{"id":416003,"date":"2024-10-20T06:08:22","date_gmt":"2024-10-20T06:08:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/bs-en-iec-61400-12-12022\/"},"modified":"2024-10-26T11:24:28","modified_gmt":"2024-10-26T11:24:28","slug":"bs-en-iec-61400-12-12022","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/bsi\/bs-en-iec-61400-12-12022\/","title":{"rendered":"BS EN IEC 61400-12-1:2022"},"content":{"rendered":"

IEC 61400-12-1:2022 specifies a procedure for measuring the power performance characteristics of a single wind turbine and applies to the testing of wind turbines of all types and sizes connected to the electrical power network. In addition, this document defines a procedure to be used to determine the power performance characteristics of small wind turbines (as defined in IEC 61400-2) when connected to either the electric power network or a battery bank. This document defines a measurement methodology that requires the measured power curve and derived energy production figures to be supplemented by an assessment of uncertainty sources and their combined effects. This third edition of IEC 61400-12-1 is part of a structural revision that cancels and replaces the performance standards IEC 61400-12-1:2017 and IEC 61400-12-2:2013. The structural revision contains no technical changes with respect to IEC 61400-12-1:2017 and IEC 61400\u201112\u20112:2013, but the parts that relate to wind measurements, measurement of site calibration and assessment of obstacle and terrain have been extracted into separate standards.<\/p>\n

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2<\/td>\nundefined <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\nAnnex ZA (normative)Normative references to international publicationswith their corresponding European publications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nEnglish
CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\nFOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\nINTRODUCTION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n1 Scope
2 Normative references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n3 Terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\n4 Symbols, units and abbreviated terms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\n5 Power performance method overview <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\n6 Preparation for performance test
6.1 General
6.2 Wind turbine and electrical connection
Tables
Table 1 \u2013 Overview of wind measurement configurations for power curve measurements that meet the requirements of this document <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\n6.3 Test site
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Location of the wind measurement equipment
6.3.3 Measurement sector <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\n6.3.4 Correction factors and uncertainty due to flow distortion originating from topography
7 Test equipment
7.1 Electric power
Figures
Figure 1 \u2013 Requirements as to distance of the wind measurement equipment and maximum allowed measurement sectors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
36<\/td>\n7.2 Wind speed
7.2.1 General
Table 2 \u2013 Wind speed measurement configurations (X indicates allowable configuration) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\n7.2.2 General requirements for meteorological mast mounted anemometers
7.2.3 Top-mounted anemometers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\n7.2.4 Side-mounted anemometers
7.2.5 Remote sensing device (RSD)
7.2.6 Rotor equivalent wind speed measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\n7.2.7 Hub height wind speed measurement
7.2.8 Wind shear measurements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\nFigure 2 \u2013 Wind shear measurement heights appropriate to measurement of rotor equivalent wind speed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\n7.3 Wind direction
7.4 Air density
Figure 3 \u2013 Wind shear measurement heights when no wind speed measurements above hub height are available (for wind shear exponent determination only) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\n7.5 Rotational speed and pitch angle
7.6 Blade condition
7.7 Wind turbine control system
7.8 Data acquisition system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\n8 Measurement procedure
8.1 General
8.2 Wind turbine operation
8.3 Data collection
8.4 Data rejection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\n8.5 Database
9 Derived results
9.1 Data normalization
9.1.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\n9.1.2 Correction for meteorological mast flow distortion of side-mounted anemometer
9.1.3 Wind shear correction (when REWS measurements available)
Figure 4 \u2013 Process of application of the various normalizations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
47<\/td>\nTable 3 \u2013 Example of REWS calculation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\n9.1.4 Wind veer correction
9.1.5 Air density normalization <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\n9.1.6 Turbulence normalization
9.2 Determination of the measured power curve <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\n9.3 Annual energy production (AEP) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\n9.4 Power coefficient
10 Reporting format <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\nFigure 5 \u2013 Presentation of example database: power performance test scatter plot sampled at 1 Hz (mean values averaged over 10 min)
Figure 6 \u2013 Presentation of example measured power curve <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\nFigure 7 \u2013 Presentation of example CP curve
Table 4 \u2013 Example of presentation of a measured power curve <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\nTable 5 \u2013 Example of presentation of estimated annual energy production <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
60<\/td>\nAnnexes
Annex A (normative) Assessment of obstacles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\nAnnex B (normative) Assessment of terrain at the test site <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\nAnnex C (normative) Site calibration procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
63<\/td>\nAnnex D (normative) Evaluation of uncertainty in measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\nTable D.1 \u2013 List of uncertainty components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\nAnnex E (informative) Theoretical basis for determining the uncertainty of measurement using the method of bins
E.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\nE.2 Combining uncertainties
E.2.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
69<\/td>\nE.2.2 Expanded uncertainty
E.2.3 Basis for the uncertainty assessment
Table E.1 \u2013 Expanded uncertainties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\nTable E.2 \u2013 List of category A and B uncertainties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\nE.3 Category A uncertainties
E.3.1 General
E.3.2 Category A uncertainty in electric power
E.3.3 Category A uncertainties in the site calibration
E.4 Category B uncertainties: Introduction and data acquisition system
E.4.1 Category B uncertainties: Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\nE.4.2 Category B uncertainties: Data acquisition system
E.5 Category B uncertainties: Power output
E.5.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\nE.5.2 Category B uncertainties: Power output \u2013 Current transformers
E.5.3 Category B uncertainties: Power output \u2013 Voltage transformers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\nE.5.4 Category B uncertainties: Power output \u2013 Power transducer or other power measurement device
E.5.5 Category B uncertainties: Power output \u2013 Data acquisition <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nE.6 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 Introduction and sensors
E.6.1 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 Introduction
E.6.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 Hardware
E.6.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 Meteorological mast mounted sensors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\nE.7 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 RSD
E.7.1 General
E.7.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 RSD \u2013 Calibration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\nE.7.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 RSD \u2013 In-situ check
E.7.4 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 RSD \u2013 Classification
E.7.5 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 RSD \u2013 Mounting
E.7.6 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 RSD \u2013 Flow variation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
82<\/td>\nE.7.7 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 RSD \u2013 Monitoring test
E.8 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 REWS
E.8.1 General
E.8.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 REWS \u2013 Wind speed measurement over whole rotor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
83<\/td>\nE.8.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 REWS \u2013 Wind veer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
84<\/td>\nE.9 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 Terrain
E.9.1 General
E.9.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 Terrain \u2013 Pre-calibration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
85<\/td>\nE.9.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 Terrain \u2013 Post-calibration
E.9.4 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 Terrain \u2013 Classification
E.9.5 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 Terrain \u2013 Mounting
E.9.6 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 Terrain \u2013 Data acquisition <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\nE.9.7 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 Terrain \u2013 Lightning finial
E.9.8 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 Terrain \u2013 Change in correction between adjacent bins
E.9.9 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 Terrain \u2013 Removal of WD sensor
E.9.10 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed \u2013 Terrain \u2013 Seasonal variation
E.10 Category B uncertainties: Air density
E.10.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
87<\/td>\nE.10.2 Category B uncertainties: Air density \u2013 Temperature \u2013 Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
88<\/td>\nE.10.3 Category B uncertainties: Air density \u2013 Temperature \u2013 Calibration
E.10.4 Category B uncertainties: Air density \u2013 Temperature \u2013 Radiation shielding
E.10.5 Category B uncertainties: Air density \u2013 Temperature \u2013 Mounting
E.10.6 Category B uncertainties: Air density \u2013 Temperature \u2013 Data acquisition
E.10.7 Category B uncertainties: Air density \u2013 Pressure \u2013 Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
89<\/td>\nE.10.8 Category B uncertainties: Air density \u2013 Pressure \u2013 Calibration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
90<\/td>\nE.10.9 Category B uncertainties: Air density \u2013 Pressure \u2013 Mounting
E.10.10 Category B uncertainties: Air density \u2013 Pressure \u2013 Data acquisition
E.10.11 Category B uncertainties: Air density \u2013 Relative humidity \u2013 Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
91<\/td>\nE.10.12 Category B uncertainties: Air density \u2013 Relative humidity \u2013 Calibration
E.10.13 Category B uncertainties: Air density \u2013 Relative humidity \u2013 Mounting
E.10.14 Category B uncertainties: Air density \u2013 Relative humidity \u2013 Data acquisition <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\nE.10.15 Category B uncertainties: Air density \u2013 Correction
E.11 Category B uncertainties: Method
E.11.1 General
E.11.2 Category B uncertainties: Method \u2013 Wind conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\nTable E.3 \u2013 Example of standard uncertainties due to absence of a wind shear measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
96<\/td>\nTable E.4 \u2013 Example of standard uncertainties due to absence of a wind veer measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
97<\/td>\nE.11.3 Category B uncertainties: Method \u2013 Seasonal effects
Table E.5 \u2013 Uncertainty contributions due to lack of upflow knowledge
Table E.6 \u2013 Uncertainty contributions due to lack of turbulence knowledge <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
98<\/td>\nE.11.4 Category B uncertainties: Method \u2013 Turbulence normalization (or the lack thereof)
E.11.5 Category B uncertainties: Method \u2013 Cold climate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
99<\/td>\nE.12 Category B uncertainties: Wind direction
E.12.1 General
E.12.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind direction \u2013 Vane or sonic <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100<\/td>\nE.12.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind direction \u2013 RSD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
101<\/td>\nE.13 Combining uncertainties
E.13.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
102<\/td>\nE.13.2 Combining Category B uncertainties in electric power (uP,i)
E.13.3 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement (uV,i)
E.13.4 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from cup or sonic (uVS,i) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
103<\/td>\nE.13.5 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from RSD (uVR,i)
E.13.6 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from REWS uVREWS,i <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
104<\/td>\nE.13.7 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement for REWS for either a meteorological mast significantly above hub height or an RSD with a lower-than-hub-height meteorological mast <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
105<\/td>\nTable E.7 \u2013 Suggested assumptions for correlations of measurement uncertainties between different measurement heights <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
106<\/td>\nE.13.8 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement for REWS for a hub height meteorological mast plus RSD for shear using an absolute wind speed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
108<\/td>\nE.13.9 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement for REWS for hub height meteorological mast RSD for shear using a relative wind speed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
110<\/td>\nE.13.10 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from REWS due to wind veer across the whole rotor uVREWS,veer,i <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
112<\/td>\nTable E.8 \u2013 Suggested correlation assumptions for relative wind direction measurement uncertainties at different measurement heights <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
114<\/td>\nE.13.11 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from flow distortion due to site calibration uVT,i <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
115<\/td>\nE.13.12 Combining uncertainties for the temperature measurement uT,i
E.13.13 Combining uncertainties for the pressure measurement uB,i <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
116<\/td>\nE.13.14 Combining uncertainties for the humidity measurement uRH,i <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
117<\/td>\nE.13.15 Combining uncertainties for the method related components uM,i
E.13.16 Combining uncertainties for the wind direction measurement with wind vane or sonic anemometer uWV,i <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
118<\/td>\nE.13.17 Combining uncertainties for the wind direction measurement with RSD uWR,i
E.13.18 Combined category B uncertainties
E.13.19 Combined standard uncertainty \u2013 Power curve
E.13.20 Combined standard uncertainty \u2013 Energy production <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
119<\/td>\nE.14 Relevance of uncertainty components under specified conditions
E.15 Reference tables
Table E.9 \u2013 Uncertainties from air density normalization <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
121<\/td>\nTable E.10 \u2013 Sensitivity factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
122<\/td>\nTable E.11 \u2013 Category B uncertainties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
123<\/td>\nAnnex F (normative) Wind tunnel calibration procedure for anemometers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
124<\/td>\nAnnex G (normative) Mounting of instruments on the meteorological mast <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
125<\/td>\nAnnex H (normative) Power performance testing of small wind turbines
H.1 General
H.2 Wind turbine system definition and installation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
126<\/td>\nH.3 Meteorological mast location
H.4 Test equipment
Figure H.1 \u2013 Definition of hub height and meteorological mast locationfor vertical axis wind turbines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
127<\/td>\nH.5 Measurement procedure
Table H.1 \u2013 Battery bank voltage settings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
128<\/td>\nH.6 Derived results
H.7 Reporting
H.8 Assessment of influence of wind turbines and obstacles at the test site
H.9 Assessment of terrain at test site <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
129<\/td>\nH.10 Site calibration procedure (refer to IEC 61400-12-3) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
130<\/td>\nAnnex I (normative) Classification of cup and sonic anemometry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
131<\/td>\nAnnex J (normative) Assessment of cup and sonic anemometry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
132<\/td>\nAnnex K (normative) In-situ comparison of anemometers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
133<\/td>\nAnnex L (normative) The application of remote sensing technology
L.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
134<\/td>\nL.2 Classification requirements specific to power performance tests
L.3 Verification requirements specific to power performance tests
L.4 Uncertainty evaluation specific to power performance tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
135<\/td>\nL.5 Additional checks specific to power performance tests
L.5.1 Monitoring the performance of the remote sensing device at the application site
L.5.2 Identification of malfunctioning of the remote sensing device
L.5.3 Consistency check of the assessment of the remote sensing device systematic uncertainties
L.5.4 In-situ test of the remote sensing device
L.6 Other requirements specific to power performance testing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
136<\/td>\nFigure L.1 \u2013 Example of permitted range of locations for measurement volume <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
138<\/td>\nAnnex M (informative) Normalization of power curve data according to the turbulence intensity
M.1 General
M.2 Turbulence normalization procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
139<\/td>\nFigure M.1 \u2013 Process for obtaining a power curvefor a specific turbulence intensity (Iref) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
140<\/td>\nM.3 Determination of the zero turbulence power curve <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
141<\/td>\nFigure M.2 \u2013 Process for obtaining the initial zero turbulence power curve parameters from the measured data
Figure M.3 \u2013 First approach for initial zero turbulence power curve <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
143<\/td>\nFigure M.4 \u2013 Process for obtaining the theoretical zero-turbulence power curve from the measured data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
144<\/td>\nFigure M.5 \u2013 Adjusted initial zero turbulence power curve (green) compared to first approach (red) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
145<\/td>\nFigure M.6 \u2013 Process for obtaining the final zero-turbulence power curve from the measured data
Figure M.7 \u2013 Adjusted initial zero turbulence power curve (green) compared to final zero turbulence power curve (black) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
146<\/td>\nM.4 Order of wind shear correction (normalization) and turbulence normalization
M.5 Uncertainty of turbulence normalization or of power curves due to turbulence effects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
148<\/td>\nAnnex N (informative) Wind tunnel calibration procedure for wind direction sensors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
149<\/td>\nAnnex O (informative) Power performance testing in cold climate
O.1 Overview
O.2 Recommendations
O.2.1 General
O.2.2 Sonic anemometers
O.2.3 Cup anemometers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
150<\/td>\nO.3 Uncertainties
O.4 Reporting <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
151<\/td>\nAnnex P (informative) Wind shear normalization procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
153<\/td>\nAnnex Q (informative) Definition of the rotor equivalent wind speed under consideration of wind veer
Q.1 Overview <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
154<\/td>\nQ.2 Definition of rotor equivalent wind speed under consideration of wind veer
Q.3 Measurement of wind veer
Q.4 Combined wind shear and wind veer normalization
Figure Q.1 \u2013 Wind profiles measured with lidar over flat terrain <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
155<\/td>\nAnnex R (informative) Uncertainty considerations for tests on multiple turbines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
156<\/td>\nTable R.1 \u2013 List of correlated uncertainty components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
159<\/td>\nAnnex S (informative) Mast flow distortion correction for lattice masts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
160<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Wind energy generation systems – Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BSI<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2022<\/td>\n162<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":416007,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2641],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-416003","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-bsi","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/416003","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/416007"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=416003"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=416003"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=416003"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}