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BSI PD IEC/TS 62344:2013

BSI PD IEC/TS 62344:2013

$215.11

Design of earth electrode stations for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) links. General guidelines

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2013 94
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This Technical Specification applies to the design of earth electrode stations for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) links. It is intended to provide necessary guidelines, limits, and precautions to be followed during the design of earth electrodes to ensure safety of personnel and earth electrodes and prevent any significant impact they may exert on d.c. power transmission systems and the surrounding environment.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
4 CONTENTS
9 FOREWORD
11 INTRODUCTION
12 1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
15 3.22 current-releasing density
16 4 System conditions
4.1 General principles
4.2 System parameters related to earth electrode design
4.2.1 Amplitude and duration of the current
4.2.2 Polarity
17 4.2.3 Designed lifespan
4.2.4 Common earth electrodes
5 Design of land electrode stations
5.1 Main technical parameters
5.1.1 General principles
18 5.1.2 Temperature rise
5.1.3 Earthing resistance
19 5.1.4 Step voltage
5.1.5 Touch voltage
5.1.6 Current density
20 5.1.7 Field intensity in fish ponds
5.2 Electrode site selection and parameter measurement
5.2.1 General principles
5.2.2 Data collection survey
5.2.3 Distance from converter station (substation)
21 5.2.4 Environment conditions
5.2.5 Terrain and landform
5.2.6 Measurement of soil parameters
5.2.7 Geological exploration
5.2.8 Topographical map
5.2.9 Values selected during design
22 5.3 Earth electrode and associated components
5.3.1 General principles for material selection
5.3.2 Selection of feeding rods and characteristics
23 5.3.3 Chemical and physical properties of petroleum coke
5.3.4 Current-guiding system
Tables
Table 1 – Composition of iron-silicon alloy electrode
Table 2 – Chemical composition of the coke after calcination
Table 3 – Physical properties of petroleum coke used for earth electrodes
24 5.3.5 Bus
5.3.6 Electrode line monitoring device
5.4 Electrode arrangement
5.4.1 General principles
5.4.2 Filling coke
5.4.3 Selection of earth electrode shape
Figures
Figure 1 – Electrode cross-section
25 5.4.4 Earth electrode corridor (right of way)
5.4.5 Distance between sub-electrodes in the arrangement
5.4.6 Burial depth of the earth electrodes
Figure 2 – Vertical arrangement
26 5.4.7 Segmentation of earth electrodes
5.5 Minimum size of earth electrode
5.5.1 General principles
5.5.2 Total earth electrode length
5.5.3 Side length of coke section
27 5.5.4 Diameter of feeding rods
28 5.6 Current guiding system
5.6.1 General principles
5.6.2 Placement of the current-guiding wire
5.6.3 Connection of current-guiding wire
Figure 3 – Placement of the current-guiding wire
Table 4 – Electric corrosion characteristics of different materials
29 5.6.4 Selection of current-guiding wire cross-section
5.6.5 Insulation of the current-guiding wire
5.6.6 Disconnecting switch
5.6.7 Connection of the feeding cable
30 5.6.8 Connection of jumper cables
5.6.9 Selection of cable structure
5.6.10 Selection of cable cross-section
5.6.11 Selection of cable insulation
Figure 4 – Feeding cable
31 5.6.12 Cable welding position
5.6.13 Welding
5.6.14 Mechanical protection for cable
5.7 Auxiliary facilities
5.7.1 Online monitoring
5.7.2 Soil treatment
32 5.7.3 Exhaust equipment
5.7.4 Fence
5.7.5 Marker
6 Design of sea electrode station and shore electrode station
6.1 Main technical parameters
6.1.1 Temperature rise
6.1.2 Earthing resistance
33 6.1.3 Step voltage
Figure 5 – Resistivity layers with sea or shore electrodes
34 6.1.4 Touch voltage
6.1.5 Voltage gradient in water
6.1.6 Current density
6.2 Electrode site selection and parameter measurement
6.2.1 General principles
6.2.2 Data collection survey
6.2.3 Distance from converter station (substation)
35 6.2.4 Environment conditions
6.2.5 Measurement of soil parameters
6.3 Earth electrode and associated components
6.3.1 General principles for material selection
6.3.2 Common feeding rods and characteristics
36 6.3.3 Chemical properties of petroleum coke
6.3.4 Current-guiding system
6.3.5 Bus
6.3.6 Electrode line monitoring device
6.4 Electrode arrangement
6.4.1 General principles
6.4.2 Filling coke
6.4.3 Selection of earth electrode shape
Figure 6 – Sea electrode
37 6.4.4 Segmentation of earth electrodes
6.5 Current-guiding system
6.5.1 Placement of the current-guiding wire
6.5.2 Connection of current-guiding system
Figure 7 – Sea bottom electrode with titanium nets
38 6.5.3 Selection of cable cross-section
6.5.4 Insulation of the current-guiding system
6.5.5 Selection of cable structure
6.5.6 Mechanical protection for cable
6.6 Auxiliary facilities
Figure 8 – Titanium net
39 7 Impact on surrounding facilities and mitigation measures
7.1 Impact on insulated metallic structures and mitigation measures
7.1.1 General principles
7.1.2 Relevant limits
7.1.3 Mitigation measures
7.2 Impact on bare metallic structures
7.2.1 General principles
7.2.2 Relevant limits
7.2.3 Mitigation measures
40 7.3 Impact on the power system (power transformer, grounding network, and surrounding towers)
7.3.1 General principles
7.3.2 Relevant limits
7.3.3 Mitigation measures
7.4 Impact on electrified railway
Figure 9 – Impact of earth electrodes on a.c. systems (transformer, grounding network, tower)
41 7.5 Other facilities (such as greenhouses and water pipes)
42 Annex A (informative)Basic concepts of earth electrodes
Figure A.1 – HVDC power transmission system structure
43 Figure A.2 – Schematic diagram of the structure of a monopolar earth (sea water) return system
Figure A.3 – Schematic diagram of the structure of monopolar metallic return system
44 Figure A.4 – Schematic diagram of the structure of bipolar neutral grounded at both ends
Figure A.5 – Schematic diagram of the structure of bipolar neutral grounded at one end
45 Figure A.6 – Schematic diagram of the structure of bipolar neutral line
46 Figure A.7 – Schematic diagram of touch voltage and step voltage
47 Figure A.8 – Schematic diagram of single circular earth electrode
Figure A.9 – Axial distribution of step voltage of single circular earth electrode
48 Figure A.10 – 3-D distribution of step voltage of single circular earth electrode
Figure A.11 – Schematic diagram of double circular earth electrode
Figure A.12 – Axial distribution of step voltage of double circular earth electrode
49 Figure A.13 – 3-D distribution of step voltage of double circular earth electrode
Figure A.14 – Schematic diagram of triple circular earth electrode
Figure A.15 – Axial distribution of step voltage of triple circular earth electrode
50 Figure A.16 – 3-D distribution of step voltage of triple circular earth electrode
54 Annex B (informative)Soil parameter measurement method
Table B.1 – Soil (rock) resistivity
55 Table B.2 – Soil thermal capacity
Table B.3 – Soil thermal conductivity
56 Figure B.1 – Equivalent circuit of Wenner method
Figure B.2 – Equivalent circuit of Schlumberger method
57 Figure B.3 – Equivalent circuit of dipole-dipole method
58 Table B.4 – Number of measurement points with different pole distances
62 Annex C (informative)Electrode line design
65 Annex D (informative)Assessment of measurement method
69 Annex E (informative)Earth electrode electrical parameter calculation method
Figure E.1 –  shape equivalent circuit of an individual earth electrode unit
70 Figure E.2 – Ohm’s Law applied to cylinder conductor
Figure E.3 – Continuity of axial component of the electric field in the soil and in the conductor
Figure E.4 – Spatial division of the earth electrode
71 Figure E.5 – Network for solving axis current
73 Figure E.6 – Horizontally layered soil
74 Figure E.7 – Geometrical structure of a tetrahedron unit
78 Figure E.8 – Structure of a double-circle d.c. earth electrode
79 Figure E.9 – Ground potential and step voltage distribution of a double-circle earth electrode
Table E.1 – Model of soil with two layers
80 Annex F (informative)Thermal time constant
Figure F.1 – Earth electrode temperature rise characteristics
82 Annex G (informative)Schematic diagram of online monitoring system
Figure G.1 – Schematic diagram of earth electrode online monitoring system
83 Annex H (informative)Calculation method for corrosion of nearbymetal structures caused by earth electrodes
84 Figure H.1 – Calculation of current flowing through a metal pipe
85 Annex I (informative)Calculation method for d.c. current flowing througha.c. transformer neutral near earth electrodes
Figure I.1 – Schematic diagram of ground resistance network and underground voltage source
87 Figure I.2 – Circuit model for the analysis of d.c. distribution of a.c. systems
88 Annex J (informative)Chemical aspects
89 Annex K (informative)Simple introduction of shore electrodes
Figure K.1 – Top view of shore electrode, beach type
Figure K.2 – Shore electrode, pond type
91 Bibliography

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BSI PD IEC/TS 62344:2013
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