IEC 61400-27 defines standard electrical simulation models for wind turbines and wind power plants. The specified models are time domain positive sequence simulation models, intended to be used in power system and grid stability analyses. The models are applicable for dynamic simulations of short term stability in power systems. IEC 61400-27 includes procedures for validation of the specified electrical simulation models. The validation procedure for IEC 61400-27 is based on tests specified in IEC 61400-21.<\/p>\n
IEC 61400-27 consists of two parts with the following scope:<\/p>\n
IEC 61400-27-1 specifies dynamic simulation models for generic wind turbine topologies\/ concepts \/ configurations on the market. IEC 61400-27-1 defines the generic terms and parameters with the purpose of specifying the electrical characteristics of a wind turbine at the connection terminals. The models are described in a modular way which can be applied for future wind turbine concepts. The dynamic simulation models refer to the wind turbine terminals. The validation procedure specified in IEC 61400-27-1 focuses on the IEC 61400-21 tests for response to voltage dips, reference point changes and grid protection.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
IEC 61400-27-2 specifies dynamic simulation models for the generic wind power plant topologies \/ configurations on the market including wind power plant control and auxiliary equipment. In addition IEC 61400-27-2 specifies a method to create models for future wind power plant configurations. The wind power plant models are based on the wind turbine models specified in IEC 61400-27-1.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
The electrical simulation models specified in IEC 61400-27 are independent of any software simulation tool.<\/p>\n
| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6<\/td>\n | English CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 11<\/td>\n | FOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 13<\/td>\n | INTRODUCTION Figures Figure 1 \u2013 Classification of power system stability according to IEEE\/CIGRE Joint Task Force on Stability Terms and Definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms, definitions, abbreviations and subscripts 3.1 Terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | Figure 2 \u2013 Example of step response. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | 3.2 Abbreviations and subscripts 3.2.1 Abbreviations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | 3.2.2 Subscripts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | 4 Symbols and units 4.1 General 4.2 Symbols (units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | 5 Specification of models 5.1 Overview 5.2 General specifications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | 5.3 Model interface Figure 3 \u2013 General interface between WT model,grid model and WP model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | 5.4 Parameters and initialisation 5.4.1 General 5.4.2 Parameter categories 5.4.3 Global parameters 5.4.4 Initialisation Tables Table 1 \u2013 Global WT model parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | 5.5 Modular structure of models 5.5.1 Generic modular structure Figure 4 \u2013 General interface for initialisation of WT model,WP model and grid model. Table 2 \u2013 Initialisation variable used explicitly in model block diagrams <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 30<\/td>\n | 5.5.2 Type 1 Figure 5 \u2013 Generic modular structure of WT models Figure 6 \u2013 Main electrical and mechanical components of type 1 WTs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | Figure 7 \u2013 Modular structure for the type 1A WT model Table 3 \u2013 Modules used in type 1A model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | 5.5.3 Type 2 Figure 8 \u2013 Modular structure for the type 1B WT model Table 4 \u2013 Modules used in type 1B model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | Figure 9 \u2013 Main electrical and mechanical components of type 2 WTs Figure 10 \u2013 Modular structure for the type 2 WT model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 34<\/td>\n | 5.5.4 Type 3 Figure 11 \u2013 Modular structure for the type 2 control model Table 5 \u2013 Modules used in type 2 model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | Figure 12 \u2013 Main electrical and mechanical components of type 3 WTs Figure 13 \u2013 Modular structure for the type 3 WT model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 36<\/td>\n | Figure 14 \u2013 Modular structure for the type 3 control models Table 6 \u2013 Modules used in type 3 model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 37<\/td>\n | 5.5.5 Type 4 Figure 15 \u2013 Main electrical and mechanical components of type 4 WTs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 38<\/td>\n | Figure 16 \u2013 Modular structure for the type 4A WT model Figure 17 \u2013 Modular structure for the type 4A control model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 39<\/td>\n | Figure 18 \u2013 Modular structure for the type 4B WT model Table 7 \u2013 Modules used in type 4A model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 40<\/td>\n | Figure 19 \u2013 Modular structure for the type 4B control model Table 8 \u2013 Modules used in type 4B model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 41<\/td>\n | 5.6 Module library 5.6.1 Aerodynamic models Figure 20 \u2013 Block diagram for constant aerodynamic torque model Figure 21 \u2013 Block diagram for one-dimensional aerodynamic model Table 9 \u2013 Parameter list for one-dimensional aerodynamic model Table 10 \u2013 Parameter list for two-dimensional aerodynamic model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 42<\/td>\n | 5.6.2 Mechanical models Figure 22 \u2013 Block diagram for two-dimensional aerodynamic model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | 5.6.3 Generator set models Figure 23 \u2013 Block diagram for two mass model Table 11 \u2013 Parameter list for two-mass model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 44<\/td>\n | Figure 24 \u2013 Block diagram for type 3A generator set model Table 12 \u2013 Parameter list for type 3A generator set model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 45<\/td>\n | Table 13 \u2013 Parameter list for type 3B generator set model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 46<\/td>\n | Figure 25 \u2013 Block diagram for type 3B generator set model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 47<\/td>\n | Figure 26 \u2013 Block diagram for type 4 generator set model Table 14 \u2013 Parameter list for type 4 generator set model Table 15 \u2013 Parameter list for reference frame rotation model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 48<\/td>\n | 5.6.4 Electrical equipment 5.6.5 Control models Figure 27 \u2013 Block diagram for the reference frame rotation model Table 16 \u2013 Parameter list for pitch control power model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 49<\/td>\n | Figure 28 \u2013 Block diagram for pitch control power model Table 17 \u2013 Parameter list for pitch angle control model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 50<\/td>\n | Figure 29 \u2013 Block diagram for pitch angle control model Table 18 \u2013 Parameter list for rotor resistance control model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 51<\/td>\n | Figure 30 \u2013 Block diagram for rotor resistance control model Table 19 \u2013 Parameter list for p control model type 3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 52<\/td>\n | Figure 31 \u2013 Block diagram for type 3 P control model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 53<\/td>\n | Figure 32 \u2013 Block diagram for type 3 torque PI Figure 33 \u2013 Block diagram for type 4A P control model Table 20 \u2013 Parameter list for p control model type 4A <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 54<\/td>\n | Figure 34 \u2013 Block diagram for type 4B P control model Table 21 \u2013 Parameter list for p control model type 4B Table 22 \u2013 General WT Q control modes MqG <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 55<\/td>\n | Table 23 \u2013 UVRT Q control modes MqUVRT Table 24 \u2013 Parameter list for q control model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 56<\/td>\n | Figure 35 \u2013 Block diagram for Q control model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 57<\/td>\n | Table 25 \u2013 Description of FUVRT flag values Table 26 \u2013 Parameter list for current limiter model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 58<\/td>\n | Figure 36 \u2013 Block diagram for current limiter Figure 37 \u2013 Block diagram for constant Q limitation model Table 27 \u2013 Parameter list for constant Q limitation model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 59<\/td>\n | 5.6.6 Grid protection model Figure 38 \u2013 Block diagram for QP and QU limitation model Table 28 \u2013 Parameter list for QP and QU limitation model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 60<\/td>\n | Figure 39 \u2013 Block diagram for grid protection system Table 29 \u2013 Parameter list for grid protection model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 61<\/td>\n | 6 Specification of validation procedure 6.1 Overview Figure 40 \u2013 Block diagram for u-f measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 62<\/td>\n | 6.2 General specifications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 63<\/td>\n | 6.3 Validation procedure 6.3.1 Voltage dips <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 64<\/td>\n | Figure 41 \u2013 Signal processing structure with “play-back” method applied. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 65<\/td>\n | Figure 42 \u2013 Signal processing structure with “full grid simulation” method applied. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 67<\/td>\n | Figure 43 \u2013 Voltage dip windows Table 30 \u2013 Windows applied for error calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 68<\/td>\n | 6.3.2 Reference point changes 6.3.3 Grid protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 70<\/td>\n | Annexes Annex A (informative) Validation test documentation A.1 General A.2 Simulation model and validation setup information A.3 Template for validation test results A.3.1 General Table A.1 \u2013 Required information about simulation model and validation setup Table A.2 \u2013 Additional information required if full grid method is applied <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 71<\/td>\n | A.3.2 Voltage dips A.3.3 Reference point changes Table A.3 \u2013 Validation summary for voltage dips <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 72<\/td>\n | A.3.4 Grid protection Table A.4 \u2013 Validation summary for reference point changes Table A.5 \u2013 Validation summary for grid protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 73<\/td>\n | Annex B (normative) Limits to possible model accuracy B.1 General B.2 Inevitable simulation errors B.3 Measurement errors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 75<\/td>\n | Annex C (normative) Digital 2nd order critically damped low pass filter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 76<\/td>\n | Annex D (informative) Simplified plant level model D.1 General D.2 Area of application D.3 Voltage and reactive power controller model description <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 77<\/td>\n | Table D.1 \u2013 Parameters used in the voltage and reactive power control model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 78<\/td>\n | D.4 Frequency and active power controller model description Figure D.1 \u2013 Block diagram for WP reactive power controllers Table D.2 \u2013 Parameters used in the frequency and active power control model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 79<\/td>\n | Figure D.2 \u2013 Block diagram for WP active power controller <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 80<\/td>\n | Annex E (informative) Two-dimensional aerodynamic model E.1 Objective E.2 Model approach <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 81<\/td>\n | E.3 Model parameter fits Figure E.1 \u2013 Aerodynamic power as function of blade angle \u0398 and wind speed v Figure E.2 \u2013 Partial derivative of power with respect to rotor speed change \u2202paero\/\u2202\u03c9WTR as function of blade angle \u0398 and wind speed v <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 82<\/td>\n | Figure E.3 \u2013 Partial derivative of power with respect to blade angle dp\u03b8 as function of blade angle \u0398 Figure E.4 \u2013 Partial derivative of power with respect to rotor speed change dp\u03c9 as function of wind speed v for 1 p.u. (solid line) and 0,5 p.u. (dashed line) active power Table E.1 \u2013 Points characterising the relation between the wind speed v and the partial derivative dp\u03c9 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 83<\/td>\n | Figure E.5 \u2013 Approximation of aerodynamic power as function of wind speed Figure E.6 \u2013 Approximation of the blade angle as function of wind speed Table E.2 \u2013 Parameter list for the aerodynamics of a specific WT type <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 84<\/td>\n | E.4 Use cases E.4.1 General E.4.2 Stability study use cases E.4.3 Validation use cases E.5 Model initialisation at derated conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 85<\/td>\n | Annex F (informative) Generic Software Interface for use of models in different software environments F.1 Description of the approach <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 86<\/td>\n | F.2 Description of the Software interface F.2.1 Description of data structures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 87<\/td>\n | F.2.2 Functions for communication through the ESE-interface <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 89<\/td>\n | F.2.3 Inputs, Outputs, Parameters Figure F.1 \u2013 Sequence of Simulation on use of ESE-interface <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 90<\/td>\n | Annex G (normative) Block symbol library G.1 General G.2 Time step delay G.3 Stand-alone ramp rate limiter Figure G.1 \u2013 Block symbol for single integration time step delay Figure G.2 \u2013 Block symbol for stand-alone ramp rate limiter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 91<\/td>\n | G.4 First order filter with absolute limits, rate limits and freeze flag Figure G.3 \u2013 Block diagram for implementation of the stand-alone ramp rate limiter Figure G.4 \u2013 Block symbol for first order filter with absolute limits,rate limits and freeze flag Figure G.5 \u2013 Block diagram for implementation of the first order filterwith absolute limits, rate limits and freeze state <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 92<\/td>\n | G.5 Lookup table G.6 Comparator G.7 Timer Figure G.6 \u2013 Block diagram for implementation of the freeze state without filter (T = 0) Figure G.7 \u2013 Block symbol for lookup table Figure G.8 \u2013 Block symbols for comparators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 93<\/td>\n | G.8 Anti windup integrator Figure G.9 \u2013 Block symbol for timer Figure G.10 \u2013 Function of timer Figure G.11 \u2013 Block symbol for anti windup integrator <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 94<\/td>\n | G.9 Integrator with reset G.10 First order filter with limitation detection Figure G.12 \u2013 Block diagram for implementation of anti windup integrator Figure G.13 \u2013 Block symbol for integrator with reset Figure G.14 \u2013 Block symbol for first order filter with limitation detection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 95<\/td>\n | G.11 Delay flag G.12 Raising edge detection Figure G.15 \u2013 Block diagram for implementation of first order filterwith limitation detection Figure G.16 \u2013 Block symbol for delay flag Figure G.17 \u2013 Block diagram for implementation of delay flag <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 96<\/td>\n | Figure G.18 \u2013 Block symbol raising edge detection Figure G.19 \u2013 Block diagram for raising edge detection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 97<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Wind turbines – Electrical simulation models. Wind turbines<\/b><\/p>\n |