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FEMA P908 2012

FEMA P908 2012

$35.10

FEMA P-908 – Mitigation Assessment Team Report Spring 2011 Tornadoes: April 25-28 and May 22, Building Performance Observations, Recommendations, and Technical Guidance

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
FEMA 2012 512
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PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
1 Front Cover
2 Disclaimer
3 Title Page
4 Members of the Mitigation Assessment Team
5 Dedication
6 Cover Photo Captions
7 Executive Summary
8 Observations
11 Recommendations
15 Table of Contents
23 List of Figures
43 List of Tables
47 Chapter 1.
Introduction
48 1.1 FEMA Mitigation Assessment Teams
1.1.1 Purpose of the 2011 Tornado Mitigation Assessment Team
50 1.1.2 Team Composition
1.1.3 Methodology
52 1.1.4 Types of Buildings and Structures Assessed by the MAT
55 1.1.5 Involvement of State and Local Agencies
1.1.6 Past Tornado MAT Deployments
57 1.2 Terminology and Background for
Tornado Protection Alternatives
60 1.3 2011 Tornado Recovery Advisories
61 1.4 Organization of Report
63 Chapter 2. Meteorological Background and Tornado Events of 2011
64 2.1 Tornado Prediction
65 2.2 Enhanced Fujita Scale
66 2.3 Tornado Winds and Damage Patterns
68 2.4 National Weather Service Tornado Warning Strategies and Ratings
2.4.1 Tornado Watches and Warnings
69 2.4.2 NWS EF Rating Assignments
70 2.5 Tornado Events of Spring 2011
2.5.1 April 25–28, 2011 Tornadoes in the Mid-South Area of the United States
2.5.1.1 April 18–24, 2011
72 2.5.1.2 April 25, 2011
73 2.5.1.3 April 26, 2011
2.5.1.4 April 27, 2011, 2:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.
74 2.5.1.5 April 27, 2011, 2:30 p.m. to 3:00 p.m.: Philadelphia, MS, Tornado #24, and Cullman, AL, Tornado #38
75 2.5.1.6 April 27, 2011, 3:00 p.m.: Hackleburg to Huntsville, AL, Tornado #40
76 2.5.1.7 April 27, 2011, 3:30 p.m.: Smithville, MS, Tornado #43
77 2.5.1.8 April 27, 2011, 3:38 p.m.: Cordova, AL, Tornado #41/#49
78 2.5.1.9 April 27, 2011: Macon County Supercell Thunderstorm, Tornado #46
79 2.5.2 May 22, 2011 Storms in Missouri
80 2.5.2.1 Summary of Synoptic Setting and Mesoscale Environment
81 2.5.2.2 Damage and Path of the Joplin Tornado
83 Chapter 3.
Design and Construction Considerations
84 3.1 Effects of Wind Loading on Structures
88 3.2 Wind-Borne Debris
90 3.2.1 Missile Types and Sizes
93 3.2.2 Wind-Borne Missile Quantity
95 3.3 Federal, State, and Local Regulations
96 3.3.1 International Building Code and International Residential Code
3.3.2 International Codes and Storm Shelters
97 3.3.3 State and Local Codes and Regulations in Areas Visited by the MAT
99 3.3.3.1 Alabama
100 3.3.3.2 Georgia
3.3.3.3 Mississippi
3.3.3.4 Tennessee
101 3.3.3.5 Missouri
103 Chapter 4.
Observations on Residential Building Performance
104 4.1 One- and Two-Family Residences
105 4.1.1 EF Rating Evaluation of Residential Buildings
106 4.1.2 Description of Progressive Damage for One- and Two-Family
Residential Buildings
107 4.1.3 Loss of Roof Covering and Exterior Siding (DOD 2)
108 4.1.4 Glazing Damage (DOD 3)
110 4.1.5 Garage Doors Collapse Inward (DOD 4)
112 4.1.6 Uplift of Roof Decks (DOD 4)
115 4.1.7 Gable End Walls: Vulnerability Related to Uplift of Roof Deck (DOD 4)
116 4.1.8 Entire House Shifts Off Foundation (DOD 5)
117 4.1.9 Roof Structure Removed (DOD 6)
120 4.1.10 Collapse of Framed Walls (DOD 6–9)
122 4.1.11 Wall Framing-to-Foundation Connection Failure:
Damage Related to Collapse of Framed Walls (DOD 7–9)
126 4.2 Multi-Family Residences
4.2.1 EF Rating Evaluation of Multi-Family Residential Buildings
4.2.1 Chastain Manor Apartments (Tuscaloosa, AL)
132 4.2.3 Mercy Village Apartments (Joplin, MO)
137 4.3 Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations
141 Chapter 5.
Observations on Commercial and Industrial Building Performance
145 5.1 Tilt-Up Precast Concrete Walls with Steel Joist Roof System
5.1.1 Description of Construction Method and Load Path
146 5.1.2 Typical Failure Modes Observed by the MAT
5.1.3 Home Depot (Joplin, MO)
156 5.2 Load Bearing Masonry with Steel Joist Roof System
157 5.2.1 Description of Construction Methods and Load Path
5.2.2 Typical Failure Modes Observed by the MAT
158 5.2.3 Strip Mall – Dry Cleaner, Two Large Retail Stores, and Other Stores (Tuscaloosa, AL)
162 5.2.4 Jefferson Metro Care (Birmingham, AL)
167 5.2.5 Walmart (Joplin, MO)
176 5.3 Light Steel Frame Buildings
5.3.1 Description of Construction Method and Load Path
5.3.2 Typical Failure Modes Observed by the MAT
177 5.3.3 Fitness Center (Tuscaloosa, AL)
179 5.3.4 St. Paul’s United Methodist Church (Joplin, MO)
182 5.4 Reinforced Concrete Frame with CMU Infill Walls
183 5.4.1 Description of Construction Method and Load Path
5.4.2 Typical Failure Modes Observed by the MAT
5.4.3 Ozark Center for Autism (Joplin, MO)
188 5.5 Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations
193 Chapter 6.
Observations on Critical Facility Performance: Schools
196 6.1 Building Performance
6.1.1 Alberta Elementary School (Tuscaloosa, AL)
202 6.1.2 University Place Elementary School (Tuscaloosa, AL)
210 6.1.3 Ringgold High School and Ringgold Middle School (Ringgold, GA)
6.1.3.1 Ringgold High School
218 6.1.3.2 Ringgold Middle School
221 6.1.4 Joplin East Middle School (Joplin, MO)
227 6.1.5 Joplin High School (Joplin, MO)
235 6.2 Operational Issues
237 6.2.1 Severe Weather Policy
238 6.2.2 Severe Weather Communication and Decision Making
239 6.2.3 Changes for the Future
240 6.2.4 Summary
6.3 Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations
241 Chapter 7.
Observations on Critical Facility Performance: Healthcare, First Responder, and Emergency Operations Centers
243 7.1 Hospitals and Health Care Facilities
244 7.1.1 Birmingham Nursing and Rehabilitation Center (Birmingham, AL)
247 7.1.2 LaRocca Nursing Home (Tuscaloosa, AL)
252 7.1.3 Greenbriar Nursing Home (Joplin, MO)
255 7.1.4 St. John’s Medical Center (Joplin, MO)
262 7.2 First Responder Facilities (Police and Fire)
7.2.1 Fultondale Municipal Complex (Fultondale, AL)
264 7.2.1.1 Fire Department
265 7.2.1.2 Library and “Shelter”
266 7.2.1.3 Building and Inspections Department
268 7.2.1.4 City Hall
269 7.2.1.5 Summary of MAT EF Ratings for the Fulton Dale Municipal Complex
7.2.2 Tuscaloosa Fire Station 4 (Tuscaloosa, AL)
274 7.2.3 Webster’s Chapel Volunteer Fire Department (Wellington, AL)
277 7.2.4 Smithville Police Department (Smithville, MS)
282 7.3 Emergency Operations Centers
7.3.1 Tuscaloosa EOC (Tuscaloosa, AL)
289 7.3.2 Cullman County EOC (Cullman, AL)
291 7.4 Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations
295 Chapter 8.
Observations on Infrastructure Performance
296 8.1 Water Treatment and Distribution Facilities
297 8.1.1 Tuscaloosa Water Works (Tuscaloosa, AL)
300 8.1.2 Smithville Water Treatment and Distribution System (Smithville, MS)
305 8.2 WasteWater Treatment Facilities
8.2.1 Tuscaloosa Waste Water Treatment Plant and Collection System (Tuscaloosa, AL)
306 8.3 Towers (Communications and Antennas)
307 8.3.1 Free-Standing Towers
8.3.1.1 Latticed 250-Foot EMS Communications Tower (Tuscaloosa, AL)
310 8.3.1.2 Latticed 300-Foot Cellular Tower (Tuscaloosa, AL)
313 8.3.1.3 Solid Cellular Tower, 13th Street (Tuscaloosa, AL)
315 8.3.2 Guyed Towers
8.3.2.1 300-Foot Guyed Cellular Tower (Smithville, MS)
319 8.4 Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations
321 Chapter 9.
Observations on Tornado Refuge Areas, Hardened Areas, and Safe Rooms
322 9.1 Terminology and Examples
323 9.1.1 Hardened Areas: Areas Designed to Provide Some Protection
324 9.1.2 Storm Shelters and Safe Rooms: Areas Designed for Life-Safety Protection
327 9.2 Tornado Refuge Areas
9.2.1 Tornado Refuge Areas in Residences
328 9.2.1.1 Core Remnants
330 9.2.1.2 Basement Areas
333 9.2.1.3 Tornado Refuge Areas in Multi-Family Buildings or Complexes
334 9.2.2 Tornado Refuge in Commercial and Industrial Buildings:
Planned Tornado Refuge Areas
9.2.2.1 Walmart (Joplin, MO )
335 9.2.2.2 Lowe’s Home Improvement Store (Tuscaloosa, AL)
337 9.2.2.3 Home Depot (Joplin, MO)
339 9.3 Hardened Structures, Rooms, and Areas Not Designed to Defined Criteria
340 9.3.1 Hardened Structures for Residential Use
9.3.1.1 Below-Ground Applications
342 9.3.1.2 Above-Ground Applications
344 9.3.2 Hardened Structures Used as Community Tornado Refuge Areas
9.3.2.1 Above-Ground Applications
345 9.3.2.2 Below-Ground Applications
346 9.4 Safe Rooms and Storm Shelters
9.4.1 Above- and Below-Ground Alternatives
348 9.4.2 Prefabricated versus Site-Built Alternatives
349 9.4.3 Residential Safe Rooms and Storm Shelters
9.4.3.1 Below-Ground Applications
351 9.4.3.2 Above-Ground Applications
353 9.4.4 Non-Residential and Community Safe Rooms
354 9.4.4.1 Brookwood and Phil Campbell Community Safe Rooms (AL)
357 9.4.4.2 Brookside Fire Station and Community Safe Room (Brookside, AL)
358 9.4.4.3 Seneca Intermediate School (Seneca, MO)
362 9.5 Travel Time to Community Safe Rooms, Storm Shelters, and Tornado Refuge Areas
363 9.6 Compliance Issues with FEMA 320, FEMA 361, and the ICC 500
9.6.1 Identifying Design Criteria Used for Safe Rooms and Storm Shelters
364 9.6.2 Accessibility to Safe Rooms and Storm Shelters
365 9.6.3 Ventilation for Safe Rooms and Storm Shelters
9.6.4 Toilet Facilities for Community Safe Rooms and Storm Shelters
9.6.5 Location and Labeling of Safe Rooms and Storm Shelters
366 9.6.6 Tools and Other Equipment within Safe Rooms and Storm Shelters
367 9.7 Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations
371 Chapter 10.
Conclusions of the 2011 Tornado MAT
372 10.1 Codes and Standards
10.1.1 Residential Buildings
374 10.1.2 Commercial and Industrial Buildings
10.1.3 Critical Facilities
375 10.1.4 Infrastructure Facilities
10.1.5 Tornado Refuge Areas, Hardened Areas, and Safe Rooms
376 10.2 Performance of Residential Buildings
377 10.3 Performance of Commercial and Industrial Buildings
378 10.3.1 Communications and Operations
10.3.2 Building Performance/Building Design
379 10.4 Performance of Critical Facility Buildings
381 10.5 Performance of Infrastructure Facilities
382 10.6 Performance of Tornado Refuge Areas, Hardened Areas, and Safe Rooms
10.6.1 General
384 10.6.2 Residential Safe Rooms and Storm Shelters
386 10.6.3 Community Safe Rooms, Storm Shelters, and Tornado Refuge Areas
387 10.7 EF Scale
388 10.8 Post-Tornado Imagery
389 Chapter 11.
Recommendations of the 2011 Tornado MAT
390 11.1 Codes and Standards
11.1.1 Residential Buildings
391 11.1.2 Commercial and Industrial Buildings
392 11.1.3 Critical Facilities
11.1.4 Tornado Refuge Areas, Hardened Areas, and Safe Rooms
393 11.2 Residential Construction
394 11.3 Commercial and Industrial Construction
11.3.1 Occupant Notification and Operations
395 11.3.2 Detailing and Connections
396 11.4 Critical Facilities
397 11.4.1 Existing Critical Facilities
11.4.2 New Critical Facilities
398 11.5 Infrastructure Facilities
399 11.6 Tornado Refuge Areas, Hardened Areas, and Safe Rooms
400 11.7 EF Scale
401 11.8 Post-Tornado Imagery
403 Appendix A.
Acknowledgments
FEMA Contributors
404 Other Contributors
409 Appendix B. References
415 Appendix C. Acronyms
419 Appendix D. Glossary
427 Appendix E.
EF Scale Summary
435 Appendix F. Recovery Advisories for the Spring 2011 Tornadoes
437 Appendix F. RA1
443 Appendix F. RA2
451 Appendix F. RA3
457 Appendix F. RA4
459 Appendix F. RA5
465 Appendix F. RA6
489 Appendix G.
Recommendations for One- and Two-Family Residential Buildings
G.1 Purpose and Audience
490 G.2 Background and Applicability
492 G.3 Discussion of Recommendations
493 G.3.1 Building Envelope Components
G.3.1.1 Roof Coverings
G.3.1.2 Wall Coverings
494 G.3.1.3 Masonry Veneer Attachment
G.3.1.4 Glazing (Doors and Windows)
495 G.3.1.5 Garage Doors
496 G.3.2 Roof Systems and Connections
G.3.2.1 Roof Decking and Decking Attachment
497 G.3.2.2 Soffits
G.3.2.3 Roof-to-Wall Connectors
499 G.3.3.1 Sill Plate Attachment
500 G.3.3.2 Wall Sheathing
505 G.3.3.3 Top Plate Splices
G.3.3.4 Openings in Walls
507 G.3.3.5 Wall-to-Floor Connection
510 G.4 References

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FEMA P908 2012
$35.10