{"id":79072,"date":"2024-10-17T18:28:39","date_gmt":"2024-10-17T18:28:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/ashrae-guideline-28-2012\/"},"modified":"2024-10-24T19:38:59","modified_gmt":"2024-10-24T19:38:59","slug":"ashrae-guideline-28-2012","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/ashrae\/ashrae-guideline-28-2012\/","title":{"rendered":"ASHRAE Guideline 28 2012"},"content":{"rendered":"

Guideline 28-2012 serves as a companion to ANSI\/ASHRAE Standard 161-2007, Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft. It includes additional research and supporting information for guidance in assessing and assuring good air quality within the aircraft cabin.<\/p>\n

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6<\/td>\nFOREWORD
1. PURPOSE
2. SCOPE
2.1 This guideline applies to commercial passenger air- carrier aircraft carrying 20 or more passengers and certified under Title 14 CFR Part 25 (FAA 2008b).
2.2 This guideline considers chemical, physical, and biological contaminants as well as, but not limited to, factors such as moisture, temperature, and pressure that may affect air quality.
3. DEFINITIONS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\n4. CONVERSION FACTORS
4.1 Contaminant Concentrations. The concentrations of gaseous contaminants are often expressed in terms of volume fractions, mole fractions, and mass densities. Numerically, volume fractions and mole fractions are identical for ideal gases. The gasse…
TABLE 4.1.1 Conversion Factors for Concentration Calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\nTABLE 4.2.1 Conversion Factors for Concentration Calculations
4.2 Airflow Rates. Airflow rates may be expressed in terms of volume flow rates or in terms of mass flow rates, cfm (L\/s) or lbm\/min (kg\/min). The relationship between the volume flow rate and the mass flow rate depends on the density of the air, whi…
5. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nFigure 5-1 Bleed air system (SAE 2007c). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nFigure 5-2 Air-conditioning pack and air distribution (ASHRAE 2011).
Figure 5-3 Air circulation in the aircraft cabin (ASHRAE 2011). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\nFigure 6-1 Typical aircraft cabin pressure schedule (Hunt et al. 1995).
6. CABIN PRESSURE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\nFigure 6-2 Typical aircraft cabin pressure schedule (SAE 2006c).
6.1 Cabin Pressurization\u2014Background. It is necessary to pressurize the cabin and flight deck because, during typical flights, the partial pressure of oxygen in the ambient outside air is too low to support life. The introduction of compressed air i… <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\n6.2 Cabin Pressurization\u2014Technology. Modulating the airflow discharged from the pressurized cabin through one or more cabin outflow valves controls cabin pressure. The cabin pressure control system includes the outflow valves, controller, selector …
6.3 Cabin Pressurization\u2014 Occupant Health Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\nFigure 6-3 Partial pressure of oxygen as a function of altitude above sea level (DeHart 1985, Table 5-10 data). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\nFigure 6-4 Typical arterial blood oxygen saturation of a healthy individual as a function of altitude above sea level (Ganong 1973).
Figure 6-5 Design limits for short duration pressure changes based on the threshold of detection in humans (SAE 2006c). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\nFigure 6-6 Physiological effects of pressure differential on the normal human ear for increasing pressure (SAE 2006c).
6.4 Cabin Pressurization\u2014Altitude Adjustment Based on the Effects of Cabin Altitude on Respiratory Rates. Requirements for altitude adjustment of ventilation minima were considered for inclusion in ASHRAE Standard 161 but in the end were not includ… <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\nTABLE 6.4.4a Calculation Results for 1.0 met Activity Level
TABLE 6.4.4b Calculation Results for 2.0 met Activity Level <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n7. TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY
7.1 Temperature. During ground operations, additional capacity for cooling and heating may be necessary to effectively manage heat loads that are less predictable and more variable than those which occur in-flight. These include
7.2 Relative Humidity. Considerations of comfort, health and safety provide a basis for RH recommendations for the aircraft cabin. Comfort-based recommendations for RH in ground-based environments are included in ASHRAE Standard 55 (ASHRAE 2010). For… <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\nTABLE 8.1.1 Subset of Contaminants that Could Be Present in the Aircraft Cabin Environment
8. TRACE CONTAMINANTS
8.1 Rationale for Looking at Trace Contaminants. Table 8.1.1 presents a list of some contaminants that could be present in the aircraft cabin environment. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\nTABLE 8.1.2.6.1 Approximate Amounts of Total TCP and Its Ortho Isomers in Oil (Mackerer and Ladov 1999) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\nTABLE 8.2.2 Health, Safety, and Comfort-Related Guidelines for Exposures to Contaminants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\nTABLE 8.2.3 Measurement Methods for a Subset of Contaminants that Could Be Present in the Aircraft Cabin Environment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\nTABLE 8.2.4a Published Measurements of Various Contaminants Reported on Noncomplaint Aircraft and in Buildings (data corrected to normal temperature and pressure conditions: 25\u00b0C and 760 torr [77\u00b0F and 14.7 psia]) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\nTABLE 8.2.4b Contaminant Concentrations Reported in Published Studies (Reprinted with Permission from National Research Council 2002, Table 1-2 pp. 26\u201327) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\nTABLE 8.2.4c Aircraft Sampling Data for Tricresylphosphate Isomers (TCP) and Tributylphosphate Isomers (TBP) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\nTABLE 8.2.5 Thresholds and Limits for Selected Potential Contaminants in Aircraft Cabins (see Note a) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\nTABLE 8.2.6 Odor Characteristics of Selected Bleed Air Containments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\n8.2 Guidelines, Methods, and Published Data. Table 8.2.2 lists health, safety, and comfort-related guidelines for exposure to various chemicals. There are currently no federal regulations governing levels of exposure to chemicals measured in aircraft… <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\n8.3 Measurements and Contaminant Identification. Measurements of cabin air quality generally fall into three categories: <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\nTABLE 8.3.1 Information Sources on Methods for Sampling and Analysis of Contaminants in Aircraft Cabins <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\n9. REFERENCES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
47<\/td>\nAppendix A Measurement Methods for Airborne Contaminants, Cabin Pressure, Airflow, and Air Velocity
A1. Airborne Contaminants
A1.2 Sensor Location(s). There are several sources of hydraulic fluid and engine oil contamination. Hydraulic fluid from a leaking line or an overserviced reservoir, for example, can be ingested into either the auxiliary power unit (APU) or tail-moun… <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\nA1.3 Type of Sensor(s). It is difficult to recommend specific technologies for continuously monitoring and recording exposure to pyrolyzed oil and hydraulic fluid in the air supply system because the majority of research and development in the field …
A1.4 Flight Deck Indication. Section 7.2 requires that indication from the sensor(s) be displayed in the flight deck and recorded anytime the concentration is at or above the contaminant\u2019s trigger point. It is especially important that flight deck … <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\nA1.5 Sampling Data Made Available. Section 7.2 requires that reports of exceedances shall be made available for at least 60 days to airline maintenance staff and occupants with a medical record indicating symptoms that could reasonably be attributed …
A1.6 Response to an Exceedance. The response to an exceedance varies depending on the number, magnitude, and frequency of triggered events. Line maintenance staff generally rely on visual inspection of aircraft systems and on assessing odor in the ca…
A1.7 Portable Monitors for Additional Information. Section 8.2 of ASHRAE Standard 161 notes that sampling and analytical devices that are reliable and easy to operate would be useful in the cabin and flight deck as an additional source of information…
A2. Cabin Altitude\/Pressure Measurement and Rate of Change of Cabin Altitude\/Pressure
A3. Aircraft Ventilation Airflow Measurements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\nA3.1 Airflow Measurement Methods. Each of the four measurement methods is described in turn. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
51<\/td>\nFigure A-1 Position of airflow measuring with respect to diffuser sections.
Figure A-2 PSPT installed in duct. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\nFigure A-3 Pitot static pressure taps located in air ducts with remote caps (similar PSPTs can be located in the pack and recirculated air lines).
Figure A-4 Flow sources and pressure transducers installed to calibrate a Pitot static pressure tap (flows are measured one zone at a time with ducts to other zones closed). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\nFigure A-5 Airflow measurement using metered tracer gas. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\nFigure A-6 Measurements for mass balance method.
A3.2 Total Supply Airflow to a Zone. Sections A3.2.1, A3.2.2, and A3.2.3 describe three potential methods for measuring the total airflow to a zone. The measurement methods described in these sections do not include any flow to the zone through PAOs … <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\nA3.3 Outside Airflow. The primary approach to determining the outside airflow to a zone is to first determine the fraction of the supply air that is outside air and then multiplying the total airflow to the zone by this fraction. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\nA3.4 PAO Total Supply Flow. The primary purpose of personal air outlets is to provide occupant adjustable, local airflow. Personal air outlets may also be used to meet part of the total or outside airflow requirements of a zone. The procedure describ… <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\nA4. Air Speed in Upper Body Area
APPENDIX B References for Appendix A and Relevant BIBLIOGRAPHY <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ASHRAE Guideline 28-2012 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ASHRAE<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2012<\/td>\n60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":79073,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2719],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-79072","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-ashrae","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/79072","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/79073"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=79072"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=79072"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=79072"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}