{"id":452940,"date":"2024-10-20T09:27:49","date_gmt":"2024-10-20T09:27:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/ieee-142-1982-3\/"},"modified":"2024-10-26T17:34:33","modified_gmt":"2024-10-26T17:34:33","slug":"ieee-142-1982-3","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/ieee\/ieee-142-1982-3\/","title":{"rendered":"IEEE 142-1982"},"content":{"rendered":"

New IEEE Standard – Superseded. The problems of system grounding, that is, connection to ground of neutral, of the corner of the delta, or of the midtap of one phase, are covered. The advantages and disadvantages of grounded versus ungrounded systems are discussed. Information is given on how to ground the system, where the system should be grounded, and how to select equipment for the grounding of the neutral circuits. Connecting the frames and enclosures of electric apparatus, such as motors, switchgear, transformers, buses, cables conduits, building frames, and portable equipment, to a ground system is addressed. The fundamentals of making the interconnection or ground-conductor system between electric equipment and the ground rods, water pipes, etc. are outlined. The problems of static electricity\u2014how it is generated, what processes may produce it, how it is measured, and what should be done to prevent its generation or to drain the static charges to earth to prevent sparking\u2014are treated. Methods of protecting structures against the effects of lightning are also covered. Obtaining a low-resistance connection to the earth, use of ground rods, connections to water pipes, etc. is discussed. A separate chapter on sensitive electronic equipment is included.<\/p>\n

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PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\n1 System Grounding
1.1 Introduction
Ground at the Power Source and Not at the Load <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\n1.2 Definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\nFactors Influencing the Choice of Grounded or Ungrounded System
1.3.1 Service Continuity
Multiple Faults to Ground
1.3.3 Arcing Fault Bumdowns <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n1.3.4 Location of Faults <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n1.3.5 Safety <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\nFig 1 Voltage to Ground under Steady-State Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\n1.3.6 Abnormal Voltage Hazards
1.3.7 Power System Overvoltages
1.3.8 Lightning
1.3.9 Switching Surges <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\n1.3.10 Static
1.3.11 Contact with Higher Voltage System
1.3.12 Line-to-Ground Faults
1.3.13 Resonant Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\n1.3.14 Restriking Ground Faults
1.3.15 Cost
1.3.16 Trends in the Application of System Grounding <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\nMethods of System Grounding
Grounding the System Neutral
1.4.2 Solid Grounding <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\nVarious Types of Grounded-Neutral Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\n1.4.3 Resistance Grounding <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\n1.4.4 Reactance Grounding
1.4.5 Ground-Fault Neutralizer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\n1.4.6 Grounding at Points Other than System Neutral <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\nOne Phase of a Delta System Grounded at Midpoint <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\nTransformer
Fig 16 Earth Surface Potential around Ground Rod during Current Flow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\nSuggested Grounding Methods for Systems 600 V and below
Used as Grounding Transformer with Line-to-Ground Fault <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\nUngrounded Power System to Form Neutral for System Grounding <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\n1.5.4 Systems 2.4-15 kV
Systems above 15 kV <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\nCircuit
Zero-Sequence (Doughnut) Current Transformer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
36<\/td>\nCriteria for Limiting Transient Overvoltages
Selection of System Grounding Points <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\n1.6.4 Neutrai Circuit Arrangements
1.6.5 Single Power Source
1.6.6 Multiple Power Sources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\n1.7 Calculation of Ground-Fault Currents
1.7.1 General
1.7.2 Resistance Grounding <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\n1.7.3 Reactance Grounding
1.7.4 Solid Grounding
1.8 Selection of Grounding Equipment Ratings
1.8.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\n1.8.2 Resistor Ratings
1.8.3 Reactor Ratings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\n1.8.4 Grounding-Transformer Ratings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\nSafety in Systems 600 V and below
1.10 Autotransformers
1.11 Systems with Utility Supply
1.1 2 Unit-Connected Generators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\n1.13 Three-phase Four-Wire Systems
1.14 Systems with Emergency or Standby Power Sources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\n1.15 References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\n1.16 Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
46<\/td>\n2 Equipment Grounding
2.1 Basic Objectives
2.1.1 General
2.1.2 Voltage Exposure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
47<\/td>\n2.1.3 Avoidance of Thermal Distress <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\nVariation of R and X with Conductor Size and Spacing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\n2.1.4 Preservation of System Performance
2.2 Fundamental Concepts
2.2.1 A Single Wire as a Grounding Conductor
Fig 9 Single Wire as Grounding Conductor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
51<\/td>\ni?ig 10 Magnetic Field of Wire as Grounding Conductor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\nFig 11 Electromagnetic Induction of Wire as Grounding Conductor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\n2.2.2 Cabling of Conductors
2.2.3 Enclosing Metal Shell <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\nFig 12 Raceway as Grounding Conductor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\n2.2.4 Circuit Impedance Components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\n2.2.5 Electromagnetic Interference Suppression
Bonding of Metal Sleeves Enclosing a Grounding Conductor
Voltage Protection Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\nFig 13 Bonding of Metal Enclosure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\nFig 14 Surge Arrester Location on Transformer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\n2.2.8 Connection to Earth
Fig 15 Surge Protection Equipment on Motor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\nEquipment Grounding as Influenced by Type of Use <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\n2.4 Outdoor Open-Frame Substations
2.4.1 General
Current Flow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
63<\/td>\nArresters and Low-Voltage Side Grounding Resistors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\n2.4.3 Design of Earthing Connections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\nFg i8 Thermal-Weld Junction in Underground Grounding Conductor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\n2.4.4 Surge-Voltage Protective Equipment
2.4.5 Control of Surface Voltage Gradient
Fence <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\n2.5 Outdoor Unit Substations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\nFig 19 Outdoor Unit Substation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
69<\/td>\n2.6 Outdoor Installations Serving Heavy Portable Electric Machinery
2.7 Interior Wiring Systems
2.7.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
70<\/td>\nFig 20 Heavy-Duty Portable Apparatus-Physical Environment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\nTroblem <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\n2.7.2 Building Service Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\n2.7.3 Interior Electric Circuits <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\n2.7.4 Special Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\n2.8 Interior Unit Substations and Switching Centers
2.8.1 Switching Centers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\nFig 22 Indoor Unit Substation-Typical Unitized Assembly <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nGrounding Conductor with Each Circuit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
79<\/td>\n2.8.2 Transformation Unit Substations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\n2.9 Terminal Apparatus <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\nGrounded Conductors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\n3 Static and Lightning Protection Grounding
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Static Grounding
3.2.1 Purpose of Static Grounding <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
87<\/td>\n3.2.2 Fundamental Causes of Static Electricity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
89<\/td>\n3.2.3 Magnitudes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
90<\/td>\nConditions Required for a Static Charge to Cause Ignition <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
91<\/td>\n3.2.5 Measurement and Detection of Static Electricity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\n3.2.6 Methods of Static Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
93<\/td>\nFig 25 Charged and Uncharged Bodies Insulated from Ground
Fig 26 Both Insulated Bodies Share the Same Charge
Pig 27 Both Bodies are Grounded and Have No Charge <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\nFig 28 Methods of Grounding Metal Rollers or Shafting <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
96<\/td>\nFig 29 Static Collectors
Fig 30 Electrically Energized Neutralizer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
98<\/td>\nStatic Control Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
101<\/td>\nLayers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
104<\/td>\nLightning Protection Grounding
Nature of Lightning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
106<\/td>\nEquipment and Structures to Be Considered <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
107<\/td>\nFig 32 Annual Isoceraunic Map of Continentd Unikd Et&s <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
108<\/td>\nRequirements for Good Protection
Fig 33 Annual Isoceraunic E, gf Can319 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
111<\/td>\nPractices for Lightning Protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
113<\/td>\nFig 35 Lightning Protzctlctn f3r Stacks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
114<\/td>\n3.4 References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
115<\/td>\nFig 36 Typicd ?Jethad of Grzsunding Surge Arrester <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
117<\/td>\n3.5 Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
118<\/td>\n4 Connection to Earth
4.1 Resistance to Earth
Nature of Grounding Resistance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
120<\/td>\nRecommended Acceptable Values <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
121<\/td>\nResistivity of Soils
Table 5 Resistivity of Eds ox! Rzsis? axes of Single Rods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
123<\/td>\nCalculation of Resistance to Earth
4.1.5 Current-Loading Capacity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
124<\/td>\n4.1.6 Soil Treatment
4.2 Ground Electrodes
4.2.1 Existing Electrodes
4.2.2 Made Electrodes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
125<\/td>\nDriven Rod or Pipe
4.2.4 Concrete-Encased Rods or Wires
Buried Strip Wire and Cable <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
126<\/td>\n4.2.6 Grid Systems
4.2.7 Plates
4.3 Methods and Techniques of Construction
Choice of Rods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
127<\/td>\nMethods of Driving Rods
Locating a Water Main (New Construction)
4.3.4 Connecting to Electrodes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
128<\/td>\nJoining to Underground Piping Systems
Joining to Structural Steel
Preparing the Joint
4.4 Measurement of Resistance to Earth
4.4.1 Need for Measurement
Methods for Measuring <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
129<\/td>\n4.4.3 Periodic Testing
Earth Resistivity Measurement
4.4.5 Cathodic Protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
130<\/td>\n4.5 References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Green Book)<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IEEE<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n1982<\/td>\n135<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":452948,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2644],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-452940","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-ieee","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/452940","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/452948"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=452940"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=452940"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=452940"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}