ACI 232.1R 12:2012 Edition

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232.1R-12 Report on the Use of Raw or Processed Natural Pozzolans in Concrete

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ACI	2012	33

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Description

This report reviews the use of raw or processed natural pozzolans in concrete and provides an overview of the properties of natural pozzolans and their use in the production of hydraulic-cement concrete. Long before the invention of portland cement, natural pozzolans mixed with lime were used to strengthen concrete and mortar. Today, they can be used to enhance the properties of fresh and hardened concrete and may provide economic value in some cases. Keywords: alkali-silica reaction; diatomaceous earth; lime; pozzolan; pozzolanic activity; strength; sulfate attack.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
4	CONTENTS CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1—Introduction 1.2—Scope CHAPTER 2— DEFINITIONS CHAPTER 3— HISTORICAL USE OF NATURAL POZZOLANS 3.1—Ancient history
5	3.2—Modern history
8	CHAPTER 4— NATURAL POZZOLANS: DESCRIPTIONS 4.1—Calcined clay 4.2—Calcined shale
9	4.3—Diatomaceous earth 4.4—Metakaolin 4.5—Opaline shales 4.6—Volcanic materials
10	4.6.1 Pumice, pumicite 4.6.2 Trass 4.6.3 Santorin earth 4.6.4 Tuff 4.6.5 Volcanic ash
11	4.6.6 Zeolites 4.7—Other material 4.7.1 Rice husk ash
12	CHAPTER 5— REACTION MECHANISMS, CLASSIFICATION, AND COMPOSITION 5.1—General reaction mechanisms
13	5.2—Classification systems 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.3—Chemical and mineralogical composition
14	5.4—Pozzolanic reactivity
15	5.5—Factors affecting pozzolanic reactivity 5.5.1 Glass content
16	5.5.2 Calcination 5.5.3 Fineness 5.5.4 Curing temperature 5.5.5 Chemical activation
17	CHAPTER 6— EFFECTS OF NATURAL POZZOLANS ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES 6.1—Concrete mixture proportions 6.2—Properties of fresh concrete 6.2.1 Water demand 6.2.2 Cohesion and segregation resistance 6.2.3 Air entrainment
18	6.2.4 Set time 6.3—Properties of hardened concrete 6.3.1 Strength 6.3.2 Sulfate resistance
20	6.3.3 Temperature rise 6.3.4 Expansion due to alkali-silica reaction 6.3.5 Permeability
21	6.3.6 Freezing-and-thawing resistance
22	6.3.7 Drying shrinkage CHAPTER 7— SPECIFICATIONS, TEST METHODS, QUALITY CONTROL, AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 7.1—Introduction 7.2—Chemical requirements 7.3—Physical requirements
23	7.4—General specification provisions 7.5—Methods of sampling and testing 7.5.1 Sampling methods 7.5.2 Chemical analysis methods 7.5.3 Physical test procedures 7.6—Quality control and quality assurance
24	CHAPTER 8— CONCRETE PRODUCTION: HANDLING, STORAGE, AND BATCHING 8.1—Storage and handling 8.2—Batching
25	CHAPTER 9— USES OF NATURAL POZZOLANS IN CONCRETE AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS 9.1—Structural concrete 9.2—Precast, prestressed concrete products 9.3—Mass concrete
26	9.4—Concrete pipes 9.5—Concrete masonry units 9.6—Controlled low-strength materials
27	9.7—Grout and mortar CHAPTER 10— REFERENCES