🔥🔥 Don’t Miss Out on Our End of Autumn Sale. If you have any questions, feel free to click the bottom right corner to contact our customer service..

Concat us[email protected]
Shopping Cart

No products in the cart.

🔍
BSI PD CEN/TR 16918:2015

BSI PD CEN/TR 16918:2015

$215.11

Safety of toys. Children’s mouthing behaviour in contact with toys

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2015 138
PDF Format Searchable Printable Preview Now
Guaranteed Safe Checkout
Categories: ,

If you have any questions, feel free to reach out to our online customer service team by clicking on the bottom right corner. We’re here to assist you 24/7.
Email:[email protected]

This Technical Report presents the results of a European Study on “Children’s mouthing behaviour in contact with toys”. It provides statistical data on the duration and frequency that children under 36 months introduce toys into their mouths and estimated data on the time children under 36 months spend mouthing toys each day.

Furthermore, it provides information on:

  • the literature focused on children’s mouthing behaviour, including commonly used methodologies and significant results;

  • the design and methodology of the study;

  • the data on the children and toy sample;

  • the forms used in data collection.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
4 Contents Page
7 European foreword
8 Introduction
9 1 Scope
2 Literature review
2.1 General
10 2.2 Methodological review on children’s mouthing behaviour
11 Table 1 — Summary of previous literature
13 2.3 Main results on the duration and frequency of children’s mouthing behaviour in previous literature
2.3.1 General
14 2.3.2 Daily time available to mouth not spent sleeping or eating
Table 2 — Mean, maximum and minimum times available to mouth not spent sleeping or eating
15 Figure 1 — Time available to mouth per day vs. mouthing behaviour in contact with objects
2.3.3 Frequency of mouthing objects
16 Table 3 — Results of the frequency of object-to-mouth events per hour
2.3.4 Amount of the time spent mouthing objects
17 Table 4 — Estimated mean and maximum daily mouthing time for toys and other objects
18 Figure 2 — Mouthing behaviour in contact with all items mouthed vs. in contact with toys
3 Design of the research
3.1 General objective
3.2 Data collection
19 3.3 Methodology
3.3.1 General
20 Table 5 — Methodologies of the study
3.3.2 Ethnographic
Figure 3 — Example of children activities
3.3.3 Home environment
21 Table 6 — Sample age groups
22 Figure 4 — Home environment observation
3.3.4 Free play environment
Figure 5 — Free play environment observation
23 Figure 6 — Examples of mouthing behaviour
3.3.5 Pilot test
24 3.3.6 Observational tool and protocols
Figure 7 — Observational tool app
25 3.3.7 Training sessions
Figure 8 — Training sessions
3.4 Sample description: Children and toys
3.4.1 General
26 Table 7 — Sample description
3.4.2 Children sample
27 Figure 9 — Age of children
28 Figure 10 — Gender of children
Figure 11 — Household size
29 Figure 12 — Number of children
Figure 13 — Country
30 Figure 14 — Population sizes
Figure 15 — Relationship
31 Figure 16 — Observer age
Figure 17 — Level of education
32 Figure 18 — Social class
Figure 19 — Observation periods
33 Figure 20 — Use of dummy
Figure 21 — Use of dummy by age
3.4.3 Sample
35 Table 8 — Toy sample
Figure 22 — Toys with elastomeric materials
36 Figure 23 — Toys without elastomeric materials
Figure 24 — Toys intended to be mouthed
37 Figure 25 — Uniformity in the number of products for each age group
3.5 Statistical analysis
38 Table 9 — Sample error
4 Results of children’s mouthing behaviour in contact with toys
4.1 Frequency children mouthed toys
4.1.1 General
4.1.2 By age
Table 10 — Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by age
39 4.1.3 By gender
Table 11 — Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by gender
Figure 27 — Frequency of mouthing behaviour per hour by gender (based on means in Table 11)
40 4.1.4 By gender and age
Table 12 — Frequency of mouthing behaviour per hour by gender and age (mean values)
Figure 28 — Frequency of mouthing behaviour per hour by gender and age (based on means in Table 12)
41 4.1.5 By country
Table 13 — Frequency children mouthed toys per hour, by country
Figure 29 — Frequency of mouthing behaviour per hour by country (based on means in Table 13)
42 4.1.6 By country and age
Table 14 — Frequency of mouthing behaviour per hour by country and age (mean values)
Figure 30 — Frequency of mouthing behaviour per hour by country and age (based on means in Table14)
43 4.2 Time children spent mouthing toys
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 By age
Table 15 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by age
Figure 31 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by age (based on means of Table 15)
44 4.2.3 By gender
Table 16 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by gender
Figure 32 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by gender (based on means of Table 16)
4.2.4 By gender and age
Table 17 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by gender and age (mean values)
45 Figure 33 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by gender and age (based on means of Table 17)
4.2.5 By country
Table 18 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by country
46 Figure 34 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by country
4.2.6 By country and age
Table 19 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by country and age (mean values)
47 Figure 35 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by country and age (based on means of Table 19)
4.2.7 Toy-to-mouth contact duration by age
48 Table 20 — Toy-to-mouth contact duration by age
Figure 36 — Toy-to-mouth contact duration in seconds by age (based on means of Table 20)
49 4.3 Type of mouthing: lip/tongue, suck/engulf, bite/chew
4.3.1 Frequency by type of mouthing
Table 21 — Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by type of mouthing (multiple answer)
Figure 37 — Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by type of mouthing (based on means of Table 21)
50 4.3.2 Frequency by type of mouthing and age
Table 22 — Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by type of mouthing and age (mean values)
Figure 38 — Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by type of mouthing and age (based on means of Table 22)
51 4.3.3 Time children spent mouthing, by type of mouthing
Table 23 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by type of mouthing (multiple answer)
Figure 39 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by type of mouthing
52 4.3.4 Time children spent mouthing toys by type of mouthing and age
Table 24 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by type of mouthing and age (mean values)
Figure 40 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by type of mouthing and age (based on means of Table 24)
53 4.4 Elastomeric vs. not elastomeric material
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Frequency by elastomeric and not elastomeric material
Table 25 — Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by material (elastomeric vs not elastomeric)
Figure 41 — Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by material (based on means of Table 25)
54 4.4.3 Frequency by elastomeric and not elastomeric material and age
Table 26 — Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by material and age (mean values)
Figure 42 — Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by material and age (based on means of Table 26)
55 4.4.4 Time children spent mouthing by elastomeric and not elastomeric material
Table 27 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by material
Figure 43 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by material
4.4.5 Time children spent mouthing, by elastomeric and not elastomeric material and age
Table 28 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by material and age (mean values)
56 Figure 44 — Percentage of time children mouthed toys in the total time (511,8 h) by material and age (based on means of Table 28)
4.4.6 Toy-to-mouth contact duration by elastomeric and not elastomeric material
Table 29 — Toy-to-mouth contact duration by material
Figure 45 — Toy-to-mouth contact duration in seconds by material (based on means of Table 29)
57 4.4.7 Toy-to-mouth duration by elastomeric and not elastomeric material and age
Table 30 — Toy-to-mouth contact duration by material and age (mean values)
Figure 46 — Toy-to-mouth contact duration in seconds by material and age (based on means of Table 30)
4.4.8 Qualitative approach of the influence of elastomeric material in children’s mouthing behaviour
59 Figure 48 — Protruding parts that stimulate greater mouthing behaviour
Figure 50 — Elastomeric material in less accessible parts of toys
60 Figure 51 — Toys manufactured in elastomeric material with accessible parts
4.5 Toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed
4.5.1 General
4.5.2 Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed
Table 31 — Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by intended vs not intended to be mouthed
Figure 52 — Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed per hour (based on means of Table 31)
61 4.5.3 Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age
Table 32 — Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed per hour by age (mean values)
Figure 53 — Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed per hour by age (based on means of Table 32)
62 4.5.4 Time children spent mouthing toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed
Table 33 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy (intended vs not intended to be mouthed) in the total time (511,8 h)
Figure 54 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy (intended vs not intended to be mouthed) in the total time (511,8 h) (based on means of Table 33)
4.5.5 Time children spent mouthing toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age
Table 34 — Percentage of time children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed in the total time (511,8 h) by age (mean values)
63 Figure 55 — Percentage of time children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed in the total time (511,8 h) by age (based on means of Table 34)
4.5.6 Toy-to-mouth contact duration for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed
Table 35 — Toy-to-mouth contact duration for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed
64 Figure 56 — Toy-to-mouth contact duration in seconds for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed (based on means of Table 35)
4.5.7 Toy-to-mouth contact for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age
Table 36 — Toy-to-mouth contact duration for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age (mean values)
65 Figure 57 — Toy-to-mouth contact duration for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed in seconds by age (based on means of Table 36)
4.6 Toy categories
4.6.1 General
66 4.6.2 Frequency children mouthed toys by toy category
Table 37 — Frequency children mouthed toys per hour, by toy category
67 4.6.3 Time children spent mouthing toys by toy category
Table 38 — Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by toy category
68 4.7 Bite marks left on toys
Table 39 — Bite marks left on toys by age
Figure 58 — Bite marks left on toys
69 Figure 59 — Toys with EVA material
4.8 Degree of salivation
4.8.1 General
Table 40 — Degree of salivation
70 Figure 60 — Degree of salivation in toy mouthing behaviour
4.8.2 Toys that contributed to high degrees of salivation
Figure 61 — Toys with higher levels of salivation
71 5 Estimations
5.1 General
5.2 Results of ethnographic study
5.2.1 Time children are awake and not eating
Table 41 — Time children are awake and not eating (non-working days)
72 Table 42 — Time children are awake and not eating (working days)
Table 43 — Time children are awake and not eating (non-working days vs working days)
Figure 62 — Time children are awake and not eating in hours (based on means in Table 43)
73 5.2.2 Time children are in contact with toys
Table 44 — Time children are in contact with toys (non-working days)
Table 45 — Time children are in contact with toys (working days)
Table 46 — Time children are in contact with toys (non-working days vs working days)
74 Figure 63 — Time children are in contact with toys in hours (based on means in Table 46)
5.3 Estimation formula
5.4 Estimation of frequency children mouth toys
5.4.1 General
75 Figure 64 — Mean frequency children mouth toys for each scenario
5.4.2 Estimation of frequency children mouth toys by age
Table 47 — Frequency children mouth objects (scenario 1), total time 511,8 h
76 Table 48 — Frequency children mouth toys (scenario 2), total time 511,8 h
5.5 Estimation of time children spend mouthing toys
5.5.1 General
77 Figure 65 — Mean time children spend mouthing toys for each scenario
5.5.2 Estimation of time children spend mouthing toys by age
Table 49 — Time children spend mouthing objects (scenario 1), total time 511,8 h
78 Table 50 — Time children spend mouthing toys (scenario 2), total time 511,8 h
6 Discussion
6.1 Frequency children mouthed toys
79 6.2 Time children spent mouthing toys
80 Table 51 — Comparison of results of Norris and Smith 2002 [8] and this study on time children spent mouthing toys
6.3 Time available to mouth toys per day
81 Figure 66 — Estimation of number of minutes of mouthing behaviour with toys per day
82 6.4 Type of mouthing
6.5 Elastomeric toys
6.6 Toys intended and not intended to be mouthed
6.7 Mouthing toys by categories
83 6.8 Bite marks left on toys
6.9 Degree of salivation
7 Summary
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Literature review
84 7.3 Design of the research
7.4 Results
7.4.1 Frequency children mouthed toys
7.4.2 Time spent mouthing toys
85 7.5 Estimations
7.5.1 The frequency children mouthed toys
7.5.2 Time spent mouthing toys
7.6 Childcare articles
86 Annex A (informative) Summary of previous quantitative studies on children’s mouthing behaviour
Table A.1 — Summary of previous quantitative studies on children’s mouthing behaviour
94 Annex B (informative) Results of children’s mouthing behaviour in contact with childcare articles
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Design of the research
B.2.1 General objective
95 Table B.1 — Sample error
B.2.2 Data collection
96 Table B.2 — Methodology
B.2.3 Sample of children and products
97 Figure B.3 — Country
98 Table B.3 — Childcare article sample
B.3 Frequency children mouthed childcare articles
B.3.1 General
B.3.2 By age
Table B.4 — Frequency children mouthed childcare articles per hour by age
99 Figure B.4 — Frequency of mouthing behaviour of childcare articles per hour (based on means of Table B.4)
B.3.3 By country
Table B.5 — Frequency children mouthed childcare articles per hour by country
Figure B.5 — Frequency of mouthing behaviour for childcare articles per hour (based on means of Table B.5)
100 B.3.4 By age and country
Table B.6 — Frequency of mouthing behaviour for childcare articles per hour by country and age (mean values)
B.4 Time children spent mouthing childcare articles
B.4.1 General
101 B.4.2 By age
Table B.7 — Percentage of time children mouthed a childcare article in the total time observed (50,2 h) by age
Figure B.7 — Time children spent mouthing childcare articles (total time 50,2 h) based on means of Table B.7
B.4.3 By country
Table B.8 — Percentage of time children mouthed a childcare articles in the total time observed (50,2 h) by country
102 Figure B.8 — Time children spent mouthing childcare articles (total time 50,2 h) based on means of Table B.8
B.4.4 By country and age
Table B.9 — Percentage of time children spent mouthing childcare articles in the total time observed (50,2 h) by country and age
103 Figure B.9 — Percentage of time children spent mouthing childcare articles in the total time observed (50,2 h) by country and age (based on means of Table B.9)
B.4.5 Childcare-article-to-mouth contact duration by age
Table B.10 — Childcare-article-to-mouth contact duration by age
104 Figure B.10 — Childcare-article-to-mouth contact duration in seconds by age (based on means of Table B.10)
B.5 Type of mouthing lip/tongue, suck/engulf, bite/chew
B.5.1 Frequency by type of mouthing
Table B.11 — Frequency children mouthed childcare articles per hour by type of mouthing (multiple answer)
Figure B.11 — Frequency children mouthed childcare articles per hour by type of mouthing (based on means of Table B.11)
105 B.5.2 Frequency by type of mouthing and age
Table B.12 — Frequency children mouthed childcare articles per hour by type of mouthing and age (mean values)
Figure B.12 — Frequency children mouthed childcare articles per hour by type of mouthing and age (based on means of Table B.12)
B.5.3 Time children spent mouthing by type of mouthing
Table B.13 — Percentage of time children mouthed childcare articles in the total time (50,2 h) by type of mouthing (multiple answer)
106 Figure B.13 — Percentage of time children mouthed childcare articles in the total time (50,2 h) by type of mouthing
B.5.4 Time children spent mouthing childcare articles by type of mouthing and age
Table B.14 — Percentage of time children mouthed childcare articles in the total time (50,2 h) by type of mouthing and age (mean values)
Figure B.14 — Percentage of time children mouthed childcare articles in the total time (50,2 h) by type of mouthing and age (based on means of Table B.14)
107 B.6 Childcare article category
B.6.1 General
B.6.2 Frequency children mouthed childcare articles by childcare article categories
Table B.15 — Frequency children mouthed childcare articles per hour by childcare article category
B.6.3 Time children spent mouthing childcare articles by childcare article categories
Table B.16 — Percentage of time children mouthed childcare articles in the total time (50,2 h) by childcare article category
B.7 Summary
109 Annex C (informative) Statistical results
C.1 Normal distribution test
Table C.1 — Toy-to-mouth contact duration – Normal distribution test
Table C.2 — Frequency children mouthed toys – Normal distribution test
110 Table C.3 — Time children spent mouthing toys – Normal distribution test
111 C.2 Significance test
112 Table C.4 — Frequency children mouthed toys – Significance test
113 Table C.5 — Time children spent mouthing toys – Significance test
115 Table C.6 — Frequency children mouthed toys (lip) – Significance test
116 Table C.7 — Frequency children mouthed toys (suck) – Significance test
Table C.8 — Frequency children mouthed toys (bite) – Significance test
117 Table C.9 — Time children spent mouthing (lip) – Significance test
118 Table C.10 — Time children spent mouthing (suck) – Significance test
119 Table C.11 — Time children spent mouthing (bite) – Significance test
Table C.12 — Frequency children mouthed toys by material – Significance test
120 Table C.13 — Time children spent mouthing toys by material – Significance test
Table C.14 — Toy-to-mouth contact duration by material – Significance test
121 Table C.15 — Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed – Significance test
Table C.16 — Time children spent mouthing toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed – Significance test
122 Table C.17 — Toy-to-mouth contact for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed – Significance test
123 Table C.18 — Frequency children mouthed toys by toy category – Significance test
124 Table C.19 — Time children spent mouthing toys by toy category – Significance test
125 C.3 Mean weighted by year
C.3.1 Frequency children mouthed toys
Table C.20 — Frequency children mouthed toys (per hour) by age
Table C.21 — Frequency children mouthed toys (per hour) by gender and age
Table C.22 — Frequency children mouthed toys (per hour) by country and age
126 C.3.2 Time children spent mouthing toys
Table C.23 — Time children spent mouthing by age
Table C.24 — Time children spent mouthing by gender and age
Table C.25 — Time children spent mouthing by country and age
127 Table C.26 — Toy-to-mouth contact duration by age
C.3.3 Type of mouthing: lip/tongue, suck/engulf, bite/chew
Table C.27 — Frequency children mouthed toys by type of mouthing and age
128 Table C.28 — Time children spent mouthing toys by type of mouthing and age
C.3.4 Elastomeric vs not elastomeric material
Table C.29 — Frequency children mouthed toys (per hour) by material and age
Table C.30 — Time children spent mouthing toys by material and age
129 Table C.31 — Toy-to-mouth contact duration by material and age
C.3.5 Toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed
Table C.32 — Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed (per hour) by age
Table C.33 — Time children spent mouthing toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age
130 Table C.34 — Toy-to-mouth contact for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age
C.4 Observational periods
131 Table C.35 — Normal distribution test
Table C.36 — Significance test
Table C.37 — Sample observations distribution
Table C.38 — Results
132 Annex D (informative) Glossary of terms and definitions
134 Bibliography

Related products

BSI PD CEN/TR 16918:2015
$215.11