This Technical Report describes the state of wireless technology for industrial applications in fossil and chemical plants and discusses the specific issues to be addressed in order to apply wireless technologies to nuclear power plants.<\/p>\n
The review of the technology behind wireless communication and the status of existing implementations are described in Clauses 7 and 8, respectively. Issues associated with wireless implementations in nuclear facilities are discussed in Clause 10, and final conclusions are presented in Clause 11 of this Technical Report.<\/p>\n
| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4<\/td>\n | CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 7<\/td>\n | FOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 9<\/td>\n | INTRODUCTION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 11<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 13<\/td>\n | 4 Motivation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 14<\/td>\n | Figures Figure 1 \u2013 Cost comparison \u2013 Wired versus wireless for an extensive building automation system Figure 2 \u2013 Wireless use in nuclear power plants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | 5 Generic applications Figure 3 \u2013 Possible application areas for wireless instrumentation in a nuclear power plant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | Figure 4 \u2013 Bandwidth requirements for a variety of applications and the associated wireless technology that can support such requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | Figure 5 \u2013 Structured fabric design of layered wireless for an industrial facility <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | 6 Technology 6.1 Wireless basics Figure 6 \u2013 Inexpensive wireless sensors in a fossil-fuel plant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | Figure 7 \u2013 Functional hierarchy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | 6.2 Industrial wireless sensor networks Figure 8 \u2013 Simplified diagram of a generic wireless sensor design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | 6.3 Radio frequency 6.3.1 Applications Figure 9 \u2013 Standard compliant network <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | Tables Table 1 \u2013 List of \u201cindustrial\u201d radio technology standards and their candidate applications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | Table 2 \u2013 Cellular telephony frequencies in the US <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | 6.3.2 802.11 (Wi-Fi), 802.15.1 (Bluetooth), 802.15.4 (sensors) Figure 10 \u2013 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) frequency channels in the 2 450\u00a0MHz range Table 3 \u2013 GSM frequency bands, channel numbers assigned by the ITU <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | Figure 11 \u2013 802.15.4 frequency channels in the 2 450\u00a0MHz range Figure 12 \u2013 Overlapping channel assignments for 802.11 operation in the 2 400\u00a0MHz range <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | 6.4 Satellite leased channels and VSAT Figure 13 \u2013 802.11n dual stream occupies 44\u00a0MHz of bandwidth. Dual stream 802.11n in the 2,4\u00a0GHz band <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | 6.5 Magnetic field communications Figure 14 \u2013 VSAT mini-hub network configuration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | 6.6 Visual light communication (VLC) 6.7 Acoustic communication <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 30<\/td>\n | 6.8 Asset tracking utilizing IEEE 802.11 \u2013 Focus on received signal strength Figure 15 \u2013 Spatial resolution is provided in multiple axes only if the tag (target in this Figure) is in communications with multiple APs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | 6.9 Asset tracking (RFID\/RTLS): ISO 24730 Figure 16 \u2013 ISO\u00a024730-2 architecture <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | 7 Current wireless technology implementations 7.1 General 7.2 Comanche Peak nuclear generating station Table 4 \u2013 Specific uses of wireless technologies in the nuclear industry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | 7.3 Arkansas Nuclear One (ANO) nuclear power plant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 34<\/td>\n | 7.4 Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant Figure 17 \u2013 Wireless vibration system at ANO <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | 7.5 Farley nuclear power plant 7.6 San Onofre nuclear generating station Figure 18 \u2013 ANO wireless tank level system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 36<\/td>\n | 7.7 South Texas project electric generating station 7.8 High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR), Oak Ridge, TN <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 37<\/td>\n | Figure 19 \u2013 Installation of accelerometers on ORNL HFIR cold source expansion engines (9-2010) Figure 20 \u2013 Cold source expansion engine monitoring system software <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 38<\/td>\n | 8 Considerations 8.1 General 8.2 Concerns regarding wireless technology Figure 21 \u2013 Installation of permanent wireless monitoring system at ORNL HFIR cooling tower (8-2011) Figure 22 \u2013 System commissioned in August 2011 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 39<\/td>\n | 8.3 Wireless deployment challenges <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 40<\/td>\n | 8.4 Coexistence of 802.11 and 802.15.4 Figure 23 \u2013 Identification of containment in a nuclear facility <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 41<\/td>\n | Figure 24 \u2013 Non-overlapping 802.11b\/g channels and 802.15.4 channels Figure 25 \u2013 Spectral analysis of Wi-Fi traffic for the case where a) minimal wi-fi channel \u201cusage\u201d and b) streaming video transfer across Wi-Fi channel 7 are analyzed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 42<\/td>\n | 8.5 Signal propagation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | 8.6 Lessons learned from wireless implementations 8.6.1 General 8.6.2 Comanche Peak implementation Figure 26 \u2013 Multipath is exemplified in this indoor environment as the signal from Source (S) to Origin (O) may take many paths <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 44<\/td>\n | 9 Concerns 9.1 Common reliability and security concerns for wired media and wireless media 9.2 Reliability and security concerns that are more of an issue for wired systems 9.3 Reliability and security concerns that are more of an issue for wireless systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 45<\/td>\n | 10 Standards 10.1 Nuclear standards 10.1.1 General 10.1.2 IEEE Std. 603-1998 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 46<\/td>\n | 10.1.3 IEEE Std. 7-4.3.2-2003 10.1.4 IEC 61500 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 47<\/td>\n | 10.2 Other safety-related standards and guidelines 10.2.1 IEC 61784-3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 48<\/td>\n | 10.2.2 VTT research notes 2265 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 49<\/td>\n | 10.2.3 European Workshop on Industrial Computer Systems \u2013 Technical Committee 7 (EWICS TC7) 11 Conclusions 11.1 Issues for wireless application to NPP <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 50<\/td>\n | 11.2 Recommendations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 52<\/td>\n | Annex A (informative) Use of 5 GHz in the world Table A.1 \u2013 Use of 5\u00a0GHz in America, Asia\/Pacific, and Europe <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 53<\/td>\n | Annex B (informative) Synopses of wireless technologies B.1 802.11 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 58<\/td>\n | B.2 ISO 14443 Near Field Communications (NFC) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 59<\/td>\n | Figure B.1 \u2013 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model defines the end-to-end communications means and needs for a wireless field transmitter to securely communicate with a distributed control system (DCS) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 60<\/td>\n | Figure B.2 \u2013 Operating frequencies for an IEEE 802.15.4 radio are 868\u00a0MHz, 902-926\u00a0MHz and 2 405-2 485\u00a0MHz. The worldwide license-free band at 2400\u00a0MHz is shown Figure B.3 \u2013 Networking topologies take many forms with associated levels of complexity required for robust fault-tolerant data transport <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 61<\/td>\n | B.3 Real details of mesh networking Figure B.4 \u2013 Typical mesh network diagram <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 62<\/td>\n | Figure B.5 \u2013 Requirement for mesh-networking communication of Figure B.4\u2019s topology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 63<\/td>\n | Figure B.6 \u2013 RF footprint map for a mesh network gateway and four nodes Figure B.7 \u2013 The connectivity diagram for Figure B.6\u2019s RF footprint coverage map <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 64<\/td>\n | B.4 Not all mesh networks are created equal \u2013 Latency and indeterminism in mesh networks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 65<\/td>\n | B.5 ISA100.11a \u2013 \u201cMesh \u2013 When You Need It \u2013 Networking\u201d Figure B.8 \u2013 Representation of the latency and indeterminism that it takes for a message to be transported through a mesh network that relies on time synchronization <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 66<\/td>\n | Figure B.9 \u2013 The technical specifications associated with ISA100.11a end at the gateway. The area shaded falls within the Backhaul Work Group, ISA100.15 Figure B.10 \u2013 ISA100.11a utilizes the best topology for the application, in this case, a star <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 67<\/td>\n | Figure B.11 \u2013 ISA100.11a allows for the deployment of multiple \u201chub and spoke\u201d network elements with high speed interconnection to a gateway Figure B.12 \u2013 The ISA100.11a network deployed at Arkema was a logical mix of wireless field transmitters and an ISA100.15 backhaul network <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 68<\/td>\n | B.6 Security by non-routing edge nodes Figure B.13 \u2013 Networks deployed at neighbouring facilities will not \u201ccross-talk\u201d if non-routing nodes are deployed along the periphery of each facility <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 69<\/td>\n | B.7 Device and network provisioning methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 70<\/td>\n | Figure B.14 \u2013 State transition diagram showing various paths to joining a secured network <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 71<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Nuclear power plants. Instrumentation and control important to safety. Use and selection of wireless devices to be integrated in systems important to safety<\/b><\/p>\n |