This Part of this European Standard specifies requirements for the design and calculation of pressure parts of shell boilers as defined in EN 12953 1. NOTE For other components such as economisers, superheaters, tube walls, headers, reference should be made to EN 12952 series.<\/p>\n
| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
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| 2<\/td>\n | undefined <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 6<\/td>\n | Contents Page <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 9<\/td>\n | European foreword <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 11<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 12<\/td>\n | 4 Symbols and abbreviations 5 General 5.1 Boilers 5.2 Hot-water boilers 5.3 Main welds <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 13<\/td>\n | 5.4 Weld factor 5.5 Thermal design of furnaces tubes 5.5.1 Design conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 14<\/td>\n | Figure 1 \u2014 Relation between heat input and inside diameter of the furnace di <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | Figure 2 \u2014 Relation between heat input and length of the furnace L 5.5.2 Furnace dimensions 5.5.3 Heat input <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | 5.5.4 Additional operating conditions 5.6 Dimensions of pressure parts 5.7 Determination of pressures 5.7.1 Maximum allowable pressure 5.7.2 Calculation pressure 5.7.3 Safety valves set pressure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | 5.7.4 Hydrostatic test pressure 5.8 Allowances 5.8.1 Allowance for material supply tolerances and forming processes 5.8.2 Allowance for metal wastage 5.9 Additional material requirements for plates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | 5.10 Standardized fittings 5.11 Flanges 5.12 Design by analysis 5.13 Economizer and superheater 6 Calculation temperature and nominal design stress 6.1 Calculation temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | 6.2 Nominal design stress 7 Cylindrical shells 7.1 Shell thickness 7.1.1 Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | 7.1.2 Required wall thickness including allowances 7.2 Basic calculation subjected to internal pressure 7.3 Boiler supports and lifting lugs 8 Openings and branches in cylindrical shells 8.1 General 8.1.1 Introduction 8.1.2 Requirements for the reinforcement of openings in shells <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | Figure 3 \u2014 Calculation dimensions for elliptical openings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | 8.1.3 Effective lengths lrs for calculation of efficiencies and of compensations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | Figure 4 \u2014 Cylindrical shell with fillet welded branch (no additional reinforcement) Figure 5 \u2014Cylindrical shell with full penetration welded branch (set-through) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | Figure 6 \u2014 Cylindrical shell with welded-on branch Figure 7 \u2014 Opening with reinforcing pad <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | Figure 8 \u2014 Opening with reinforcing pad and full penetration branch Figure 9 \u2014 Opening with reinforcing ring (flange) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | 8.1.4 Condition of isolated openings 8.1.5 Requirements for design of branches 8.1.6 Requirements for design of reinforcing pads 8.1.6.1 General 8.1.6.2 Pressure considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | Figure 10 \u2014 Welding of reinforcing pads by set-through and full penetration welded branch 8.1.7 General requirements for calculation of cross-sectional and pressure-loaded areas 8.2 Efficiency factor, alternative calculation method, maximum diameter of an un-reinforced opening 8.2.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | 8.2.2 Allowable efficiency and maximum diameter of an unreinforced opening 8.2.3 Isolated openings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | Figure 11 \u2014 Tube attached to shell 8.2.4 Adjacent openings 8.3 Design of openings and branches in shells (efficiency and reinforcement) 8.3.1 Symbols and abbreviations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 30<\/td>\n | 8.3.2 Requirements for application 8.3.2.1 Openings 8.3.2.2 Minimum thickness of nozzles and branch connections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | Figure 12 \u2014 Load diagram for cylindrical shell with oblique branch and reinforcing pad <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | Figure 13 \u2014 Load diagram for cylindrical shell with non-radial branch <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | Figure 14 \u2014 Load diagram for cylindrical shell with adjacent branches, arranged with an angle \u03a6 to the axis of the shell <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 34<\/td>\n | Figure 15 \u2014 Load diagram for cylindrical shell with non-radial adjacent branches, arranged on the circumference 8.3.3 Design of isolated openings and branch connections 8.3.3.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | 8.3.3.2 Isolated opening with a radial branch 8.3.3.3 Isolated opening with an oblique branch and additional reinforcing pad <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 36<\/td>\n | 8.3.3.4 Cylindrical shells with a branch not radially arranged 8.3.4 Design of adjacent openings and branch connections 8.3.4.1 General 8.3.4.2 Condition of adjacent openings and branches 8.3.4.3 Shell with lower design stress than the branches 8.3.4.4 Branches with equal or lower design stress than the shell <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 37<\/td>\n | 8.3.4.5 Adjacent branches in the circumferential direction 9 Ends 9.1 Unstayed dished heads without openings 9.1.1 Unstayed dished heads under internal pressure 9.1.2 Limiting conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 39<\/td>\n | Figure 16 \u2014 Shape factor C for unstayed dished heads without openings 9.1.3 Unstayed dished heads under external pressure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 40<\/td>\n | 9.2 Flat unstayed removable closures Table 1 \u2014 Values for C1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 41<\/td>\n | Figure 17 \u2014 Flat unstayed removable closures 9.3 Unstayed flat plates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 42<\/td>\n | 10 Supported flat plates, stays and stiffeners 10.1 Breathing space for flat plates Table 2 \u2014 Breathing space between furnace and shell if eh \u2264 25 mm <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | Table 3 \u2014 Breathing space between furnace and shell when the thickness of the end plates exceeds 25 mm <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 44<\/td>\n | Figure 18 \u2014 Examples for breathing spaces 10.2 Stayed flat surfaces 10.2.1 General 10.2.2 Radius of flange 10.2.3 Point of support <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 45<\/td>\n | Figure 19 \u2014 Point of support of a flanged end 10.2.4 Thickness <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 47<\/td>\n | Figure 20 \u2014 Example for main and sub-circles \/ rectangular areas Figure 21 \u2014 Example for main and sub-circles (single furnace boiler) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 48<\/td>\n | Figure 22 \u2014 Determination of factor y 10.2.5 Values of constant C4 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 49<\/td>\n | Table 4\u2014 Values for constant C4 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 50<\/td>\n | Figure 23 \u2014 Example for pressure loaded areas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 51<\/td>\n | Figure 24 \u2014 Permitted weld details of bar stays without washers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 52<\/td>\n | Figure 25 \u2014 Permitted weld details of bar stays with washers (unheated) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 53<\/td>\n | Figure 26 \u2014 Permitted weld details of stay tubes without washers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 54<\/td>\n | Figure 27 \u2014 Permitted weld details of stay tubes with washers (unheated) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 55<\/td>\n | Figure 28 \u2014 Access opening for wet back boilers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 58<\/td>\n | Figure 30 \u2014 Distances from manhole reinforcing ring 10.2.6 Stays for wet back reversal chambers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 59<\/td>\n | Figure 31 \u2014 Location of stays in reversal chamber back plates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 60<\/td>\n | 10.2.7 Stay tubes and bars 10.2.8 Loads on stay tubes and bar stays 10.2.9 Gusset stays 10.2.9.1 Principals for staying 10.2.9.2 Load on each stay 10.2.9.3 Calculation of gusset stays <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 61<\/td>\n | Figure 32 \u2014 Details of welded gusset stays <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 62<\/td>\n | 10.2.10 Weld attachments 10.2.11 Additional requirements for set-in end plates 10.2.11.1 General 10.2.11.2 Shell thickness local to the corner joint 10.2.11.3 Design parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 63<\/td>\n | Table 5 \u2014 Design parameters for set-in end plates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 64<\/td>\n | Table 6 \u2014 Conditions for omitting sections of fillet welds (back welds) from corner joints of flat end plates 10.2.12 Girder stays supporting the flat section of a reversal chamber 11 Design of isolated openings in boiler flat end plates 11.1 Unreinforced isolated openings 11.2 Branch openings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 66<\/td>\n | Figure 33 \u2014 Compensation of branch in flat end plate 11.3 Manholes, headholes and handholes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 67<\/td>\n | Figure 34 \u2014 Compensation for elliptical manholes or inspection openings in flat end plates 12 Unpierced tubes and tube plates 12.1 Thickness of straight tubes subject to external pressure Table 7 \u2014 Lowest nominal thickness of tubes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 68<\/td>\n | 12.2 Thickness of straight tubes subject to internal pressure 12.3 Wall thickness and ovality of elbows and tube bends 12.3.1 General 12.3.2 Departure from circularity of the tube bends <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 69<\/td>\n | Figure 35 \u2014 Limits of departure from circularity for single operation bending Figure 36 \u2014 Limits of departure from circularity for double operation bending <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 70<\/td>\n | Figure 37 \u2014 Notation used for tube bends Figure 38 \u2014 Design factors Ci and Co 12.4 Smoke tubes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 72<\/td>\n | Table 8 \u2014 Permitted methods of attaching smoke tubes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 74<\/td>\n | 12.5 Pitch of tubes 12.6 Thickness of the tube plates within tube nests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 75<\/td>\n | 13 Furnaces tubes, furnace components and reversal chambers of cylindrical form subject to external pressure 13.1 Furnaces tubes 13.1.1 Plain furnaces tubes 13.1.2 Corrugated furnaces tubes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 76<\/td>\n | 13.1.3 Safety factors 13.1.4 Furnace components 13.1.5 Reversal chambers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 77<\/td>\n | Figure 39 \u2014 Cross sectional area for Fox type corrugated tube 13.2 Calculation length of composite furnaces tubes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 78<\/td>\n | 13.3 Tolerances of furnaces tubes 13.4 Stiffeners 13.4.1 General Figure 40 \u2014 Furnace stiffeners up to and including 22 mm thick for plain and corrugated sections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 79<\/td>\n | Figure 41 \u2014 Furnace stiffeners thicker than 22 mm for plain and corrugated sections 13.4.2 Stiffener sections made from bar or plate 13.4.3 Stiffeners located within the zone of peak heat flux 13.4.4 Bowling hoops <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 82<\/td>\n | Figure 42 \u2014 Bowling hoops 14 Access and inspection openings 14.1 General requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 83<\/td>\n | 14.2 Types and minimum dimensions of access and inspection openings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 84<\/td>\n | Figure 43 \u2014 Openings for access and inspection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 85<\/td>\n | Table 11 \u2014 Openings for access and inspection 14.3 Minimum gasket bearing width and clearance for access and inspection doors 14.4 Access and inspection openings in flat plates 14.5 Requirements for entry area into boilers with a shell outside diameter greater than 1 400 mm 14.6 Accessibility and arrangement of entry and inspection openings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 86<\/td>\n | Annex A (informative) Calculation form for \u201cWalker\u201d-type reverse curve sections or corrugations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 88<\/td>\n | Annex B (normative) Furnace calculation temperature B.1 Calculation of the maximum and the middle furnace wall temperature Figure B.1 \u2014 Calculation diameter of the furnace Dg = dOFR respectively Dg = (dOFR + dl) 0,5 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 89<\/td>\n | Figure B.2 \u2014 Free length of the furnace Table B.1 \u2014 Emission-coefficient – Theoretic flame temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 90<\/td>\n | Table B.2 \u2014 Thermal conductivity \u03bb in W\/mm K as function of the temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 91<\/td>\n | Annex C (informative) Calculation of tube plate temperatures C.1 General C.2 Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 92<\/td>\n | Table C.1 \u2014 Symbols C.3 Calculation method C.3.1 Radiation coefficients <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 93<\/td>\n | Figure C.1 \u2014 Radiation coefficient h’R for black exchange (F = 1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 94<\/td>\n | Figure C.2 \u2014 Determination of overall exchange factor F <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 95<\/td>\n | Figure C.3 \u2014 AR\/AC for a cylindrical chamber with diameter D and length L <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 96<\/td>\n | C.3.2 Convection coefficients <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 97<\/td>\n | Figure C.4 \u2014 Basis convection coefficient h’CO <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 98<\/td>\n | Figure C.5 \u2014 Determination of correction factor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 99<\/td>\n | Figure C.6 \u2014 Determination of correction factor C.3.3 Weighted average gas-side heat transfer coefficient <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 100<\/td>\n | Figure C.7 \u2014 Non-dimensional tube area <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 101<\/td>\n | Figure C.8 \u2014 Non-dimensional plate area C.3.4 Tube plate thermal conductance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 102<\/td>\n | C.3.5 Water side heat transfer C.3.6 Tube plate temperatures Figure C.9 \u2014 Tube\/plate area ratio <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 103<\/td>\n | Figure C.10 \u2014 Factor \u03b7 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 104<\/td>\n | Figure C.11 \u2014 Factor \u03a6 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 105<\/td>\n | Figure C.12 \u2014 Factor \u03b2 C.4 Example of a calculation carried out using the method given in C.3 C.4.1 Design data assumed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 106<\/td>\n | C.4.2 Calculation of radiation coefficient C.4.3 Calculation of convection coefficients C.4.4 Calculation of weighted average gas-side heat transfer coefficient C.4.5 Calculation of tube plate thermal conductance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 107<\/td>\n | C.4.6 Calculation of tube plate temperatures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 108<\/td>\n | Annex D (normative) Economizer and superheater with water tube design connected to the shell boiler D.1 General Figure D.1 \u2014 Typical elements of an economizer or superheater D.2 Design of economizer and superheater connected to shell boilers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 110<\/td>\n | Annex E (informative) Significant technical changes between this European Standard and the previous edition <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 111<\/td>\n | Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2014\/68\/EU aimed to be covered Table ZA.1 \u2014 Correspondence between this European Standard and Directive 2014\/68\/EU on Pressure Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 112<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Shell boilers – Design and calculation for pressure parts<\/b><\/p>\n |