-7.3-1 Pitch Angle, Phi, Versus Pitch Coefficient, C Phi
Fig. V-7.3-2 Velocity Pressure Coefficient, Kv, Versus Pitch Pressure Coefficient, C Phi <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
192<\/td>\nFig. V-7.3-3 Total Pressure Coefficient, Kt, Versus Pitch Pressure Coefficient, C Phi <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
193<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX A SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
A-1 INTRODUCTION
A-2 INPUT DATA SHEETS
A-3 INTEGRATED UNCERTAINTY INPUT SHEETS
A-4 OUTPUT — U.S. UNITS INPUT AND CALCULATION SHEET
A-5 COMBUSTION AND EFFICIENCY CALCULATIONS
A-6 CORRECTED AIR HEATER PERFORMANCE CALCULATION SHEETS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
194<\/td>\nA-7 AIR HEATER PERFORMANCE UNCERTAINTY WORKSHEETS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
195<\/td>\nTable A-2-1 Input Data Sheet 1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
196<\/td>\nTable A-2-2 Input Data Sheet 2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
197<\/td>\nTable A-2-3 Input Data Sheet 3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
198<\/td>\nTable A-2-4 Input Data Sheet 4 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
199<\/td>\nTable A-3-1 Integrated Uncertainty Input Sheet 1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
200<\/td>\nTable A-3-2 Integrated Uncertainty Input Sheet 2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
201<\/td>\nTable A-3-3 Systematic Uncertainty Worksheet <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
202<\/td>\nTable A-4-1 Output \u2014 U.S. Units (Input and Calculation Sheet) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
203<\/td>\nTable A-5-1 Combustion and Efficiency Calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
205<\/td>\nTable A-6-1 Corrected Air Heater Performance Calculation Sheet <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
208<\/td>\nTable A-7-1 Air Heater Performance Uncertainty Worksheets: A <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
209<\/td>\nTable A-7-2 Air Heater Performance Uncertainty Worksheets: B <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
210<\/td>\nTable A-7-3 Air Heater Performance Uncertainty Worksheets: C <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
211<\/td>\nTable A-7-4 Air Heater Performance Uncertainty Worksheets: D <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
212<\/td>\nTable A-7-5 Air Heater Performance Uncertainty Worksheets: E <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
213<\/td>\nTable A-7-6 Air Heater Performance Uncertainty Worksheets: F <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
214<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX B DERIVATION OF EQUATION FOR COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION
B-1 AVERAGE VALUES OF TEMPERATURES AND GAS CONCENTRATIONS IN DUCTS, AND THE NEED FOR FLOW WEIGHTING <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
217<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX C AIR HEATER PERFORMANCE MODEL BASED ON KNOWN SET OF CONDITIONS
C-1 DESCRIPTION
C-2 INPUTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
218<\/td>\nC-3 CORRECTION CURVES FOR OFF-DESIGN X-RATIO AND FLUE GAS MASS FLOW RATE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
219<\/td>\nFig. C-2-1 Example Visual Basic Computer Code to Calculate Air Heater Performance at Revised Boundary Conditions When Performance at a Base Set of Conditions Is Known <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
222<\/td>\nFig. C-3-1 Example Visual Basic Computer Code to Generate Correction Curves <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
223<\/td>\nTable C-2-1 Acronyms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
224<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX D LEAK-CHECKING SAMPLING SYSTEMS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
225<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX E ELECTRONIC OXYGEN ANALYZERS
E-1 ELECTROCHEMICAL
E-1.1 Sample Condition
E-1.1.1 Flow.
E-1.1.2 Moisture.
E-1.1.3 Cleanliness.
E-1.1.4 Temperature.
E-1.1.5 Pressure.
E-1.2 Calibration
E-1.3 External Factors Affecting Operation and Accuracy
E-1.3.1 Ambient Temperature. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
226<\/td>\nE-1.3.2 Ambient Humidity.
E-1.3.3 Influence of Other Gases in Sample.
E-1.3.4 Chemical Agents Expiring.
E-1.3.5 Shock and Vibration.
E-1.3.6 Warm-Up Time.
E-1.3.7 Human Factors.
E-1.3.8 Radiant Heat.
E-1.3.9 Other.
E-1.4 Typical Systematic Uncertainty Values
E-2 ELECTRONIC — PARAMAGNETIC
E-2.1 Sample Condition
E-2.1.1 Flow.
E-2.1.2 Moisture.
E-2.1.3 Cleanliness.
E-2.1.4 Temperature. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
227<\/td>\nE-2.1.5 Pressure.
E-2.2 Calibration
E-2.3 External Factors Affecting Operation and Accuracy
E-2.3.1 Ambient Temperature.
E-2.3.2 Ambient Humidity.
E-2.3.3 Influence of Other Gases in Sample.
E-2.3.4 Chemical Agents Expiring.
E-2.3.5 Shock and Vibration.
E-2.3.6 Warm-Up Time.
E-2.3.7 Human Factors.
E-2.3.8 Radiant Heat.
E-2.3.9 Other.
E-2.4 Instrument Systematic Uncertainty Values
E-3 ELECTRONIC — ZIRCONIA <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
228<\/td>\nE-3.1 Sample and Reference Gas Condition
E-3.1.1 Flow.
E-3.1.2 Moisture.
E-3.1.3 Cleanliness.
E-3.1.4 Temperature.
E-3.1.5 Pressure.
E-3.2 Calibration
E-3.3 External Factors Affecting Operation and Accuracy
E-3.3.1 Ambient Temperature.
E-3.3.2 Ambient Humidity.
E-3.3.3 Influence of Other Gases in Sample. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
229<\/td>\nE-3.3.4 Chemical Agents Expiring.
E-3.3.5 Shock and Vibration.
E-3.3.6 Warm-Up Time.
E-3.3.7 Human Factors.
E-3.3.8 Radiant Heat.
E-3.3.9 Other.
E-3.4 Instrument Systematic Uncertainty Values
E-4 ELECTRONIC ANALYZER CALIBRATION, INSTRUMENT SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTY, AND RAW DATA ADJUSTMENT
E-4.1 Frequency
E-4.2 Calibration Gases
E-4.3 Calibration Gas Concentrations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
230<\/td>\nE-4.4 Calculation Methodology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
231<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX F CHEMICAL (ORSAT) FLUE GAS ANALYSIS
F-1 INTRODUCTION
F-2 SAMPLE CONDITION
F-2.1 Flow\/Quantity
F-2.2 Moisture
F-2.3 Cleanliness
F-2.4 Temperature
F-2.5 Pressure
F-3 ORSAT PREPARATION
F-4 SAMPLING PROCEDURE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
232<\/td>\nF-5 PRECAUTIONS
F-6 FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS
F-7 SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTY <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
233<\/td>\nFig. F-1-1 Standard Orsat <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
234<\/td>\nFig. F-4-1 Dry Flue Gas Volumetric Combustion Chart <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
235<\/td>\nFig. F-6-1 Using Compressed Air to Move the Sample <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
236<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX G INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED IN AN RFP <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
247<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX H INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED AS PART OF THE CONTRACT <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
248<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX J ROUTINE TESTING AND PERFORMANCE MONITORING
J-1 ROUTINE TESTING
J-1.1 Reasons for Conducting Routine Air Heater Performance Tests
J-1.2 Scope
J-1.2.1 Leakage.
J-1.2.2 Gas-Side Effectiveness and No-Leakage Exit Gas Temperature. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
249<\/td>\nJ-1.2.3 X-Ratio.
J-1.2.4 Comparison of Required Parameters.
J-1.3 Frequency of Runs
J-1.4 Unit Conditions
J-1.5 Approximate Equations for Percent Leakage
J-1.5.1 Definitions of Symbols
J-1.5.2 Approximate Percent Leakage, Using Percent O2, by Volume on a Dry Basis. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\nJ-1.5.3 Approximate Percent Leakage, Using Percent O2, by Volume on a Wet Basis.
J-1.5.4 Approximate Percent Leakage, Using Percent CO2, by Volume on a Dry Basis.
J-1.5.5 Approximate Percent Leakage, Using Percent CO2, by Volume on a Wet Basis. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
251<\/td>\nJ-1.6 Other Simplifications for Routine Testing
J-2 PERFORMANCE MONITORING
J-2.1 Leakage, Corrected to Reference Inlet Air Temperature and, if Measured, Air-to-Gas Pressure Differential <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
255<\/td>\nJ-2.2 Draft Loss Air and\/or Gas, Corrected to Reference Fan Flow and Fan Inlet Temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
257<\/td>\nJ-2.3 No-Leakage Exit Gas Temperature, Corrected to Reference Inlet Air Temperature and Reference Inlet Gas Temperature
J-2.3.1 Corrections.
J-2.3.2 Impact of Change in No-Leakage Exit Gas Temperature. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
258<\/td>\nJ-2.4 Deviation From Standard or Design Gas-Side Effectiveness
J-2.4.1 Calculating the Gas-Side Effectiveness.
J-2.4.2 Impact.
J-2.5 X-Ratio
J-2.5.1 Change in Calculated Value.
J-2.5.2 Impact of Change in X-Ratio. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
259<\/td>\nJ-2.6 Temperature Drop From Air Heater Outlet to Downstream of Cold-Air Bypass Junction
J-2.7 Temperature Rise of Inlet Air Due to Hot-Air Recirculation
J-2.8 Temperature Spread Between Multiple Thermocouples in a Single Air\/Gas Duct
J-3 FAULT TREE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
260<\/td>\nTable J-1.2.4-1 Required Parameters for Routine Testing of Bi-Sector Air Heaters
Table J-1.2.4-2 Required Parameters for Routine Testing of Tri-Sector Air Heaters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
261<\/td>\nTable J-1.2.4-3 Parameters Required for Exit Flue Gas Temperature Evaluation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
262<\/td>\nTable J-1.2.4-4 Parameters Required for Air Leakage Evaluation Based on Measured O2
Table J-1.2.4-5 Parameters Required for Air\/Flue Gas Pressure Drop Evaluation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
263<\/td>\nTable J-1.2.4-6 Parameters Required for Fuel, Air, and Flue Gas Flow Rate Evaluation
Table J-1.5.3-1 Oxygen Content, by Volume, of Wet Air Versus Humidity Ratio <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
264<\/td>\nTable J-3-1 Fault Tree for High Exit-Gas Temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ASME PTC-4.3 Air Heaters<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ASME<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2017<\/td>\n269<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":169451,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2643],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-169447","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-asme","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/169447","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/169451"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=169447"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=169447"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=169447"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}