BS 6349-1:2000:2003 Edition
$215.11
Maritime structures – Code of practice for general criteria
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| BSI | 2003 | 254 |
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 1 | BRITISH STANDARD |
| 2 | Committees responsible for this British�Standard |
| 3 | Contents |
| 18 | 3 Definitions 3.1 Tides 3.1.1 semi diurnal tides 3.1.2 diurnal tides 3.1.3 range 3.1.4 spring tides 3.1.5 neap tides 3.1.6 mean high water springs (MHWS) 3.1.7 mean low water springs (MLWS) 3.1.8 mean high water neaps (MHWN) 3.1.9 mean low water neaps (MLWN) 3.1.10 mean sea level (MSL) 3.1.11 lowest astronomical tide (LAT) 3.1.12 highest astronomical tide (HAT) |
| 19 | 3.2 Ship tonnages 3.2.1 gross registered tonnage (GRT) 3.2.2 deadweight tonnage (DWT) 3.3 displacement 3.4 belting 3.5 Waves 3.5.1 wave height 3.5.2 wave period 3.5.3 wave length 3.5.4 phase velocity 3.5.5 wave diffraction 3.5.6 wave refraction 3.5.7 wave gradient 3.5.8 group velocity 3.5.9 significant wave height |
| 20 | 3.5.10 significant wave period 3.5.11 zero crossing period of primary waves 3.6 spectral density 3.7 design working life 3.8 return period 4 Symbols |
| 27 | Section 2. Environmental considerations 5 General 5.1 Design parameters 5.2 Environmental impact 5.3 Scope 6 Survey control 6.1 General |
| 28 | 6.2 Level control 6.3 Location control |
| 29 | 7 Meteorology and climatology 7.1 General 7.2 Wind |
| 31 | 7.3 Precipitation 7.4 Air temperature and humidity 7.5 Visibility 7.6 Atmospheric pressure |
| 32 | 7.7 Solar radiation and hours of sunshine 8 Bathymetry 8.1 General 8.2 Echo sounder |
| 33 | 8.3 Side�scan sonar 8.4 Direct measurement 8.5 Spacing and direction of sounding profiles |
| 34 | 8.6 Wire sweep 8.7 Reduction of soundings 8.8 Coastal topography 9 Geological considerations 10 Water level 10.1 General |
| 35 | 10.2 Tidal predictions 10.3 Meteorological effects |
| 36 | 10.4 Tidal observations 10.5 Tidal analysis 11 Water movement 11.1 General 11.2 Measurement of currents |
| 39 | 11.3 Measurement of diffusion |
| 40 | 11.4 Presentation and analysis of field data 12 Waves 13 Water quality 13.1 General 13.2 Water temperature |
| 41 | 13.3 Chemistry 13.4 Turbidity 13.5 Marine life |
| 42 | 13.6 Pollution 14 Sediment transport 14.1 General 14.2 Sediment transport in currents |
| 44 | 14.3 Sediment transport with waves |
| 45 | 14.4 Accretion and scour 14.5 Bed�form migration 14.6 Models |
| 47 | Section 3. Operational considerations 15 General 16 Design working life |
| 48 | 17 Ship data 17.1 General 17.2 Tonnage and displacement 17.3 Typical container ship and bulk carrier dimensions 18 Navigation in approach channels 18.1 General |
| 49 | 18.2 Studies |
| 50 | Figure 1a Typical ship dimensions — Container ship — Approximate dimensions based on draught against DWT, a… |
| 51 | Figure 1b) Typical ship dimensions — Container ship — Approximate dimensions based on draught against DWT, a… |
| 52 | Figure 2 Typical ship dimensions — Bulk carrier |
| 53 | 18.3 Depth of channels 18.4 Width of channels |
| 54 | 18.5 Other operational aspects 19 Ship handling 19.1 Manoeuvring inside harbours |
| 55 | 19.2 Berthing 19.3 Mooring |
| 57 | Section 4. Sea state 20 General 21 Wave characteristics 21.1 Wave forms |
| 58 | 21.2 Basic wave properties |
| 59 | Figure 3a) Wave shoaling and estimation of wave height in the surf zone |
| 60 | Figure 3b) Wave shoaling and estimation of wave height in the surf zone |
| 61 | Figure 3c) Wave shoaling and estimation of wave height in the surf zone |
| 62 | Figure 3d) Wave shoaling and estimation of wave height in the surf zone |
| 63 | Figure 3e) Wave shoaling and estimation of wave height in the surf zone |
| 64 | Figure 3f) Wave shoaling and estimation of wave height in the surf zone |
| 66 | 21.3 Sea state properties |
| 68 | Figure 4 Relationship between design working life, return period and probability of wave heights exceeding… |
| 69 | 22 Offshore wave climate 22.1 Wave generation 22.2 Wave prediction |
| 71 | Figure 5 Significant wave prediction chart — Fetch lengths up to 1 500 km |
| 72 | Figure 6 Significant wave prediction chart — Fetch lengths from 200 km to 20 000 km |
| 73 | Figure 7 JONSWAP wave spectrum |
| 74 | Figure 8 Pierson–Moskowitz wave spectrum |
| 77 | Figure 9 Significant wave height and peak period for wave spectra |
| 78 | 22.3 Wave decay and swell 22.4 Extrapolation of offshore wave data 23 Shallow water effects 23.1 General 23.2 Refraction and shoaling |
| 79 | Figure 10 Schematic diagram of wave refraction |
| 81 | 23.3 Channel effects 23.4 Bottom friction |
| 82 | Figure 11 Wave height reduction factor for bottom friction |
| 83 | 23.5 Wave breaking Figure 12 Breaker types |
| 85 | 24 Long waves 24.1 General |
| 86 | 24.2 Moving pressure fronts 24.3 Wave grouping effects 24.4 Tsunamis |
| 87 | 24.5 Conclusions 25 Storm surge 26 Wave recording and analysis 26.1 Existing data sources |
| 88 | 26.2 Site measurements |
| 89 | 26.3 Wave recorders |
| 90 | 26.4 Analysis of records 27 Extrapolation of wave data 27.1 General 27.2 Extrapolation to extreme wave conditions |
| 92 | 27.3 Extrapolation to individual maximum wave heights |
| 94 | Figure 13 |
| 95 | 27.4 Extrapolation of wave periods 28 Effects of breakwaters and sea walls on sea states |
| 96 | Figure 14 Run up on graded riprap |
| 97 | Figure 15 Run up on rubble mound slope |
| 98 | 29 Harbour response 29.1 General 29.2 Wave diffraction for a flat seabed |
| 99 | Figure 16a) Diffraction coefficients for breakwater gap of length B = one wave length, Pierson–Moskowitz spec… |
| 100 | Figure 16b) Diffraction coefficients for breakwater gap of length B = two wave lengths, Pierson–Moskowitz spe… |
| 101 | Figure 17a) Diffraction coefficients for island breakwater of length B = one wave length, Pierson–Moskowitz s… |
| 102 | Figure 17b) Diffraction coefficients for island breakwater of length B = two wave lengths, Pierson–Moskowitz … |
| 103 | 29.3 Ray methods of wave diffraction and refraction |
| 104 | 29.4 Harbour resonance 29.5 Physical models |
| 105 | 29.6 Mathematical models |
| 106 | 30 Acceptable wave conditions for moored small vessels 30.1 General Table 1 Acceptable wave heights in marinas and fishing harbours 30.2 Marinas 30.3 Fishing harbours 30.4 Lighterage |
| 107 | 31 Acceptable wave conditions for moored ships 31.1 General 31.2 Background information |
| 108 | 31.3 Methods for determining acceptable sea states |
| 109 | Figure 18 The six degrees of freedom of vessel movement |
| 111 | 31.4 Acceptable ship movements Table 2 Guidance on maximum velocity criteria for safe mooring conditions |
| 112 | 31.5 Downtime Table 3 Guidance on maximum motion criteria for safe working conditions |
| 113 | Section 5. Loads, movements and vibrations 32 General 32.1 Basic loads 32.2 Dynamic response Table 4 Typical frequencies of environmental forces 32.3 Spectral loading |
| 114 | 32.4 Fatigue 33 Soil pressures 34 Winds 35 Snow and ice |
| 115 | 36 Temperature variations Table 5 Effective temperature range for maritime structure decks in British coastal waters 37 Tides and water level variations 38 Currents 38.1 General |
| 116 | 38.2 Steady drag force |
| 117 | Figure 19 Drag force coefficient values for circular cylinders Table 6 Modification factors for critical flow velocity 38.3 Flow induced oscillations |
| 119 | Figure 20 Critical flow velocity for circular piles for in line oscillations |
| 120 | Table 7 Drag and inertia force coefficients for common structural forms |
| 121 | 39 Waves 39.1 General 39.2 Fatigue analysis 39.3 Design wave parameters |
| 122 | 39.4 Wave forces |
| 123 | Figure 21 Wave pressure distribution at reflective walls for non�breaking waves |
| 124 | Figure 22 Estimation of alpha values for calculation of wave pressure — Vertical�distribution of wave pressure |
| 126 | Figure 23 Estimation of alpha values for calculation of wave pressure — Coefficient of wave pressure at sur… |
| 127 | Figure 24 Estimation of alpha values for calculation of wave pressure — Coefficient of wave pressure at sur… |
| 128 | Figure 25 Estimation of alpha values for calculation of wave pressure — Ratio between wave pressures at sur… |
| 131 | 40 Earthquakes 41 Berthing 41.1 General 41.2 Operational factors 41.3 Fendering |
| 132 | 41.4 Design of fendering 41.5 Assessment of berthing energy 42 Mooring 42.1 General 42.2 Evaluation of mooring loads |
| 133 | Table 8 Nominal bollard and fairlead loadings for vessels up to 20 000 t displacement |
| 134 | Figure 26 Current drag force coefficients, all ships, deep water case |
| 136 | Figure 27 Envelope of wind force coefficients for dry cargo vessels and small tankers |
| 137 | Figure 28 Wind force coefficients for very large tankers with supersturctures aft |
| 138 | Figure 29 Wind force coefficients for typical container ship |
| 139 | Figure 30 Water depth correction factors for lateral current forces |
| 140 | Figure 31 Water depth correction factor for longitudinal current forces on container ships Figure 32 Envelope of longitudinal force coefficients for VLCCs in shallow water |
| 141 | Figure 33 Typical longitudinal projected areas of tankers |
| 142 | Figure 34 Container ships: lengths and longitudinal projected areas 43 Docking and slipping 44 Cargo storage 44.1 General 44.2 Dry bulk stacks |
| 143 | Table 9 Typical stacking heights 44.3 Containers Table 10 Container loads expressed as uniformly distributed loads 44.4 Other loads |
| 144 | 45 Cargo handling and transport systems 45.1 General 45.2 Fixed and rail�mounted equipment |
| 145 | Figure 35 Typical container crane dimensions |
| 146 | Figure 36 Container crane bogie with alternative number of wheels |
| 147 | 45.3 Conveyors and pipelines 45.4 Rail traffic 45.5 Road traffic 45.6 Rubber�tyred port vehicles Table 11 Equivalent uniformly distributed loading for rubber tyred port vehicles |
| 148 | Table 12 FLT wheel loading: container handling duties Table 13 Side loader jack reactions |
| 149 | Table 14 Mobile crane outrigger reactions Table 15 RT loading: axle loads and effective wheel pressures |
| 150 | Figure 37 Dimensions of RT vehicle |
| 151 | Table 16 Loading due to tracked cranes 46 Channelized loading in pavements and decks Table 17 Typical throughputs for new cargo handling berths |
| 152 | 47 Movements and vibrations 47.1 General 47.2 Assessment of movements |
| 154 | Table 18 Added mass of entrained water |
| 155 | Table 18 (concluded) Added mass of entrained water |
| 157 | 47.3 Acceptability criteria |
| 159 | Section 6. Geotechnical considerations 48 General 49 Site investigations 49.1 General 49.2 Existing data sources |
| 160 | 49.3 Site reconnaissance 49.4 Exploratory drilling, sampling and in situ testing |
| 161 | 49.5 Layout of boreholes and trial excavations 49.6 Depth of boreholes |
| 162 | Figure 38 Location and depth of boreholes for piled wharf |
| 163 | Figure 39 Depth of boreholes in relation to retained height of soil and width of quay wall 49.7 Groundwater investigations 49.8 Determination of earth pressure coefficient at rest 49.9 Detection of underground movements at depth |
| 164 | 49.10 Geophysical surveys 49.11 Field trials 49.12 Studies related to constructional materials |
| 165 | 50 Properties of the ground 50.1 Average properties for preliminary design Table 19 Mobilized angle of friction |
| 166 | 50.2 Selection of parameters for working design |
| 167 | Figure 40 Plane strain shear diagram for sand |
| 169 | Figure 41 Plane strain shear diagram for normally consolidated clay |
| 170 | Figure 42 Slab slide in rock |
| 171 | Figure 43 Wedge failure in rock Figure 44 Toppling failure in rock |
| 172 | Table 20 Physical characteristics of soils and rocks |
| 173 | 51 Sheet piled structures 51.1 General 51.2 Design 51.3 Distribution of lateral earth pressure and earth resistance |
| 175 | Figure 45 Cantilevered single wall sheet pile structure |
| 176 | Figure 46 Anchored single wall sheet pile structure |
| 177 | Figure 47 Distribution of earth pressure and earth resistance on cantilevered single wall sheet pile structure |
| 178 | Figure 48 Distribution of earth pressure and earth resistance on anchored single wall sheet pile structure |
| 179 | Figure 49 Double wall sheet pile structures — Sheet piles driven into soil below seabed Figure 50 Double wall sheet pile structures — Sheet piles terminated on rock at seabed |
| 180 | Figure 51 Active pressure distribution on anchored single wall structure where filling is placed before dre… |
| 181 | Figure 52 Active pressure distribution on anchored single wall structure where filling is placed after dred… |
| 182 | Figure 53 Distribution of active pressure and passive resistance for total stress conditions in normally a… |
| 183 | 51.4 Effects of surcharge |
| 184 | 51.5 Hydrostatic pressure distribution |
| 186 | Figure 54 Hydrostatic pressure distribution on waterfront structures where soil is retained to full height … |
| 187 | Figure 55 Hydrostatic pressure distribution on waterfront structure where the soil is embanked behind the s… |
| 188 | Figure 56 Hydrostatic pressure behind waterfront structure backed by clay Figure 57 Effects on hydrostatic and soil pressure distribution where seepage takes place beneath retaining… |
| 189 | 52 Gravity structures 52.1 General 52.2 Masonry and brickwork 52.3 Plain concrete walls 52.4 Concrete blockwork 52.5 Monoliths |
| 190 | 52.6 Caissons 53 Anchorage of structures 53.1 Function and location of anchorages |
| 191 | Figure 58 Anchorage of lock or dry dock against hydrostatic uplift |
| 192 | 53.2 Methods of anchorage Figure 59 Failure of vertical anchor tendon due to uplift of cone of soil or rock |
| 193 | Figure 60 Modes of failure of anchor tendons in rock — Massively bedded rock Figure 61 Modes of failure of anchor tendons in rock — Thinly bedded rock with horizontal or near horizonta… |
| 194 | 54 Slope stability and protection 54.1 Environmental factors |
| 195 | 54.2 Modes of failure Figure 62 Types of slope failure — Rotational shear slide on circular sliding surface |
| 196 | Figure 63 Types of slope failure — Three dimensional rotational slide Figure 64 Types of slope failure — Non circular rotational slide |
| 197 | Figure 65 Failure of embankment due to shear failure of supporting soil |
| 198 | Figure 66 Compound slide |
| 199 | 54.3 Design considerations for slopes and embankments |
| 202 | Figure 67 Embankment built in stages with core material protected by dumped stone |
| 203 | 54.4 Monitoring stability 54.5 Slope protection |
| 205 | Figure 68 Slope protection by rock or concrete armouring backed by filter layer |
| 206 | 54.6 Maintenance of earthworks 54.7 Remedial works 55 Use of thixotropic liquids in excavations 55.1 Types of structure |
| 207 | 55.2 Lateral earth pressure and earth resistance 55.3 Design of excavations for support by bentonite mud |
| 208 | 55.4 Materials |
| 209 | Section 7. Materials 56 General 57 Stone for armouring or protection works 57.1 General |
| 210 | 57.2 Tests of quality 57.3 Specification of size 58 Concrete 58.1 General |
| 211 | 58.2 Type of construction |
| 212 | 58.3 Durability from foundation soils, seawater and contaminants |
| 214 | Figure 69 Schematic diagram of the chloride transport processes in a maritime structure |
| 216 | Figure 70 Suggested severity ratings for chloride�induced corrosion of reinforcement on a scale of�1–12� |
| 217 | 58.4 Specification for materials and workmanship |
| 218 | Table 21 Cements |
| 219 | Table 22 Limiting values for composition and properties of concrete classes with normal weight aggregates … |
| 220 | Table 23 Limiting values for composition and properties of concrete classes with normal weight aggregates … |
| 222 | Table 24 Limiting values for composition and properties of plain concrete with normal weight aggregates of… |
| 225 | 59 Structural steel and other metals 59.1 General |
| 226 | 59.2 Structural steel |
| 227 | Table 25 Typical rates of corrosion for structural steels in temperate climates |
| 229 | 59.3 Aluminium and its alloys |
| 230 | 59.4 Other metals 60 Timber 60.1 General 60.2 Resistance to environmental hazards |
| 232 | 60.3 Functional suitability |
| 233 | 60.4 Fastenings 61 Piles 61.1 General 61.2 Bearing piles |
| 236 | 61.3 Sheet piles |
| 237 | 62 Pipes 62.1 General 63 Pavements 63.1 General |
| 238 | 64 Rails 64.1 General 64.2 Crane rails |
| 239 | 64.3 Adjustment of crane rails 64.4 Holding�down bolts 64.5 Rail clips 64.6 Heavy�duty crane rails 64.7 Bolted joints 65 Bituminous materials 65.1 General 65.2 Bituminous materials available |
| 240 | 65.3 Composition, mix design and application techniques |
| 242 | 65.4 Uses of bituminous materials Table 26 Possible uses of bituminous materials in maritime protection works |
| 243 | 66 Protective measures 66.1 General |
| 244 | 66.2 Coating systems 66.3 Concrete protection 66.4 Monel�400�sheathing 66.5 Steel wear plates 66.6 Wrappings |
| 246 | 67 Maintenance 67.1 General 67.2 Records 67.3 Access |
| 247 | Annex A (informative) Physical properties of commonly sorted cargoes (informative) Physical properties of commonly sorted cargoes Table A.1 Typical dry bulk densities and angles of repose |
| 248 | Table A.2 Typical stacked densities for common commodities |
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